List of first ladies of the United States
First Lady of the United States | |
---|---|
since January 20, 2009 | |
Style | Mrs. Obama |
Residence | White House |
Inaugural holder | Martha Washington |
Formation | April 30, 1789 |
Website | First Ladies |
The first lady of the United States is the title of the hostess of the White House. The position is traditionally filled by the wife of the president of the United States, but on occasion the title has been applied to women who were not presidents’ wives, such as when the president was a bachelor or widower, or when the wife of the president was unable to fulfill the duties of the first lady herself. The first lady is not an elected position; it carries no official duties and receives no salary. Nonetheless, she attends many official ceremonies and functions of state either along with or in place of the president. Traditionally, the first lady does not hold outside employment while occupying the office.[1] She has her own staff, including the White House Social Secretary, a chief of staff, a press secretary, a Chief Floral Designer, and an Executive Chef. The Office of the First Lady is also in charge of all social and ceremonial events of the White House, and is a branch of the Executive Office of the President.
According to the White House and the National First Ladies' Library, there have been forty-five first ladies and forty-six first ladyships. This discrepancy exists because Grover Cleveland served two non-consecutive terms and is counted chronologically as both the twenty-second and the twenty-fourth president; his wife Frances Folsom Cleveland is also counted twice. Following Barack Obama's inauguration on January 20, 2009, his wife, Michelle Obama, became the forty-sixth first lady, succeeding Laura Bush, wife of former President George W. Bush.
As of July 8, 2011, there are five living former First Ladies: Rosalynn Carter, wife of Jimmy Carter; Nancy Reagan, widow of Ronald Reagan; Barbara Bush, wife of George H. W. Bush; Hillary Rodham Clinton, wife of Bill Clinton; and Laura Bush, wife of George W. Bush. The first First Lady of the US was Martha Dandridge Custis Washington, married to George Washington. Presidents John Tyler and Woodrow Wilson had two official First Ladies – both remarried during their presidential tenures. The wives of four Presidents died before their husbands were sworn into Office but are still considered First Ladies by the White House and National First Ladies' Library: Martha Wayles Skelton Jefferson, wife of Thomas Jefferson; Rachel Donelson Robards Jackson, wife of Andrew Jackson; Hannah Hoes Van Buren, wife of Martin Van Buren; and Ellen Lewis Herndon Arthur, wife of Chester A. Arthur. There is one woman who was not married to a President but who is still considered an official First Lady: Harriet Lane, niece of bachelor James Buchanan.
In 2007, the United States Mint began releasing a set of half-ounce $10 gold coins under the First Spouse Program with engravings of portraits of the First Ladies on the obverse.[2] When a President served without a spouse, a gold coin is issued that bears an obverse image emblematic of Liberty as depicted on a circulating coin of that era and a reverse image emblematic of themes of that President's life. This is true for the coins for Thomas Jefferson, Andrew Jackson, Martin Van Buren and James Buchanan's First Ladies, but not the coin for Chester A. Arthur's First Lady, which will instead depict suffragette Alice Paul.[3]
First Ladies
First Lady | Date of birth | Date of marriage | President (Husband) |
Date tenure began | Date tenure ended | Length of retirement |
Date of death (age) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Portrait of Martha Washington | Martha Custis Washington [4][5] (née Dandridge) |
June 2, 1731 | January 6, 1759 | George Washington | April 30, 1789 | March 4, 1797 | 5 years, 79 days | May 22, 1802 (70 years, 354 days) |
2 | ![]() |
Abigail Adams [6][7] (née Smith) |
November 11, 1744 | October 25, 1764 | John Adams | March 4, 1797 | March 4, 1801 | 17 years, 228 days | October 28, 1818 (73 years, 351 days) |
3 | ![]() |
Martha Jefferson Randolph [8][9] |
September 27, 1772 | —[n 1] | Thomas Jefferson | March 4, 1801 | March 4, 1809 | 27 years, 220 days | October 10, 1836 (64 years, 13 days) |
4 | ![]() |
Dolley Todd Madison [10][11] (née Payne) |
May 20, 1768 | September 14, 1794 | James Madison | March 4, 1809 | March 4, 1817 | 32 years, 130 days | July 12, 1849 (81 years, 53 days) |
5 | ![]() |
Elizabeth Monroe [12][13] (née Kortright) |
June 30, 1768 | February 16, 1786 | James Monroe | March 4, 1817 | March 4, 1825 | 5 years, 203 days | September 23, 1830 (62 years, 85 days) |
6 | ![]() |
Louisa Catherine Adams [14][15] (née Johnson) |
February 12, 1775 | July 26, 1797 | John Quincy Adams | March 4, 1825 | March 4, 1829 | 27 years, 72 days | May 15, 1852 (77 years, 93 days) |
7 | ![]() |
Rachel Robards Jackson [16][17] (née Donelson) |
June 15, 1767 | January 7, 1794 | Andrew Jackson | —[n 2] | - | — | December 22, 1828 (61 years, 221 days) |
8 | ![]() |
Hannah Van Buren [18][19] (née Hoes) |
March 8, 1783 | February 21, 1807 | Martin Van Buren | —[n 3] | - | — | February 5, 1819 (35 years, 334 days) |
9 | ![]() |
Anna Harrison [20][21] (née Tuthill Symmes) |
July 25, 1775 | November 22, 1795 | William Henry Harrison | March 4, 1841[n 4] | April 4, 1841 | 22 years, 327 days | February 25, 1864 (88 years, 215 days) |
10 | ![]() |
Letitia Tyler [22][23] (née Christian) |
November 12, 1790 | March 29, 1813 | John Tyler | April 4, 1841 | September 10, 1842[n 5] | N/A | September 10, 1842 (51 years, 302 days) |
11 | ![]() |
Julia Tyler [24][25] (née Gardiner) |
May 4 or July 29, 1820 | June 26, 1844 | John Tyler | June 26, 1844[n 6] | March 4, 1845 | 44 years, 128 days | July 10, 1889 (69 years, 67 days or 68 years, 346 days) |
12 | ![]() |
Sarah Polk [26][27] (née Childress) |
September 4, 1803 | January 1, 1824 | James K. Polk | March 4, 1845 | March 4, 1849 | 42 years, 163 days | August 14, 1891 (87 years, 344 days) |
13 | ![]() |
Margaret Taylor [28][29] (née Mackall Smith) |
September 21, 1788 | June 21, 1810 | Zachary Taylor | March 4, 1849 | July 9, 1850 | 2 years, 36 days | August 14, 1852 (63 years, 328 days) |
14 | ![]() |
Abigail Fillmore [30][31] (née Powers) |
March 13, 1798 | February 5, 1826 | Millard Fillmore | July 9, 1850 | March 4, 1853 | 26 days | March 30, 1853 (55 years, 17 days) |
15 | ![]() |
Jane Pierce [32][33] (née Means Appleton) |
March 12, 1806 | November 19, 1834 | Franklin Pierce | March 4, 1853 | March 4, 1857 | 6 years, 273 days | December 2, 1863 (57 years, 265 days) |
16 | ![]() |
Harriet Lane [34][35] (later Johnston) |
May 9, 1830 | —[n 7] | James Buchanan | March 4, 1857 | March 4, 1861 | 42 years, 121 days | July 3, 1903 (73 years, 55 days) |
17 | ![]() |
Mary Todd Lincoln [36][37] (née Todd) |
December 13, 1818 | November 4, 1842 | Abraham Lincoln | March 4, 1861 | April 15, 1865 | 17 years, 92 days | July 16, 1882 (63 years, 215 days) |
18 | ![]() |
Eliza Johnson [38][39] (née McCardle) |
October 4, 1810 | May 17, 1827 | Andrew Johnson | April 15, 1865 | March 4, 1869 | 6 years, 317 days | January 15, 1876 (65 years, 103 days) |
19 | ![]() |
Julia Boggs Grant [40][41] (née Dent) |
January 26, 1826 | August 22, 1848 | Ulysses S. Grant | March 4, 1869 | March 4, 1877 | 25 years, 285 days | December 14, 1902 (76 years, 322 days) |
20 | ![]() |
Lucy Ware Hayes [42][43] (née Webb) |
August 28, 1831 | December 30, 1852 | Rutherford B. Hayes | March 4, 1877 | March 4, 1881 | 8 years, 113 days | June 25, 1889 (57 years, 301 days) |
21 | ![]() |
Lucretia Garfield [44][45] (née Rudolph) |
April 19, 1832 | November 11, 1858 | James A. Garfield | March 4, 1881 | September 19, 1881 | 36 years, 176 days | March 14, 1918 (85 years, 329 days) |
22 | ![]() |
Ellen Arthur[46][47] (née Lewis Herndon) |
August 30, 1837 | October 25, 1859 | Chester A. Arthur | —[n 8] | - | — | January 12, 1880 (42 years, 135 days) |
23 | ![]() |
Frances Clara Cleveland [48][49] (née Folsom; later Preston) |
July 21, 1864 | June 2, 1886 | Grover Cleveland | June 2, 1886[n 9] | March 4, 1889 | 4 years, 0 days | October 29, 1947 (83 years, 100 days) |
24 | ![]() |
Caroline Lavinia Harrison [50][51] (née Scott) |
October 1, 1832 | October 20, 1853 | Benjamin Harrison | March 4, 1889 | October 25, 1892[n 10] | N/A | October 25, 1892 (60 years, 24 days) |
25 | ![]() |
Frances Clara Cleveland [48][49] (née Folsom; later Preston) |
July 21, 1864 | June 2, 1886 | Grover Cleveland | March 4, 1893 | March 4, 1897 | 50 years, 239 days | October 29, 1947 (83 years, 100 days) |
26 | ![]() |
Ida McKinley [52][53] (née Saxton) |
June 8, 1847 | January 25, 1871 | William McKinley | March 4, 1897 | September 14, 1901 | 5 years, 254 days | May 26, 1907 (59 years, 352 days) |
27 | ![]() |
Edith Kermit Roosevelt [54][55] (née Carow) |
August 6, 1861 | December 2, 1886 | Theodore Roosevelt | September 14, 1901 | March 4, 1909 | 39 years, 210 days | September 30, 1948 (87 years, 55 days) |
28 | Portrait of Helen Taft | Helen Louise Taft [56][57] (née Herron) |
June 2, 1861 | June 19, 1886 | William Howard Taft | March 4, 1909 | March 4, 1913 | 30 years, 79 days | May 22, 1943 (81 years, 354 days) |
29 | ![]() |
Ellen Louise Wilson [58][59] (née Axson) |
May 15, 1860 | June 24, 1885 | Woodrow Wilson | March 4, 1913 | August 6, 1914[n 11] | N/A | August 6, 1914 (54 years, 83 days) |
30 | ![]() |
Edith Galt Wilson [60][61] (née Bolling) |
October 15, 1872 | December 18, 1915 | Woodrow Wilson | December 18, 1915 | March 4, 1921 | 40 years, 299 days | December 28, 1961 (89 years, 74 days) |
31 | ![]() |
Florence Mabel deWolfe Harding [62][63] (née Kling) |
August 15, 1860 | July 8, 1891 | Warren G. Harding | March 4, 1921 | August 2, 1923 | 1 year, 111 days | November 21, 1924 (64 years, 98 days) |
32 | ![]() |
Grace Anna Coolidge [64][65] (née Goodhue) |
January 3, 1879 | October 4, 1905 | Calvin Coolidge | August 2, 1923 | March 4, 1929 | 28 years, 126 days | July 8, 1957 (78 years, 186 days) |
33 | ![]() |
Lou Henry Hoover [66][67] (née Henry) |
March 29, 1874 | February 10, 1899 | Herbert Hoover | March 4, 1929 | March 4, 1933 | 10 years, 309 days | January 7, 1944 (69 years, 284 days) |
34 | ![]() |
Anna Eleanor Roosevelt [68][69] (née Roosevelt) |
October 11, 1884 | March 17, 1905 | Franklin D. Roosevelt | March 4, 1933 | April 12, 1945 | 17 years, 209 days | November 7, 1962 (78 years, 27 days) |
35 | ![]() |
Elizabeth "Bess" Virginia Truman [70][71] (née Wallace) |
February 13, 1885 | June 28, 1919 | Harry S. Truman | April 12, 1945 | January 20, 1953 | 29 years, 271 days | October 18, 1982 (97 years, 247 days) |
36 | ![]() |
Mamie Geneva Eisenhower [72][73] (née Doud) |
November 14, 1896 | July 1, 1916 | Dwight D. Eisenhower | January 20, 1953 | January 20, 1961 | 18 years, 285 days | November 1, 1979 (82 years, 352 days) |
37 | ![]() |
Jacqueline Lee Kennedy [74][75] (née Bouvier; later Onassis) |
July 28, 1929 | September 12, 1953 | John F. Kennedy | January 20, 1961 | November 22, 1963 | 30 years, 178 days | May 19, 1994 (64 years, 295 days) |
38 | ![]() |
Claudia "Lady Bird" Alta Johnson [76][77] (née Taylor) |
December 22, 1912 | November 17, 1934 | Lyndon B. Johnson | November 22, 1963 | January 20, 1969 | 38 years, 172 days | July 11, 2007 (94 years, 201 days) |
39 | ![]() |
Thelma "Pat" Catherine Nixon [78][79] (née Ryan) |
March 16, 1912 | June 21, 1940 | Richard Nixon | January 20, 1969 | August 9, 1974 | 18 years, 317 days | June 22, 1993 (81 years, 98 days) |
40 | ![]() |
Elizabeth "Betty" Ann Warren Ford [80][81] (née Bloomer) |
April 8, 1918 | October 15, 1948 | Gerald Rudolph Ford | August 9, 1974 | January 20, 1977 | 34 years, 169 days | July 8, 2011 (93 years, 91 days) |
41 | ![]() |
Eleanor Rosalynn Carter [82][83] (née Smith) |
August 18, 1927 | July 7, 1946 | Jimmy Carter | January 20, 1977 | January 20, 1981 | 43 years, 235 days | Living (97 years, 24 days) |
42 | ![]() |
Nancy Davis Reagan [84][85] (née Davis; originally Robbins) |
July 6, 1921 | March 6, 1952 | Ronald Reagan | January 20, 1981 | January 20, 1989 | 35 years, 235 days | Living (103 years, 67 days) |
43 | ![]() |
Barbara Bush [86][87] (née Pierce) |
June 8, 1925 | January 6, 1945 | George H. W. Bush | January 20, 1989 | January 20, 1993 | 31 years, 235 days | Living (99 years, 95 days) |
44 | ![]() |
Hillary Diane Rodham Clinton [88][89] (née Rodham) |
October 26, 1947 | October 11, 1975 | Bill Clinton | January 20, 1993 | January 20, 2001[n 12] | 23 years, 235 days | Living (76 years, 321 days) |
45 | ![]() |
Laura Lane Welch Bush [90][91] (née Welch) |
November 4, 1946 | November 5, 1977 | George W. Bush | January 20, 2001 | January 20, 2009 | 15 years, 235 days | Living (77 years, 312 days) |
46 | ![]() |
Michelle LaVaughn Obama [92][93] (née Robinson) |
January 17, 1964 | October 3, 1992[94] | Barack Obama | January 20, 2009 | Incumbent | Incumbent | Living (60 years, 238 days) |
See also
- Living First Ladies of the United States
- First Family of the United States
- List of Presidents of the United States
- List of children of the Presidents of the United States
- Wife of the Vice President of the United States
- List of current United States first spouses
- Spouses of the Prime Ministers of Canada
Footnotes
- ^ Martha Wayles Skelton Jefferson died in 1782, nineteen years before Thomas Jefferson became President. Their daughter Martha Jefferson Randolph assumed the role of White House hostess and unofficial First Lady during his incumbency; when she was unavailable Jefferson called upon Dolley Madison, wife of his Secretary of State, James Madison.[8][9]
- ^ Rachel Jackson died in December, 1828, three months before Andrew Jackson became President. Rachel's niece, Emily Donelson, assumed the role of White House hostess and unofficial First Lady until her death on December 19, 1836. Jackson's daughter-in-law, Sarah Yorke Jackson, was also brought into the White House to serve as White House hostess and unofficial First Lady on November 26, 1834. She remained at the White House until Jackson's term expired on March 4, 1837.[16][17]
- ^ Hannah Van Buren died on February 5, 1819, eighteen years before Martin Van Buren became President. Angelica Singleton Van Buren, Martin's daughter-in-law, assumed the role of White House hostess and unofficial First Lady during his incumbency.[18][19]
- ^ Anna Harrison, President William Henry Harrison's wife, was too sick to travel with William to Washington D.C. for his inauguration, and asked their daughter-in-law Jane Irwin Harrison to accompany him and act as hostess until her proposed arrival in May. William Harrison died after serving only 31 days in office, and Anna never made the trip to the White House.[20][21]
- ^ Letitia Tyler died while her husband, John Tyler, was still in office. Their daughter-in-law, Priscilla Cooper Tyler acted as White House hostess and unofficial First Lady until John Tyler remarried on June 26, 1844.[22][23]
- ^ Julia Tyler married John Tyler on June 26, 1844.[24][25]
- ^ James Buchanan was a life-long bachelor. His niece Harriet Lane served as First Lady.[34][35]
- ^ Ellen Arthur died in 1880. When Chester A. Arthur became President after James A. Garfield died, he asked his sister, Mary Arthur McElroy to be the White House hostess.[46][47]
- ^ Frances Cornelia Folsom married Grover Cleveland on June 2, 1886. Grover entered office on March 4, 1885 as a bachelor; his sister Rose Cleveland served as White House hostess until he and Frances married.[48][49]
- ^ Caroline Harrison died while her husband, Benjamin Harrison, was still in office. Their daughter Mary Harrison McKee acted as White House hostess and unofficial First Lady for the remainder of his incumbency.[50][51]
- ^ Ellen Wilson died on August 6, 1914, while her husband, Woodrow Wilson, was still in office. Their daughter Margaret Woodrow Wilson acted as White House hostess until he remarried on December 18, 1915.[58][59]
- ^ Although Hillary Clinton served as First Lady during the majority of her husband's presidency, the couple's daughter Chelsea served as needed as First Lady during her mother's 2000 Senate campaign. She also served as Acting First Lady during the last two weeks of her father's presidency, her mother having been sworn into service as U.S. Senator (D-NY) two weeks prior.
References
- ^ Caroli, Betty Boyd (2003). First Ladies from Martha Washington to Laura Bush. Oxford University Press. p. 200.
- ^ "The First Spouse Gold Coins". United States Mint. Retrieved January 10, 2009.
- ^ 31 U.S.C. § 5112(o)(3)(D)(i)(II) Denominations, specifications, and design of coins. The First Spouse Gold Coins. Cornell University. Retrieved on January 10, 2009.
- ^ "Biography of Martha Washington". Washington, D.C.: The White House. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ "First Lady Biography: Martha Washington". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ "Biography of Abigail Adams". Washington, D.C.: The White House. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ "First Lady Biography: Abigail Adams". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ a b "Biography of Martha Jefferson". Washington, D.C.: The White House. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ a b "First Lady Biography: Martha Jefferson". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ "Biography of Dolley Madison". Washington, D.C.: The White House. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ "First Lady Biography: Dolley Madison". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ "Biography of Elizabeth Monroe". Washington, D.C.: The White House. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ "First Lady Biography: Elizabeth Monroe". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ "Biography of Louisa Adams". Washington, D.C.: The White House. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ "First Lady Biography: Louisa Adams". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ a b "Biography of Rachel Jackson". Washington, D.C.: The White House. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ a b "First Lady Biography: Rachel Jackson". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ a b "Biography of Hannah Van Buren". Washington, D.C.: The White House. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ a b "First Lady Biography: Hannah Van Buren". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ a b "Biography of Anna Harrison". Washington, D.C.: The White House. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ a b "First Lady Biography: Anna Harrison". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ a b "Biography of Letitia Tyler". Washington, D.C.: The White House. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ a b "First Lady Biography: Letitia Tyler". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ a b "Biography of Julia Tyler". Washington, D.C.: The White House. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ a b "First Lady Biography: Julia Tyler". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ "Biography of Sarah Polk". Washington, D.C.: The White House. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ "First Lady Biography: Sarah Polk". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ "Biography of Margaret Taylor". Washington, D.C.: The White House. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ "First Lady Biography: Margaret Taylor". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ "Biography of Abigail Fillmore". Washington, D.C.: The White House. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ "First Lady Biography: Abigail Fillmore". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ "Biography of Jane Pierce". Washington, D.C.: The White House. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ "First Lady Biography: Jane Pierce". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ a b "Biography of Harriet Lane". Washington, D.C.: The White House. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ a b "First Lady Biography: Harriet Lane". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ "Biography of Mary Lincoln". Washington, D.C.: The White House. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ "First Lady Biography: Mary Lincoln". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ "Biography of Eliza McCardle Johnson". Washington, D.C.: The White House. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ "First Lady Biography: Eliza Johnson". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ "Biography of Julia Grant". Washington, D.C.: The White House. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ "First Lady Biography: Julia Grant". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ "Biography of Lucy Hayes". Washington, D.C.: The White House. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ "First Lady Biography: Lucy Hayes". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ "Biography of Lucretia Garfield". Washington, D.C.: The White House. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ "First Lady Biography: Lucretia Garfield". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ a b "Biography of Ellen Arthur". Washington, D.C.: The White House. Retrieved January 20, 2009.
- ^ a b "First Lady Biography: Ellen Arthur". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved January 10, 2009.
- ^ a b c "Biography of Frances Cleveland". Washington, D.C.: The White House. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ a b c "First Lady Biography: Frances Cleveland". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ a b "Biography of Caroline Harrison". Washington, D.C.: The White House. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ a b "First Lady Biography: Caroline Harrison". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ "Biography of Ida McKinley". Washington, D.C.: The White House. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ "First Lady Biography: Ida McKinley". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ "Biography of Edith Roosevelt". Washington, D.C.: The White House. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ "First Lady Biography: Edith Roosevelt". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ "Biography of Helen Taft". Washington, D.C.: The White House. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ "First Lady Biography: Helen Taft". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ a b "Biography of Ellen Wilson". Washington, D.C.: The White House. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ a b "First Lady Biography: Ellen Wilson". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ "Biography of Edith Wilson". Washington, D.C.: The White House. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ "First Lady Biography: Edith Wilson". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ "Biography of Florence Harding". Washington, D.C.: The White House. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ "First Lady Biography: Florence Harding". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ "Biography of Grace Coolidge". Washington, D.C.: The White House. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ "First Lady Biography: Grace Coolidge". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ "Biography of Lou Hoover". Washington, D.C.: The White House. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ "First Lady Biography: Lou Hoover". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ "Biography of Eleanor Roosevelt". Washington, D.C.: The White House. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ "First Lady Biography: Eleanor Roosevelt". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ "Biography of Bess Truman". Washington, D.C.: The White House. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ "First Lady Biography: Bess Truman". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ "Biography of Mamie Eisenhower". Washington, D.C.: The White House. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ "First Lady Biography: Mamie Eisenhower". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ "Biography of Jacqueline Kennedy". Washington, D.C.: The White House. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ "First Lady Biography: Jackie Kennedy". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ "Biography of Lady Bird Johnson". Washington, D.C.: The White House. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ "First Lady Biography: Lady Bird Johnson". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ "Biography of Pat Nixon". Washington, D.C.: The White House. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ "First Lady Biography: Pat Nixon". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ "Biography of Betty Ford". Washington, D.C.: The White House. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ "First Lady Biography: Betty Ford". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ "Biography of Rosalynn Carter". Washington, D.C.: The White House. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ "First Lady Biography: Rosalynn Carter". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ "Biography of Nancy Reagan". Washington, D.C.: The White House. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ "First Lady Biography: Nancy Reagan". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ "Biography of Barbara Bush". Washington, D.C.: The White House. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ "First Lady Biography: Barbara Bush". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ "Biography of Hillary Clinton". Washington, D.C.: The White House. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ "First Lady Biography: Hillary Clinton". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ "Biography of Laura Bush". Washington, D.C.: The White House. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ "First Lady Biography: Laura Bush". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ "Biography of Michelle Obama". Washington, D.C.: The White House. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ "First Lady Biography: Michelle Obama". Canton, Ohio: National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
- ^ Fornek, Scott (October 3, 2007). "Michelle Obama: 'He Swept Me Off My Feet'". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved January 10, 2009.
External links
- The First Ladies – White House
- Biographies of the First Ladies of the United States of America – National First Ladies' Library
- First Ladies National Historic Site