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List of American federal politicians convicted of crimes

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This list consists of American politicians convicted of crimes either committed or prosecuted while holding office in the federal government. It includes politicians who were convicted or pleaded guilty in a court of law; and does not include politicians involved in unprosecuted scandals (which may or may not have been illegal in nature), or politicians who have only been arrested or indicted. The list also does not include crimes that occur outside the politician's tenure unless they specifically stem from acts while they were in office. It does not include convictions which were vacated (e.g. Ted Stevens (R)), but does include convictions that were pardoned.

Although the convicted politicians are arranged by presidential terms in chronological order, many of the crimes have little or no connection to who is president. Since the passage of 20th Amendment on January 23, 1933, presidential terms have begun on January 20 of the year following the presidential election; prior to that, they began on March 4.

1776–1897

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  • Matthew Lyon (DR-VT). First Congressman to be recommended for censure after spitting on Roger Griswold (Federalist-Connecticut). The censure failed to pass.[1] Separately, found guilty of violating Alien and Sedition Acts and sentenced to four months in jail, during which time he was re-elected (1798).[2]
  • Charles F. Mitchell (R-NY) U.S. Representative from New York's 33rd District was convicted of forgery, sentenced to one year in prison and fined, though he was paroled early due to poor health (1841).[3][4][5][6][7]
  • Robert Smalls (R-SC) U.S. Representative from South Carolina was charged with accepting a $5,000 (equivalent to $143,063 in 2023) bribe during 1877 in relation to a government printing contract and found guilty.[8] Smalls was pardoned in 1879 by South Carolina Governor William Simpson.[8]

1901–1909 (Theodore Roosevelt presidency)

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Legislative branch

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1909–1913 (William Howard Taft presidency)

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Legislative branch

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  • William Lorimer Senator (R-IL), The 'blond boss of Chicago' was found guilty of accepting bribes in 1912.[13]

Judicial branch

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1921–1923 (Warren G. Harding presidency)

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Executive branch

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1923–1929 (Calvin Coolidge presidency)

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Executive branch

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Legislative branch

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  • John W. Langley (R-KY) convicted of violating the Volstead Act (Prohibition). He had also been caught trying to bribe a Prohibition officer. He was sentenced to two years, after which his wife Katherine G. Langley ran for Congress in his place and won two full terms (1926).[17][18]

1929–1933 (Herbert Hoover presidency)

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Legislative branch

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  • Harry E. Rowbottom (R-IN) was convicted in Federal court of accepting bribes from persons who sought post office appointments. He served one year in Leavenworth (1931).[19]

1933–1945 (Franklin D. Roosevelt presidency)

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Legislative branch

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  • Michael J. Hogan (R-NY) was convicted of bribery and sentenced to a year and a day in a Federal Penitentiary (1935).[20][21][22]
  • George Ernest Foulkes (D-MI) was convicted of bribery (1935).[23]
  • Donald F. Snow (R-ME) was convicted of bribery (1935).[24]
  • John H. Hoeppel (D-CA) convicted of selling an appointment to the West Point Military Academy. He was fined $1,000 (equivalent to $21,957 in 2023) and sentenced to 4–12 months in jail (1936).[25]

1945–1953 (Harry S. Truman presidency)

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Legislative branch

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  • James M. Curley (D-MA) fined $1,000 (equivalent to $13,645 in 2023) and served six months for fraud before Harry S. Truman commuted the rest of his sentence (1947).[26]
  • Andrew J. May (D-KY) convicted of accepting bribes from a war munitions manufacturer. Was sentenced to 9 months in prison, after which he was pardoned by Truman (1947).[27]
  • J. Parnell Thomas (R-NJ) was convicted of salary fraud and given an 18-month sentence and a fine. He was imprisoned in Danbury Prison. After serving his 18 months he was pardoned by Truman (1950).[28]
  • Walter E. Brehm (R-OH) convicted of accepting contributions illegally from one of his employees. Received a 15-month suspended sentence and a $5,000 (equivalent to $58,692 in 2023) fine (1951).[29]

1953–1961 (Dwight D. Eisenhower presidency)

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Legislative branch

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  • Orland K. Armstrong (R-MO) was convicted of fraud (1953).[30]
  • Ernest K. Bramblett (R-CA) received a suspended sentence and a $5,000 (equivalent to $56,729 in 2023) fine for making false statements in connection with payroll padding and kickbacks from congressional employees (1954).[31]
  • Thomas J. Lane (D-MA) convicted for evading taxes on his congressional income. Served 4 months in prison, but was re-elected three more times[32] (1956).[33]

1961–1963 (John F. Kennedy presidency)

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Legislative branch

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  • Thomas F. Johnson (D-MD) was convicted of conspiracy and conflict of interest regarding the receipt of illegal gratuities (1962).[34]

1963–1969 (Lyndon B. Johnson presidency)

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Legislative branch

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  • Frank W. Boykin (D-AL) was convicted of conspiracy and conflict of interest (1963).[35]
  • Daniel Brewster (D-MD) pleaded no contest to accepting "an unlawful gratuity without corrupt intent" (1969).[36]

1969–1974 (Richard M. Nixon presidency)

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Executive branch

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Legislative branch

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  • Ted Kennedy (D-MA) drove his car into the channel between Chappaquiddick Island and Martha's Vineyard, killing passenger Mary Jo Kopechne. Kennedy pleaded guilty to leaving the scene of an accident and received a suspended sentence of two months (1969)[41]
  • Martin B. McKneally (R-NY) placed on one year's probation and fined $5,000 (equivalent to $37,617 in 2023) for failing to file income tax return. He had not paid taxes for many years prior (1971).[42]
  • Cornelius Gallagher (D-NJ) pleaded guilty to tax evasion, and served two years in prison (1972).[43]
  • J. Irving Whalley (R-PA) received suspended three-year sentence and fined $11,000 (equivalent to $75,499 in 2023) in 1973 for using mails to deposit staff salary kickbacks and threatening an employee to prevent her from giving information to the FBI (1973).[44]
  • Edwin Reinecke (R-CA) convicted of perjury and sentenced to 18 months in prison as part of the Watergate investigation (1973).[45]

1974–1977 (Gerald R. Ford presidency)

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Executive branch

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  • Earl Butz (R) United States Secretary of Agriculture. He was charged with failing to report more than $148,000 of income in 1978. Butz pleaded guilty to the tax evasion charge and was sentenced to 30 days in jail and five years of probation and was ordered to make restitution. He served 25 days behind bars before his release.[46][47]

Legislative branch

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  • John V. Dowdy (D-TX) convicted of perjury and served six months in prison (1973).[48][49]
  • Richard T. Hanna (D-CA) convicted in an influence-buying scandal (1974).[50]
  • Frank Brasco (D-NY) sentenced to five years in jail and fined $10,000 (equivalent to $61,781 in 2023) for conspiracy to accept bribes from a reputed Mafia figure who sought truck leasing contracts from the Post Office and loans to buy trucks (1974).[44]
  • Bertram Podell (D-NY) pleaded guilty to conspiracy and conflict of interest. He was fined $5,000 (equivalent to $30,891 in 2023) and served four months in prison (1974).[51]
  • James F. Hastings (R-NY) convicted of kickbacks and mail fraud, he also took money from his employees for personal use. Served 14 months at Allenwood penitentiary (1976).[52]

1977–1981 (Jimmy Carter presidency)

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Legislative branch

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  • Andrew J. Hinshaw (R-CA) US Representative was convicted of accepting bribes. He served one year in prison (1977).[53][54]
  • Richard Tonry (D-LA) pleaded guilty to receiving illegal campaign contributions (1977).[55]
  • Charles Diggs (D-MI), convicted on 29 charges of mail fraud and filing false payroll forms which formed a kickback scheme with his staff. Sentenced to three years (1978).[56]
  • J. Herbert Burke (R-FL) pleaded guilty to disorderly intoxication, resisting arrest, and nolo contendere to an additional charge of witness tampering. He was sentenced to three months plus fines (1978).[57]
  • Frank M. Clark (D-PA) pleaded guilty to mail fraud and tax evasion and was sentenced to two years in prison (1979).[58]

1981–1989 (Ronald Reagan presidency)

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Executive branch

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See also: Reagan administration scandals
  • Iran–Contra affair (1985–1986); A secret sale of arms to Iran, to secure the release of hostages and allow U.S. intelligence agencies to fund the Nicaraguan Contras, in violation of the Boland Amendment.[59]
    1. Elliott Abrams (R) Assistant Secretary of State for Inter-American Affairs, convicted of withholding evidence. Given 2 years' probation. Later pardoned by President George H. W. Bush.[60]
  • Michael Deaver (R) White House Deputy Chief of Staff to Ronald Reagan, pleaded guilty to perjury related to lobbying activities and was sentenced to 3 years' probation and fined $100,000 (equivalent to $268,190 in 2023) (1987).[61]
  • Operation Ill Wind was a three-year investigation launched in 1986 by the FBI into corruption by U.S. government and military officials, and private defense contractors.
    1. Melvyn Paisley (R) Assistant Secretary of the Navy,[62] was found to have accepted hundreds of thousands of dollars in bribes. He pleaded guilty to bribery and served four years in prison.[63][64][65]
    2. Victor D. Cohen, Deputy Assistant Secretary of the Air Force, was the 50th conviction obtained under the Ill Wind probe when he pleaded guilty to accepting bribes and conspiring to defraud the government. He was sentenced to 33 months in prison.[66][67]
    3. James E. Gaines, Deputy Assistant Secretary of the Navy, took over when Paisley resigned his office.[68] Gaines was convicted of accepting an illegal gratuity and theft and conversion of government property. He was sentenced to six months in prison.[69]
  • Deborah Gore Dean (R) Assistant Secretary of Housing and Urban Development, convicted of fraud (1988).[70]
  • Housing and Urban Development Scandal was a controversy concerning bribery by selected contractors for low income housing projects.[71]
    1. James G. Watt (R) United States Secretary of the Interior, was charged with 25 counts of perjury and obstruction of justice. Sentenced to five years' probation, fined $5,000 (equivalent to $9,998 in 2023) and 500 hours of community service (1995).[72]

Legislative branch

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  • Abscam FBI sting involving fake 'Arabs' trying to bribe 31 congressmen (1980).[73] The following Congressmen were convicted:
    1. Harrison A. Williams Senator (D-NJ) Convicted on 9 counts of bribery and conspiracy. Sentenced to 3 years in prison.[74]
    2. John Jenrette (D-SC) sentenced to two years in prison for bribery and conspiracy.[75]
    3. Richard Kelly (R-FL) Accepted $25K and then claimed he was conducting his own investigation into corruption. Served 13 months.[76]
    4. Raymond Lederer (D-PA) "I can give you me" he said after accepting $50K. Sentenced to 3 years.[77]
    5. Michael Myers (D-PA) Accepted $50K saying, "...money talks and bullshit walks." Sentenced to 3 years and was expelled from the House.[78]
    6. Frank Thompson (D-NJ) Sentenced to 3 years.[79]
    7. John M. Murphy (D-NY) Served 20 months of a 3-year sentence.[80]
  • Jon Hinson (R-MS) was arrested for having homosexual oral sex in the House of Representatives' bathroom with a government staffer. Hinson, who was married, later received a 30-day jail sentence, and a year's probation, on condition that he get counseling and treatment (1981).[81][82]
  • Joshua Eilberg (D-PA) pleaded guilty to conflict-of-interest charges (1981).[44]
  • Dan Flood (D-PA) censured for bribery. After a trial ended in a deadlocked jury, pleaded guilty and was sentenced to a year's probation (1981).[83][84]
  • Frederick W. Richmond (D-NY), Convicted of tax fraud and possession of marijuana. Served 9 months in prison (1982).[85]
  • George V. Hansen (R-ID) censured for failing to fill in disclosure forms. Spent 15 months in prison (1984).[86]
  • Wedtech scandal Wedtech Corporation was convicted of bribery in connection with Defense Department contracts.[87]
    1. Mario Biaggi (D-NY) Convicted of obstruction of justice and accepting illegal gratuities he was sentenced to 2½ years in prison and fined $500K (equivalent to $1,340,949 in 2023) (1987).[88]
    2. Robert Garcia (D-NY) sentenced to 2½ years.[89]
  • Pat Swindall (R-GA) convicted of 6 counts of perjury (1989).[90][91]

Judicial branch

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1989–1993 (George H. W. Bush presidency)

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Executive branch

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Legislative branch

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  • David Durenberger Senator (R-MN) denounced by Senate for unethical financial transactions and then disbarred (1990). He pleaded guilty to misuse of public funds and given one year's probation (1995)[95]
  • Jay Kim (R-CA) accepted $250,000 (equivalent to $542,803 in 2023) in illegal 1992 campaign contributions and was sentenced to two months' house arrest (1992).[96][97][98][99]
  • Nicholas Mavroules (D-MA) was convicted of extortion, accepting illegal gifts and failing to report them on congressional disclosure and income tax forms. Mavroules pleaded guilty to fifteen counts in April 1993 and was sentenced to a fifteen-month prison term (1993).[100][101]
  • Albert Bustamante (D-TX) was convicted of accepting bribes and sentenced to three-and-one-half years in prison (1993).[102]

Judicial branch

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1993–2001 (Bill Clinton presidency)

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Executive branch

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Legislative branch

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  • House banking scandal[113] The House of Representatives Bank found that 450 members had overdrawn their checking accounts, but not been penalized. Six were convicted of charges, most only tangentially related to the House Bank itself. Twenty-two more of the most prolific over-drafters were singled out by the House Ethics Committee (1992).
    1. Carroll Hubbard (D-KY) was convicted of illegally funneling money to his wife's 1992 campaign to succeed him in Congress.[114]
    2. Carl C. Perkins (D-KY) pleaded guilty to a check kiting scheme involving several financial institutions (including the House Bank).[115]
    3. Walter Fauntroy (D-DC) was convicted of filing false disclosure forms to hide unauthorized income.[116]
    4. Buz Lukens (R-OH) convicted of bribery and conspiracy.[117]
    5. Mary Rose Oakar (D-OH) pleaded guilty to a misdemeanor campaign finance charge not related to the House Bank.[118]
  • Congressional Post Office scandal (1991–1995) was a conspiracy to embezzle House Post Office money through stamps and postal vouchers to congressmen.[119]
    1. Dan Rostenkowski (D-IL) was convicted and sentenced to 18 months in prison, in 1995.[120]
    2. Joe Kolter (D-PA) pleaded guilty to one count of conspiracy and sentenced to 6 months in prison (1996).[121][122]
  • Wes Cooley (R-OR) was convicted of having lied on the 1994 voter information pamphlet about his service in the Army. He was fined and sentenced to two years' probation (1997)[123] He was later convicted of income tax fraud connected to an investment scheme. He was sentenced to one year in prison and to pay restitution of $3.5 million to investors and $138,000 to the IRS.[124]
  • Austin Murphy (D-PA) was convicted of one count of voter fraud for filling out absentee ballots for members of a nursing home (1999).[125]
  • Mel Reynolds (D-IL) was convicted on 12 counts of sexual assault, obstruction of justice and solicitation of child pornography (1997). He was later convicted of 12 counts of bank fraud (1999).

2001–2009 (George W. Bush presidency)

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Executive branch

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Legislative branch

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  • Jim Traficant (D-OH) was found guilty on ten felony counts of financial corruption, sentenced to eight years in prison and expelled from the House of Representatives (2002).[141]
  • Bill Janklow (R-SD) was convicted of second-degree manslaughter for running a stop sign and killing a motorcyclist. Resigned from the House and given 100 days in the county jail and three years' probation (2003).[142]
  • Frank Ballance (D-NC) admitted to federal charges of money laundering and mail fraud in October 2005 and was sentenced to four years in prison (2005).[143]
  • Duke Cunningham (R-CA) pleaded guilty November 28, 2005, to charges of conspiracy to commit bribery, mail fraud, wire fraud and tax evasion in what came to be called the Cunningham scandal and was sentenced to over eight years in prison (2005).[144]
  • Bob Ney (R-OH) pleaded guilty to conspiracy and making false statements as a result of his receiving trips from Jack Abramoff in exchange for legislative favors in the Jack Abramoff Indian lobbying scandal. Ney received 30 months in prison (2007).[145]
  • Larry Craig (R-ID) was arrested for lewd conduct in a men's restroom at the Minneapolis-St. Paul International Airport on June 11, 2007, and entered a guilty plea to a lesser charge of disorderly conduct on August 8, 2007.
  • Dennis Hastert (R-IL) Speaker of the United States House of Representatives pleaded guilty in court for illegally structuring bank transactions related to payment of $3.5 million to quash allegations of sexual misconduct with a student when he was a high school teacher and coach decades ago.[146] (2016)
  • William J. Jefferson (D-LA) was charged in August 2005 after the FBI seized $90,000 in cash from his home freezer. He was re-elected to the House in 2006, but lost in 2008. He was convicted November 13, 2009, of 11 counts of bribery and sentenced to 13 years in prison (2009).[147] Jefferson's Chief of Staff Brett Pfeffer, was sentenced to 84 months for bribery (2006).[148]

2009–2017 (Barack Obama presidency)

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Executive branch

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Legislative branch

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  • Mark D. Siljander (R-MI) was convicted of obstruction of justice (2012).[151]
  • Jesse Jackson Jr. (D-IL) pleaded guilty February 20, 2013, to one count of wire and mail fraud in connection with his misuse of $750,000 in campaign funds. Jackson was sentenced to two-and-one-half years' imprisonment (2013).[152]
  • Rick Renzi (R-AZ) was found guilty on 17 of 32 counts against him June 12, 2013, including wire fraud, conspiracy, extortion, racketeering, money laundering and making false statements to insurance regulators (2013).[153]
  • Trey Radel (R-FL) was convicted of possession of cocaine in November 2013. As a first-time offender, he was sentenced to one year probation and fined $250. Radel announced he would take a leave of absence, but did not resign. Later, under pressure from a number of Republican leaders, he announced through a spokesperson that he would resign (2013).[154][155][156]
  • Michael Grimm (R-NY) pleaded guilty to felony tax evasion, the fourth count in a 20-count indictment brought against him for improper use of campaign funds. The guilty plea had a maximum sentence of three years; he was sentenced to eight months in prison (2015).[157][158]
  • Chaka Fattah (D-PA) was convicted on 23 counts of racketeering, fraud, and other corruption charges (2016).[159]
  • Corrine Brown (D-FL) was convicted on 18 felony counts of wire and tax fraud, conspiracy, lying to federal investigators, and other corruption charges (2017).[160][161]
  • Anthony Weiner (D-NY)[162] was convicted of sending sexually explicit photos of himself to a 15-year-old girl and was mandated to register as a sex offender. He also was sentenced to 21 months in prison, a sentence that was later reduced to 18 months. He reported to prison in November 2017 and was released in May 2019 (2017).[163]
  • Steve Stockman (R-TX) was convicted of fraud (2018).[164]
  • Dana Rohrabacher (R-CA) was charged with improper use of campaign contributions in a scheme to promote a decoy Democratic candidate in a state assembly election. Rohrabacher was found guilty and fined $50,000 (2012).[165][166]

Judicial branch

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2017–2021 (Donald Trump presidency)

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Executive branch

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Legislative branch

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2021–present (Joe Biden presidency)

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Legislative branch

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  • Jamaal Bowman (D-NY) pleaded guilty to the misdemeanor of falsely pulling a fire alarm (2023).[181]
  • Madison Cawthorn (R-NC) pleaded guilty to possession of a dangerous weapon at a TSA checkpoint (2023).[182]
  • Bob Menendez (D-NJ) was convicted on 16 counts for his role in a bribery scheme, including being an illegal foreign agent (2024).[183]
  • George Santos (R-NY) U.S. Representative for New York's 3rd Congressional District pled guilty to felony charges of identity theft and wire fraud, after being expelled from Congress following a report by the House Ethics Committee. (2024)[184][185]

See also

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State and local politics

Notes

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  1. ^ "Matthew Lyon, the Hampden of Congress by James Fairfax McLaughlin, pg 257". Retrieved June 22, 2017.[permanent dead link]
  2. ^ "Matthew Lyons". Retrieved September 3, 2010.[dead link]
  3. ^ Henry Clay, The Papers of Henry Clay: The Whig Leader, January 1, 1837 – December 31, 1843, 1988, page 519
  4. ^ Houston Daily Mercury, The Lockport Union Has a Bit of History to Tell Archived June 27, 2019, at the Wayback Machine, December 24, 1873
  5. ^ William M. Gouge, The Journal of Banking, From July 1841 to July 1842, 1842, page 183
  6. ^ Prison Association of New York, Report of the Prison Association of New York, 1845, page 51
  7. ^ New York Spectator, General Sessions, July 15, July 15, 1842
  8. ^ a b "SMALLS, Robert". Black Americans in Congress, 1870 to Present. History, Art & Archives, U.S. House of Representatives. Archived from the original on May 9, 2019. Retrieved May 9, 2019.
  9. ^ "Joseph Ralph Burton - Kansapedia". www.kshs.org. Kansas Historical Society. Archived from the original on June 29, 2017. Retrieved June 22, 2017.
  10. ^ "U.S. Senate: Expulsion and Censure". www.senate.gov. Archived from the original on May 30, 2010. Retrieved June 22, 2017.
  11. ^ "A not-so-proud history". Harrisburg Patriot News. November 5, 2009. Archived from the original on November 16, 2009.
  12. ^ "Governor Edwin Sydney Stuart". Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission. Archived from the original on May 2, 2011. Retrieved August 25, 2011.
  13. ^ Owen, Nina (December 26, 2008). "An Illinois civics lesson from an early scandal". Chicago Tribune, Section 1, page 43.
  14. ^ Robert Wodrow Archbald at the Biographical Directory of Federal Judges, a public domain publication of the Federal Judicial Center.
  15. ^ "Senate Investigates the "Teapot Dome" Scandal". Historical Minutes: 1921–1940. Art & History, United States Senate. Archived May 1, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
  16. ^ Daniel D. Lee (1991) "Senator Black's Investigation of the Air Mail 1933-34", The Historian 53: 423–42
  17. ^ "LANGLEY, Katherine Gudger - US House of Representatives: History, Art & Archives". history.house.gov. Archived from the original on June 25, 2016. Retrieved June 22, 2017.
  18. ^ "He wears the breeches but the lady has the brains - Appalachian History". July 15, 2013. Archived from the original on June 30, 2016. Retrieved June 22, 2017.
  19. ^ nytimes.com, April 15, 1931, ROWBOTTOM GUILTY IN POSTAL JOB SALES; Ex-Indiana Representative Gets Year in Leavenworth on BribeTaking Charges, Archived March 2, 2014, at the Wayback Machine
  20. ^ "HOGAN CONVICTED OF TAKING BRIBES; Ex-Representative Gets Year and a Day in Prison in Naturalization Fraud Case". The New York Times. October 16, 1935. Archived from the original on November 23, 2018. Retrieved March 18, 2019.
  21. ^ "Syracuse Herald Newspaper Archives, Apr 10, 1935, p. 38". April 10, 1935. Archived from the original on May 6, 2019. Retrieved May 7, 2019.
  22. ^ "Wilson Daily Times Newspaper Archives, Apr 10, 1935, p. 1". April 10, 1935. Archived from the original on May 6, 2019. Retrieved May 7, 2019.
  23. ^ Long, Kim (2008). The Almanac of Political Corruption, Scandals & Dirty Politics. ISBN 0307481344.
  24. ^ Christian Science Monitor (December 19, 1935), Snow Pardoned in Maine, Boston, Massachusetts: The Christian Science Monitor, p. 6
  25. ^ "David Rosenzweig, "Tucker Is Fourth California Congressman to Be Convicted Since 1936," Los Angeles Times, December 9, 1995". Los Angeles Times. December 9, 1995. Archived from the original on May 18, 2015. Retrieved June 4, 2011.
  26. ^ "Congressional Bad Boys". www.congressionalbadboys.com. Archived from the original on February 5, 2015. Retrieved June 22, 2017.
  27. ^ Time magazine, "Artful Dodger", December 5, 1949.
  28. ^ J. Parnell Thomas at the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
  29. ^ "britiannica.com". www.britiannica.com. Archived from the original on September 11, 2011. Retrieved June 22, 2017.
  30. ^ Rosenzweig, David (December 9, 1995). "Tucker Is Fourth California Congressman to Be Convicted Since 1936". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on July 9, 2012. Retrieved September 5, 2010.
  31. ^ Rosenzweig, David (December 9, 1995). "Tucker Is Fourth California Congressman to Be Convicted Since 1936". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on July 9, 2012. Retrieved September 5, 2010.
  32. ^ Viser, Matt (November 4, 2009). "Embattled Turner calls easy reelection victory 'significant'". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on February 11, 2010. Retrieved September 5, 2010.
  33. ^ "TRIALS: Congressman Convicted". Time. January 10, 1972. Archived from the original on August 8, 2013. Retrieved September 5, 2010.
  34. ^ "Thomas Johnson, 78 - Lost Post in Congress - Obituary". New York Times. Associated Press. February 3, 1988. Archived from the original on June 4, 2011. Retrieved September 5, 2010.
  35. ^ "BOYKIN, Frank William - Biographical Information". bioguide.congress.gov. Archived from the original on July 9, 2010. Retrieved June 22, 2017.
  36. ^ Political corruption in America: an ... - Google Books. Retrieved September 5, 2010.
  37. ^ Marsh, Bill (October 30, 2005). "Ideas and Trends: When Criminal Charges Hit the White House". The New York Times.
  38. ^ Meyer, Lawrence (November 10, 1988). "John N. Mitchell, Principal in Watergate, Dies at 75". The Washington Post.
  39. ^ Agnew, Spiro T., Go Quietly....or else, p. 15.
  40. ^ Rohde, David (April 15, 1998). "Maurice Stans Dies at 90; Led Nixon Commerce Dept". The New York Times. Archived from the original on June 8, 2013. Retrieved March 24, 2013.
  41. ^ Russell, Jenna (February 17, 2009). "Chapter 3: Chappaquiddick: Conflicted ambitions, then, Chappaquiddick". The Boston Globe. Archived February 21, 2010, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2009-02-24.
  42. ^ Grossman, Mark (2003). Political corruption in America: an ... - Google Books. ISBN 978-1-57607-060-4. Retrieved September 5, 2010.
  43. ^ Grossman, Mark (2003). Political corruption in America: an ... - Google Books. ISBN 978-1-57607-060-4. Retrieved September 5, 2010.
  44. ^ a b c Paul B. Beers (November 1, 2010). Pennsylvania Politics Today and Yesterday: The Tolerable Accommodation. Pennsylvania State University Press. p. 403. ISBN 978-0-271-04498-9.
  45. ^ "Reinecke Receives A Suspended Term". New York Times. October 2, 1974.
  46. ^ "EARL BUTZ, A TOP AIDE FOR FORD AND NIXON, ADMITS TAX EVASION by UPI". The New York Times. May 23, 1981. Archived May 31, 2016, at the Wayback Machine
  47. ^ "The Lewiston Daily Sun - Google News Archive Search". news.google.com. Archived from the original on April 29, 2016. Retrieved June 22, 2017.
  48. ^ St. Petersburg Times, January 23, 1974, "Congressman Ordered to Prison" by UPI
  49. ^ Washington Observer, April 15, 1973.
  50. ^ Haldane, David (June 13, 2001). "Richard Hanna: Congressman Sent to Prison in Bribery Scandal". Los Angeles Times. [1]
  51. ^ "Convicted Politician Bertram Podell, 79". The Washington Post. August 22, 2005.
  52. ^ "U.S. is Suing Legislator to Get $50,000 Returned," New York Times, March 27, 1977
  53. ^ "SFGate: San Francisco Bay Area - News, Bay Area news, Sports, Business, Entertainment, Classifieds - SFGate". SFGate. Archived from the original on October 24, 2014. Retrieved October 25, 2014.
  54. ^ "Day 15: A congressman is convicted - OC's 50 Most Notorious Cases : The Orange County Register". Archived from the original on September 27, 2013. Retrieved November 5, 2017.
  55. ^ "United States of America, Plaintiff-appellee, v. Richard A. Tonry, Defendant-appellant - 605 F.2d 144 - Justia US Court of Appeals Cases and Opinions". Cases.justia.com. October 9, 1979. Archived from the original on July 9, 2012. Retrieved September 5, 2010.
  56. ^ Molotsky, Byron (August 26, 1998). "Charles Diggs, 75, Congressman Censured Over Kickbacks". The New York Times.
  57. ^ LLC, New York Media (February 18, 1980). "New York Magazine". New York Media, LLC. Retrieved June 22, 2017 – via Google Books.
  58. ^ Beaver County Times Archived May 19, 2016, at the Wayback Machine - December 15, 1985
  59. ^ "Walsh Iran / Contra Report - Obtaining Copies". Fas.org. Archived from the original on March 21, 2015. Retrieved September 21, 2018.
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