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Kirkuk–Haifa oil pipeline

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Kirkuk–Haifa oil pipeline
Map of Kirkuk–Haifa oil pipeline
General information
TypeCrude oil
OperatorIraq Petroleum Company
Construction started1932
Commissioned1934
Decommissioned1948 (to Haifa)
Technical information
Length942 km (585 mi)
Diameter12 in (305 mm)

The Kirkuk–Haifa oil pipeline (also known as the Kirkuk-Mediterranean pipeline) was a mixed 10/12-inch twin crude oil pipeline from the oil fields in Kirkuk, located in the former Ottoman vilayet of Mosul in northern Iraq, through Transjordan to Haifa in mandatory Palestine (now in the territory of Israel); and through Syria and a short stretch of what was to become the state of Lebanon to Tripoli.[1][2] The oil arriving on the coast was shipped to European refineries until in 1939 the refinery in Haifa was completed, soon capable of processing the entire supply. For a few years before 1948 crude oil was transported from Tripoli to Haifa by tankers.

The pipeline was built by the Iraq Petroleum Company between 1932 and 1934,[2][3] and during this period most of the area through which the pipeline passed was under a British mandate approved by the League of Nations.[dubious – discuss] The double pipeline split at Haditha (Pumping Station K3).[4]

Oil production in Iraq[5][6]
1930 909,000
1931 900,000
1932 836,000
1933 917,000
1934 7,689,000
1935 27,408,000
1936 30,406,000
1937 31,836,000
1938 32,643,000

The pipeline and the Haifa refineries were considered strategically important by the British Government, and indeed provided much of the fuel needs of the British and American forces in the Mediterranean during World War II.

The pipeline was a target of attacks by Arabs during the 1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine, and as a result one of the main objectives of a joint British-Jewish Special Night Squads commanded by Captain Orde Wingate was to protect the pipeline against such attacks. Later on, the pipeline was the target of attacks by the Jewish Irgun paramilitary organisation.[7]

In 1948, with the outbreak of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, the official operation of the pipeline ended when the Iraqi Government refused to pump any more oil through it.[8]

The portion between Kirkuk and Tripoli remained in operation. It was looped between Kirkuk and Homs with the 30/32-inch Kirkuk–Baniyas pipeline which became operational in April 1952. It had also been looped before that point with a 16-inch pipeline (to both Tripoli and Haifa). The 16-inch line to Haifa was never commissioned. it was completed just as the political facts on the ground had turned against it.

Construction

[edit]
See also: History of petroleum industry in Iraq

Iraqi oil production in 1932 was 1,000,000 to 1,200,000 bbls/a. The planned capacity of the new pipe line was 30,000,000 bbls/a. H. S. Austin, president of the Tuscarora Oil Co. and the Ajax Pipe Line Co., responsible for the Ajax Pipeline, was head of the construction work.[9] The Ajax was a 400 mile, 65,000 bbls/day, twin 10-inch line between Glenn Pool (near Jenks, Oklahoma) and Wood River (near Alton, Illinois) and was completed in 1930 or 1931.[10] The Tuscarora Oil Company (subsidiary of Standard Oil of New Jersey) was not engaged in pipeline construction at the time. It had however at the end of 1929 reconditioned (cleaned) its 370 mile crude oil pipeline from Western Pennsylvania to the Bayway Refinery in New Jersey and now used it to transport gasoline in the opposite direction from east to west.[11][12]

Pipe

[edit]
Pipe production[13]: 50 
Contractor Subcontractors Size Joints x 1000ft Miles Sleeves x 1000kg
France Comptoir Franco Belgo Sarrois
  • France Louvroil & Recquignies
  • France S.A. d'Escaut et Meuse
  • France Acieries et Usines a Tubes de la Sarre
 12 76,690 2,779 526 79,870 56,878
United Kingdom Stewarts & Lloyds Ltd.
  • United Kingdom Bromford Tube Co. Ltd.
  • United Kingdom British Mannesmann Tube Co. Ltd.
 12 49,140 1,768 334 49,376 36,673
United Kingdom Oil Well Engineering Co.
  • Germany Mannesmannroehren Werke Dusseldorf
  • Germany Vereinigte Stahlwerke AG Dusseldorf
  • Germany Bismarckhutte Hajduki Wielkie (Poland)
 12 17,480 629 118 18,393 13,311
Oil Well Engineering Co. British Mannesmann Tube Co. Ltd. 12 4,813 177 33 5,054 3,746
Stewarts & Lloyds Ltd. Bromford Tube Co. Ltd. 12[a] 229 9 1 0 266
British Mannesmann Tube Co. Ltd. 10 7,095 265 50 7,456 4,343
Stewarts & Lloyds 10 6,703 247 46 6,674 4,092
Oil Well Engineering Co.
  • Vereinigte Stahlwerke AG Dusseldorf
  • Mannesmannrohren Werke Dusseldorf
 10 3,526 132 25 3,687 2,161
Oil Well Engineering Co.
  • United States Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co.
  • United States Spang Chalfant & Co.
  • United States National Tube Co.
 10 5,542 205 38 5,821 1,272
Oil Well Engineering Co. National Tube Co. 10[b] 4,393 169 32 4,612 3,200
Stewarts & Lloyds 8 2,107 78 14 1,340 1,059
Total 12 148,352 3,562 1,012 152,693 110,874
Total 10 27,259 1,018 191 28,250 15,068
Size Joints x 1000ft Miles Sleeves x 1000kg

Logistics

[edit]

On October 16, 1932 aviation became available when one 3-engine 8-passenger Avro 618 Ten and one single-engine 4-passenger DH.50 arrived at Samakh. Both planes were purchased. In March 1933 a Farman monoplane was purchased and stationed at Homs. In March 1933 the 2 planes on the southern leg were replaced by two 3-engine 5-passenger Westland Wessex and around May 1933 the planes were relocated to a base at Haifa. In the early winter of 1933 the two planes based at Haifa were replaced by two twin-engine 6-passenger DH Dragon. Between October 1932 and June 1934 6,993 passengers and 200 tons of freight were moved in a total of 2,971 flights, 309,000 flown miles and 3,427 flown hours.[13]: 65 

There was one railhead for each of the 3 legs, which became depots and sites for workshops. One was at Baiji, a few miles east of what would become the K-2 pumping station, supplied via Basra. The southern leg depot was at Mafraq on the Hejaz Railway, supplied via Haifa and for the northern leg, Homs was chosen as it was already host to several small industries.[14]

By May 15, 1933 801 miles (about 66%) of pipe had been strung (laid out). This amounted to 4,750,000 ton miles of haulage of pipe alone and 7,000,000 overall haulage at this point of the estimated total 23,000,000 ton miles required (over time the distance driven from the depot to the current end of the line increased).[15]

Communications

[edit]

Between September 1932 and finished April 24, 1933 one pair of telegraph and one pair of telephone wires were installed along the route. Nearly 26,000 tubular steel poles weighing 3,500 tons and 5,000 miles or 700 tons of cadmium copper wire were required. The posts were 25 feet high with a 48-inch cross arm and placed 211 feet apart (25 poles per mile), except if the terrain made this impractical. In that case some of the poles were 28 and 32 feet high as well. The river crossings were of course entirely different cases of special terrain.[15][13]: 62 

Welding

[edit]
Welding campaigns[13]: 53 
River crossing Start End
Euphrates 3 September 1932 5 October 1932
Tigris 7 October 1932 28 October 1932
Crew Total miles Start (mile) End (mile) Start End Pipe
No. 1 368[c] 0 Tigris (53) 3 December 1932 4 April 1933 twin
127 Euphrates (149) twin
156 Jordan border (373) 19 November 1933
No. 2 260 53 127 1 December 1932 21 May 1933 twin
149 156 twin
156 Syrian border (249) 30 August 1933
No. 3 262 574 482 early December 26 April 1933
574 Haifa 25 July 1933
482 Iraq border (373) 21 October 1933
No. 4 282 Tripoli (525) Iraq border (249) November 1932 6 July 1933
Total employment (including contract labor) at end of quarter[13]: 95 
Quarter Class I Class II Class III
2nd 1932 92 129 1,664
3rd 1932 229 338 4,519
4th 1932 332 460 5,892
1st 1933 358 636 9,359
2nd 1933 393 850 12,441
3rd 1933 387 933 13,044
4th 1933 372 800 9,076
1st 1934 375 701 9,214
2nd 1934 357 670 10,983
3rd 1934 331 597 8,872

Startup

[edit]

The Tripoli line was filled starting in early June 1934 with half of the pumping stations in operation and in July there had been attained a preliminary production capacity of 20,000 bbls/day or about 50% of rated capacity. Oil first arrived at the Tripoli terminal on July 14, 1934.[13]: 115  The french chartered tanker Henry Desprez left for Le Havre on August 3, 1934 with a first shipment of 14,600 tons.[13]: 117  Later essentially all deliveries were earmarked for the new 15,000 bbls/day refinery at Martigues (near Marseille), a haul of approximately 1900 nautical miles.[16] Martigues was the 3rd largest refinery in France at the time,[17]. but only completed in 1935..[18] At Tripoli there were completed or under construction 15 tanks of 93,000 bbl capacity each (a total of 1,395,000).[19][13]: 23  In March 1947 there were 27 tanks totaling 2,300,000bbl at Tripoli[20] and 36 of 93,000bbl each at the end of 1949.[21] During the war a small 5,000bbl/day topping plant was built at Tripoli.[22]

The first oil arrived in Haifa on October 14, 1934.[13]: 115 [23] There were 15 tanks of 93,000 bbl capacity at the Haifa terminal originally[13]: 23  and 27 of 93,000bbl each at the end of 1949.[21]

The total cost of the project was $50,000,000.[24]

The Iraqi Petroleum Company in October 1934 published a 125-page report: The Construction of the Iraq-Mediterrnean Pipe-Line — A Tribute to the Men Who Built it.[13]

Pumping stations

[edit]
Kirkuk–Haifa oil pipeline west end, Haifa, 1938
Map all coordinates using OpenStreetMap

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The pumping stations were named in numerical order going westwards, with the stations from Kirkuk to Haditha denoted "K" (after Kirkuk) and the subsequent ones to the Mediterranean coast at Haifa denoted "H" (after Haifa) and those to Tripoli denoted "T".[25] H-4 and H-5 are in Jordan, T-2, T-3, T-4 in Syria, all others on Iraqi soil.

Pumping stations[13]: 21 
Name Altitude (ft) Mile Downstream
K-1 1,008 0 31.5 miles twin 10-inch, 34.5 miles twin 12-inch 35°30′55″N 044°18′49″E / 35.51528°N 44.31361°E / 35.51528; 44.31361 (K-1 Pumping Station)
K-2 478 66 4.5 miles twin 10-inch, 79.5 miles twin 12-inch 34°54′47″N 043°24′50″E / 34.91306°N 43.41389°E / 34.91306; 43.41389 (K-2 Pumping Station)
K-3 453 150 north: 3.5 miles 10-inch, 56.5 miles 12-inch 34°04′31″N 042°21′07″E / 34.07528°N 42.35194°E / 34.07528; 42.35194 (K-3 Pumping Station)
south: 6 miles twin[d] 10-inch, 45 miles 12-inch
T-1 1,027 211 8.5 miles 10-inch, 59.5 miles 12-inch 34°13′37″N 041°19′50″E / 34.22694°N 41.33056°E / 34.22694; 41.33056 (T-1 Pumping Station)
T-2 1,248 279 5 miles 10-inch, 76 miles 12-inch 34°22′35″N 040°09′08″E / 34.37639°N 40.15222°E / 34.37639; 40.15222 (T-2 Pumping Station)
T-3 1,268 360 4 miles 10-inch, 57 miles 12-inch 34°31′47″N 038°44′48″E / 34.52972°N 38.74667°E / 34.52972; 38.74667 (T-3 Pumping Station)
T-4 1,086 421 10.5 miles 10-inch, 57.5 miles 12-inch, 20.5 miles 10-inch, 21 miles 12-inch
Tripoli 532
H-1 1,312 205.5 4.5 miles 10-inch, 54 miles 12-inch 33°47′23″N 041°27′37″E / 33.78972°N 41.46028°E / 33.78972; 41.46028 (H-1 Pumping Station)
H-2 1,923 263.5 4 miles 10-inch, 54 miles 12-inch 33°22′38″N 040°37′04″E / 33.37722°N 40.61778°E / 33.37722; 40.61778 (H-2 Pumping Station)
H-3 2,550 321.5 4.5 miles 10-inch, 91 miles 12-inch 32°56′49″N 039°44′03″E / 32.94694°N 39.73417°E / 32.94694; 39.73417 (H-3 Pumping Station)
H-4 2,249 416.5 8.5 miles 10-inch, 53 miles 12-inch, 5 miles 10-inch[e] 32°30′09″N 038°11′32″E / 32.50250°N 38.19222°E / 32.50250; 38.19222 (H-4 Pumping Station)
H-5 2,338 483 4.5 miles twin 10-inch, 79.5 miles 12-inch, 8 miles 8-inch, 16 miles heavy twin 10-inch, 29.5 miles 12-inch [f] 32°10′32″N 037°07′36″E / 32.17556°N 37.12667°E / 32.17556; 37.12667 (H-5 Pumping Station)
Haifa 20 621
1934[13]: 73 
Station (each) Pumps Transmission Engines
K 6 x Worthington-Simpson 6.75-in x 24-in horiz. double acting single reduction herringbone gears 6 x Sulzer 4-cycle 5-cyl. 500hp diesel
T 3 x the above 3 x Werkspoor 4-cycle 5-cyl. 500hp diesel
H 3 x Harland&Wolff 4-cycle 6-cyl. 500hp diesel
1949[26]
K-1 3 x series pair of Mather&Platt 1800hp motor centrifugal[g] electric Kirkuk field power plant
K 6 x Crossley-Premier 2000hp opposed 16-cyl diesel, 1560kva alternator
T 4 x Worthington-Simpson horiz. double-acting 7.75-in x 24-in flexible coupling 4 x Harland&Wolf 300rpm 950bhp airless injection oil engines

Haifa Refinery

[edit]
See also: Oil Refineries Ltd

The Consolidated Refineries, Ltd. was jointly owned by the Anglo-Iranian Oil Co., Ltd and the Anglo-Saxon Petroleum Co. (Shell), with A.I.O.C. in charge of plant operation. Both companies held a 23.75% (each) interest in the Iraq Petroleum Company (IPC).[27] In September 1936 plans were announced to lay a railway siding from the Haifa-Acre line for the transportation of building materials.[28]

The refinery was constructed by the M. W. Kellogg Co. 3.5 miles northeast of the Port of Haifa on 360 acres. Construction began in October 1938 and production started on November 29, 1939, not too long after the outbreak of World War II and due to a crash program well ahead of schedule.[29] Unit 2 was brought online in 1941, unit 3 in August 1944,[27] by which time the refinery had reached the capacity needed to process all oil that the 12-inch pipelines could deliver from Kirkuk, albeit with compromises made that boosted quantity at the expense of quality. Oil arriving in Tripoli was brought to Haifa by tankers (one-way distance of 81 nautical miles[30]), though this arrangement was not part of the original plan for the refinery.[31][27] The Oil & Gas Journal published a detailed technical description in the 1945-11-17 issue.[27] In March 1947 the construction of a fourth unit of the same capacity was about to begin,[32] work on the new 16-inch loop line from Kirkuk was already underway at that point. The refinery shut down indefinitely on April 12, 1948 due to a strike of Arab workers following an attack in which several of them were injured.[33] This was subsequent to the Haifa Oil Refinery massacre of December 30, 1947.

The following paragraphs use contemporary sources, which due to the nature of Israel-Arab relations are vague to begin with and may contain disinformation, in particular as to the source of the crude oil that was delivered to Haifa.

In October 1949[34] operations resumed on a much reduced scale using Venezuela crude oil as input. In June 1950 an agreement was reached to increase production to 20,000 bbl/day, saving an estimated $3,000,000 annually to Israel and covering 65 percent of the country's gasoline needs. Egypt was maintaining a blockade for ships through the Suez canal heading to the plant.[35] The source of crude oil was Qatar, tankers were to take the route around the Cape of Good Hope.[36]

At the end of 1955 the refinery was still operating at only 20% capacity. Russian crude oil was added to the list of sources in 1955.[37] Shipments were estimated to be 9,000 bbl/day on average during 1957 and 1958. Israel also started train runs to Haifa from their own recently discovered field at Heletz at a rate of merely 600 bbl/day in 1956.[38]

World War 2

[edit]
Haifa under attack
Oil Production in Iraq[39][40]
Barrels
1939 30,791,000
1940 24,225,000
1941 12,650,000
1942 19,726,000
1943 24,848,000
1944 30,943,000
1945 35,112,000
1946 35,665,000
Crude oil inputs to Haifa refinery[41]
long tons
1939 73,000
1940 847,000
1941 1,165,000
1942 2,006,000
1943 2,724,000
1944 3,292,000
External videos
video icon Italian bombers attack Haifa

Deliveries of crude oil to Tripoli through Vichy France controlled Syria were suspended after the Fall of France. In the beginning of 1941 a small "refinery" was completed estimated to be able to keep running from the oil present in the tanks for a year. The products were consumed by the military and a power station in Aleppo.[42][43][44] Axis forces in Syria were defeated in a campaign that ended in July 1941. The northern branch was however not put into operation until early in 1943,[45] and refining capacity was lacking.[46]

The Haifa refinery was struck by Italian air raids in 1940,[47][48] but the damage was not severe.[49]

The tanker Beme was sunk on July 11, 1940 near Haifa by an Italian submarine.

Deliveries to Haifa stopped for the duration of the Anglo-Iraqi War (May 1941).[50]

The German submarine U-372 was sunk near Haifa on August 4, 1942.

The Italian submarine Scire was sunk on August 10, 1942 during an attempt to attack the port of Haifa with combat divers.

16-inch loop

[edit]

In the summer of 1939 news out of London indicated that IPC was soon going to call bids for materials for a new 16-inch loop to its Mediterranean pipeline system.[51]

In late 1945, work began on two new 16-inch lines (85,000bbl/day each, 180,000 tons of pipe planned total), looping the two 12-inch lines in production. The project was hampered by delays. By March 1947, 150 miles of pipe had been strung (laid out) and 50 miles had been welded between H3 and H4. Materials were brought to depots at Mafraq and Baiji. The Haifa pipeline was expected to be finished in the spring of 1949, the Tripoli line a year after.[20] In June 1947 bids were invited for a 11,500bbl/day refinery at Baiji (K-2), [52] Pipe laying finished in April 1948. The additional capacity of 94,000bbl/day was to be reached in the autumn. Pipe for the project was provided by British Stewards & Loyds (60,000t) and two French companies (100,000t): Ste. Escaut et Meuse (at the Anzin plant) and Ste. Louvroil, Montbard et Aulnoyne (at the Aulnoye plant).[53] One section of 20 miles between the River Jordan and Haifa remained to be laid before deliveries could commence when work was stopped because of the unsettled conditions.[54] (see Battle of Haifa, 21-22 April). Continued attempts to circumvent Haifa for an alternative outlet in Lebanon were hampered by the refusal of the Lebanese government to grant right-of-way permissions for the needed construction. The reason for the refusal was an attempt by Lebanon to renegotiate transit fees for pipe lines in operation.[55] In the summer of 1961 the IPC handed over its assets in Jordan to the government, consisting of 200 miles of pipeline and pumping stations H-4 and H-5. The Jordanian government planned to distribute water from a plentiful untapped source at Azraq (due south of H-5).[56]

Pipe for the Tripoli 16-inch line (85,000bbl/day) was first constructed between K-3 and Tripoli. Stringing began in May 1948, welding began in October and was finished by July 1949.[57] The 16-inch line to Tripoli went into preliminary (40,000bbl/day) operation by August 1949. The line used the 16-inch portion between Kirkuk and K-3 that was originally laid for the Haifa line.[58] In November 1949 an extension of the small topping plant at the Tripoli terminus started production with capacity increased to 11,000bbl/day.[59] The 16-inch line consisted of two pipes between Kirkuk and K-3.[60]

30-inch loop

[edit]

The Kirkuk–Baniyas pipeline (300,000bbl/day) between Kirkuk and a terminal some 50 miles to the north of Tripoli, outside of Lebanon territory, started preliminary production in April 1952.

Lateral lines

[edit]

In early September 1952 IPC completed[61] a 134 mile, 12-inch pipe between the Ain Zalah field and K-2 with production there commencing in October. The line extended from the Ain Zalah oil field west of Mosul south-eastwards and joined the 12-inch and 16-inch main lines at K-2. Ain Zalah was discovered in 1940 and was the fourth field in Iraq to produce (after Naft Khaneh[62], Kirkuk and Zubair in early 1952[63]). The expected final production rate of the field was 25,000 bbls/day.[64] The Ain Zalah field was briefly captured by the Islamic State during the month of August 2014 and the damage caused was estimated at $5 million. Kurdish forces recaptured the field on September 2, 2014.[65]

In December 1953 construction started on a 132 mile 12-inch pipe line from K-2 to the new refinery at Daura near Baghdad. The new line was owned by the Iraqi government, which also paid the cost of pumping the oil from K-2 to Daura and bought oil from the IPC at a token price at K-2, under the umbrella of the preexisting overall profit-sharing agreement with the company. Flooding in the spring of 1954 delayed the project, the line was finished in early September 1954.[66] The $30 million refinery was built by M. W. Kellog and owned by the government. At the time it satisfied essentially the entire national demand for refined oil products. It included units for thermal cracking, kerosine treatment and gasoline treatment and a steam and electric power generation unit. The refinery began operations in June 1955. Rated at 6,500 bbl/d gasoline, 3,450 bbl/d kerosine and 3,900 bbl/d fuel oil from a supply of 24,000 bbl/d of crude oil, in the first few months of operation it achieved up to 27,000 bbl/d. At the end of 1955, Foster Wheeler was constructing a 25,000 tons/year lubricants plant at the refinery site.[67]

Cathodic Protection

[edit]
Leaks in the 12-inch line
1945 55
1946 44
1947 24
1948 24
1949 53
1950 73
1951 31
1952 109
1953 80
1954 68
1955 31
1956 85
1957 325
1958 104
1959 60
1960 56

Approximately at the laying of the 30-inch pipe, cathodic protection was for the first time made part of the pipeline system. The Westinghouse Brake and Signal Co., Ltd. provided combination units of a transformer and a selenium rectifier housed in a common cooling oil bath, the whole device bulky enough to require a ladder to reach the top. Each unit could provide a maximum of 40 Amperes at the maximum 50 Volts and an overall maximum current of 45A. A particular current setting was selected (depending on soil conditions) and that constant current maintained by an internal regulator. The rectifiers were installed at intervals of 5 to 10 miles.[68] A pair of aluminum wires originating at pumping stations were suspended from the telephone masts to distribute 11kV single phase AC current to the rectifiers. When subsequently analyzed it was found that this protection was not performing miracles, as expected for desert conditions where infrequent rain tends to produce inhomogeneous concentration of salts near the surface. While on average only 0.2 to 0.5 Amperes per mile were required for the new 30-inch line, for the 16-inch line this was 2 to 4 Amps and for the old 12-inch line the figure was 4 to 10 Amperes, even though the latter had the smallest exposed surface area per mile. The investigation also included a tally of recorded leaks for the 12-inch line (note the peak in 1957 due to repressurization stresses after the month long Suez crisis shutdown).[69]

The IPC had sent a representative on a tour of United States corrosion laboratories in 1947.[70]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Extra Heavy
  2. ^ Extra Heavy
  3. ^ No. 1 crew was reinforced in the late stage by elements from the other crews
  4. ^ to ensure full capacity while limiting the number of H-x pumping stations to 5
  5. ^ these 5 miles and the 10-inch loop at the downstream of H-5 were due to a last minute relocation of the pumping station to a nearby mudflat for use as a landing strip
  6. ^ This unusual arrangement was a means to control the pressure while the pipeline descended from 2,575 feet at mile 567 to -885ft at mile 581 and then cleared the hills west of the Jordan river.
  7. ^ One pair on standby

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Bonné, Alfred (November 1932). "The Concessions for the Mosul-Haifa Pipe Line". Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. 164: 116–126. doi:10.1177/000271623216400115. JSTOR 1018964. S2CID 143929570.
  2. ^ a b Iraq Petroleum Company, AN ACCOUNT OF THE CONSTRUCTION IN THE YEARS 1932 TO 1934 OF THE PIPELINE OF THE IRAQ PETROLEUM COMPANY LIMITED FROM ITS OILFIELD IN THE VICINITY OF KIRKUK TO THE MEDITERRANEAN PORTS OF HAIFA (Palestine) and TRIPOLI (Lebanon), pg. iii
  3. ^ Ferrier, Ronald W.; Bamberg, J. H. (12 October 1982). The History of the British Petroleum Company. Cambridge University Press. pp. 164–165. ISBN 9780521259507 – via Google Books.
  4. ^ Iraq Petroleum Company, AN ACCOUNT OF THE CONSTRUCTION IN THE YEARS 1932 TO 1934 OF THE PIPELINE OF THE IRAQ PETROLEUM COMPANY LIMITED FROM ITS OILFIELD IN THE VICINITY OF KIRKUK TO THE MEDITERRANEAN PORTS OF HAIFA (Palestine) and TRIPOLI (Lebanon),
  5. ^ Minerals Yearbook 1936. U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines. 1936. p. 702.
  6. ^ Minerals Yearbook 1940. U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines. 1940. p. 1029.
  7. ^ "תומוקמ". etzel.org.il. Archived from the original on 26 October 2021. Retrieved 12 October 2021.
  8. ^ U.S. checking possibility of pumping oil from northern Iraq to Haifa, via Jordan, Haaretz
  9. ^ "Iraq Pipe Line to be Completed by 1935". The Oil and Gas Journal. Vol. 30, no. 44. 17 March 1932. p. 15.
  10. ^ "Make Good Progress in Building Line". The Oil and Gas Journal. Vol. 29, no. 20. 2 October 1930. p. R-3.
  11. ^ "Standard Oil Company of New Jersey". World Petroleum. Vol. 1, no. 4. May 1930. p. 180.
  12. ^ "Operate Gasoline Line Early in 1930". The Oil and Gas Journal. Vol. 28, no. 29. 5 December 1929. p. 56.
  13. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m An account of the construction in the years 1932 to 1934 of the pipe-line of the Iraq petroleum company, limited, from its oilfield in the vicinity of Kirkuk, ...
  14. ^ "Authoritative Details About Iraq Pipeline Are Supplied By the Iraq Petroleum Company". The Oil and Gas Journal. Vol. 31, no. 13. 18 August 1932. p. 12.
  15. ^ a b "Iraq Pipe Line Construction Proceeds Favourably Under Exceptionally Difficult Conditions". The Oil and Gas Journal. Vol. 32, no. 18. 21 September 1933. p. 38.
  16. ^ "Port of Marseille, France to Port of Beirut, Lebanon sea route and distance". Ports.com. Retrieved 31 December 2024.
  17. ^ "Petroleum Refineries in France". The Oil and Gas Journal. Vol. 32, no. 32. 28 December 1933. p. 134.
  18. ^ "France - Refining Industry Continued to Expand in Number of Plants and Output". The Oil and Gas Journal. Vol. 33, no. 32. 27 December 1934. p. 98.
  19. ^ "News From Foreign Lands". The Oil and Gas Journal. Vol. 33, no. 10. 26 July 1934. p. 34.
  20. ^ a b "Completion of New Kirkuk-Haifa Line Expected in Spring of 1949". The Oil and Gas Journal. Vol. 45, no. 43. 1 March 1947. p. 46.
  21. ^ a b "IPC Increases Pipe Line Throughput". The Petroleum Engineer. Vol. 21, no. 11. October 1949. p. D-25.
  22. ^ "French get Lebanon Refinery Concession". The Oil and Gas Journal. Vol. 46, no. 31. 6 December 1947. p. 59.
  23. ^ "First Oil Through Iraq Line Pumped to Haifa". The Oil and Gas Journal. Vol. 33, no. 22. 18 October 1934. p. 32.
  24. ^ "Iraq Pipe Line, Largest Project Outside United States, Is Completed This Week". The Oil and Gas Journal. Vol. 33, no. 23. 25 October 1934. p. 82.
  25. ^ Iraq Petroleum Company, AN ACCOUNT OF THE CONSTRUCTION IN THE YEARS 1932 TO 1934 OF THE PIPELINE OF THE IRAQ PETROLEUM COMPANY LIMITED FROM ITS OILFIELD IN THE VICINITY OF KIRKUK TO THE MEDITERRANEAN PORTS OF HAIFA (Palestine) and TRIPOLI (Lebanon), map6
  26. ^ "IPC Increases Pipe Line Throughput". The Petroleum Engineer. Vol. 21, no. 11. October 1949. p. D-26.
  27. ^ a b c d "90,000 bbl Haifa Refinery - Largest in Mediterranean Area". The Oil and Gas Journal. Vol. 44, no. 28. 17 November 1945. p. 160.
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