Isotopes of thallium
Appearance
Thallium (Tl) has 37 isotopes which have atomic masses that range from 176 to 212. 203Tl and 205Tl are the only stable isotopes and 204Tl is the most stable radioisotope with a half-life of 3.78 years. 207Tl, with a half-life of 4.77 minutes, has the longest half-life of naturally occurring radioisotopes.
Thallium-202 (half-life 12.23 days) can be made in a cyclotron[1] while thallium-204 (half-life 3.78 years) is made by the neutron activation of stable thallium in a nuclear reactor.[2]
In fully ionized state, the isotope 205Tl becomes beta-radioactive, decaying to 205Pb.[3] It means that in fully ionized state thallium has only one stable isotope - 203Tl.
Standard atomic mass: 204.3833(2) u
Table
nuclide symbol |
historic name |
Z(p) | N(n) | isotopic mass (u) |
half-life | decay mode(s)[4][n 1] |
daughter isotope(s)[n 2] |
nuclear spin |
representative isotopic composition (mole fraction) |
range of natural variation (mole fraction) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
excitation energy | ||||||||||
176Tl | 81 | 95 | 176.00059(21)# | 5.2(+30-14) ms | (3-,4-,5-) | |||||
177Tl | 81 | 96 | 176.996427(27) | 18(5) ms | p | 176Hg | (1/2+) | |||
α (rare) | 173Au | |||||||||
177mTl | 807(18) keV | 230(40) µs | p | 176Hg | (11/2-) | |||||
α | 173Au | |||||||||
178Tl | 81 | 97 | 177.99490(12)# | 255(10) ms | α | 174Au | ||||
p (rare) | 177Hg | |||||||||
179Tl | 81 | 98 | 178.99109(5) | 270(30) ms | α | 175Au | (1/2+) | |||
p (rare) | 178Hg | |||||||||
179mTl | 860(30)# keV | 1.60(16) ms | α | 175Au | (9/2-) | |||||
IT (rare) | 179Tl | |||||||||
180Tl | 81 | 99 | 179.98991(13)# | 1.5(2) s | α (75%) | 176Au | ||||
β+ (25%) | 180Hg | |||||||||
SF (10−4%) | 100Ru, 80Kr[5] | |||||||||
181Tl | 81 | 100 | 180.986257(10) | 3.2(3) s | α | 177Au | 1/2+# | |||
β+ | 181Hg | |||||||||
181mTl | 857(29) keV | 1.7(4) ms | α | 177Au | 9/2-# | |||||
β+ | 181Hg | |||||||||
182Tl | 81 | 101 | 181.98567(8) | 2.0(3) s | β+ (96%) | 182Hg | 2-# | |||
α (4%) | 178Au | |||||||||
182m1Tl | 100(100)# keV | 2.9(5) s | α | 178Au | (7+) | |||||
β+ (rare) | 182Hg | |||||||||
182m2Tl | 600(140)# keV | 10- | ||||||||
183Tl | 81 | 102 | 182.982193(10) | 6.9(7) s | β+ (98%) | 183Hg | 1/2+# | |||
α (2%) | 179Au | |||||||||
183m1Tl | 630(17) keV | 53.3(3) ms | IT (99.99%) | 183Tl | 9/2-# | |||||
α (.01%) | 179Au | |||||||||
183m2Tl | 976.8(3) keV | 1.48(10) µs | (13/2+) | |||||||
184Tl | 81 | 103 | 183.98187(5) | 9.7(6) s | β+ | 184Hg | 2-# | |||
184m1Tl | 100(100)# keV | 10# s | β+ (97.9%) | 184Hg | 7+# | |||||
α (2.1%) | 180Au | |||||||||
184m2Tl | 500(140)# keV | >20 ns | (10-) | |||||||
185Tl | 81 | 104 | 184.97879(6) | 19.5(5) s | α | 181Au | 1/2+# | |||
β+ | 185Hg | |||||||||
185mTl | 452.8(20) keV | 1.93(8) s | IT (99.99%) | 185Tl | 9/2-# | |||||
α (.01%) | 181Au | |||||||||
β+ | 185Hg | |||||||||
186Tl | 81 | 105 | 185.97833(20) | 40# s | β+ | 186Hg | (2-) | |||
α (.006%) | 182Au | |||||||||
186m1Tl | 320(180) keV | 27.5(10) s | β+ | 186Hg | (7+) | |||||
186m2Tl | 690(180) keV | 2.9(2) s | (10-) | |||||||
187Tl | 81 | 106 | 186.975906(9) | ~51 s | β+ | 187Hg | (1/2+) | |||
α (rare) | 183Au | |||||||||
187mTl | 335(3) keV | 15.60(12) s | α | 183Au | (9/2-) | |||||
IT | 187Tl | |||||||||
β+ | 187Hg | |||||||||
188Tl | 81 | 107 | 187.97601(4) | 71(2) s | β+ | 188Hg | (2-) | |||
188m1Tl | 40(30) keV | 71(1) s | β+ | 188Hg | (7+) | |||||
188m2Tl | 310(30) keV | 41(4) ms | (9-) | |||||||
189Tl | 81 | 108 | 188.973588(12) | 2.3(2) min | β+ | 189Hg | (1/2+) | |||
189mTl | 257.6(13) keV | 1.4(1) min | β+ (96%) | 189Hg | (9/2-) | |||||
IT (4%) | 189Tl | |||||||||
190Tl | 81 | 109 | 189.97388(5) | 2.6(3) min | β+ | 190Hg | 2(-) | |||
190m1Tl | 130(90)# keV | 3.7(3) min | β+ | 190Hg | 7(+#) | |||||
190m2Tl | 290(70)# keV | 750(40) µs | (8-) | |||||||
190m3Tl | 410(70)# keV | >1 µs | 9- | |||||||
191Tl | 81 | 110 | 190.971786(8) | 20# min | β+ | 191Hg | (1/2+) | |||
191mTl | 297(7) keV | 5.22(16) min | β+ | 191Hg | 9/2(-) | |||||
192Tl | 81 | 111 | 191.97223(3) | 9.6(4) min | β+ | 192Hg | (2-) | |||
192m1Tl | 160(50) keV | 10.8(2) min | β+ | 192Hg | (7+) | |||||
192m2Tl | 407(54) keV | 296(5) ns | (8-) | |||||||
193Tl | 81 | 112 | 192.97067(12) | 21.6(8) min | β+ | 193Hg | 1/2(+#) | |||
193mTl | 369(4) keV | 2.11(15) min | IT (75%) | 193Tl | 9/2- | |||||
β+ (25%) | 193Hg | |||||||||
194Tl | 81 | 113 | 193.97120(15) | 33.0(5) min | β+ | 194Hg | 2- | |||
α (10−7%) | 190Au | |||||||||
194mTl | 300(200)# keV | 32.8(2) min | β+ | 194Hg | (7+) | |||||
195Tl | 81 | 114 | 194.969774(15) | 1.16(5) h | β+ | 195Hg | 1/2+ | |||
195mTl | 482.63(17) keV | 3.6(4) s | IT | 195Tl | 9/2- | |||||
196Tl | 81 | 115 | 195.970481(13) | 1.84(3) h | β+ | 196Hg | 2- | |||
196mTl | 394.2(5) keV | 1.41(2) h | β+ (95.5%) | 196Hg | (7+) | |||||
IT (4.5%) | 196Tl | |||||||||
197Tl | 81 | 116 | 196.969575(18) | 2.84(4) h | β+ | 197Hg | 1/2+ | |||
197mTl | 608.22(8) keV | 540(10) ms | IT | 197Tl | 9/2- | |||||
198Tl | 81 | 117 | 197.97048(9) | 5.3(5) h | β+ | 198Hg | 2- | |||
198m1Tl | 543.5(4) keV | 1.87(3) h | β+ (54%) | 198Hg | 7+ | |||||
IT (46%) | 198Tl | |||||||||
198m2Tl | 687.2(5) keV | 150(40) ns | (5+) | |||||||
198m3Tl | 742.3(4) keV | 32.1(10) ms | (10-)# | |||||||
199Tl | 81 | 118 | 198.96988(3) | 7.42(8) h | β+ | 199Hg | 1/2+ | |||
199mTl | 749.7(3) keV | 28.4(2) ms | IT | 199Tl | 9/2- | |||||
200Tl | 81 | 119 | 199.970963(6) | 26.1(1) h | β+ | 200Hg | 2- | |||
200m1Tl | 753.6(2) keV | 34.3(10) ms | IT | 200Tl | 7+ | |||||
200m2Tl | 762.0(2) keV | 0.33(5) µs | 5+ | |||||||
201Tl[n 3] | 81 | 120 | 200.970819(16) | 72.912(17) h | EC | 201Hg | 1/2+ | |||
201mTl | 919.50(9) keV | 2.035(7) ms | IT | 201Tl | (9/2-) | |||||
202Tl | 81 | 121 | 201.972106(16) | 12.23(2) d | β+ | 202Hg | 2- | |||
202mTl | 950.19(10) keV | 572(7) µs | 7+ | |||||||
203Tl | 81 | 122 | 202.9723442(14) | Observationally stable[n 4] | 1/2+ | 0.2952(1) | 0.29494-0.29528 | |||
203mTl | 3400(300) keV | 7.7(5) µs | (25/2+) | |||||||
204Tl | 81 | 123 | 203.9738635(13) | 3.78(2) a | β- (97.1%) | 204Pb | 2- | |||
EC (2.9%) | 204Hg | |||||||||
204m1Tl | 1104.0(4) keV | 63(2) µs | (7)+ | |||||||
204m2Tl | 2500(500) keV | 2.6(2) µs | (12-) | |||||||
204m3Tl | 3500(500) keV | 1.6(2) µs | (20+) | |||||||
205Tl[n 5] | 81 | 124 | 204.9744275(14) | Observationally stable[n 6] | 1/2+ | 0.7048(1) | 0.70472-0.70506 | |||
205m1Tl | 3290.63(17) keV | 2.6(2) µs | 25/2+ | |||||||
205m2Tl | 4835.6(15) keV | 235(10) ns | (35/2-) | |||||||
206Tl | Radium E | 81 | 125 | 205.9761103(15) | 4.200(17) min | β- | 206Pb | 0- | Trace[n 7] | |
206mTl | 2643.11(19) keV | 3.74(3) min | IT | 206Tl | (12-) | |||||
207Tl | Actinium C | 81 | 126 | 206.977419(6) | 4.77(2) min | β- | 207Pb | 1/2+ | Trace[n 8] | |
207mTl | 1348.1(3) keV | 1.33(11) s | IT (99.9%) | 207Tl | 11/2- | |||||
β- (.1%) | 207Pb | |||||||||
208Tl | Thorium C | 81 | 127 | 207.9820187(21) | 3.053(4) min | β- | 208Pb | 5(+) | Trace[n 9] | |
209Tl | 81 | 128 | 208.985359(8) | 2.161(7) min | β- | 209Pb | (1/2+) | |||
210Tl | Radium C″ | 81 | 129 | 209.990074(12) | 1.30(3) min | β- (99.991%) | 210Pb | (5+)# | Trace[n 7] | |
β-, n (.009%) | 209Pb | |||||||||
211Tl | 81 | 130 | 210.99348(22)# | 1# min [>300 ns] |
1/2+# | |||||
212Tl | 81 | 131 | 211.99823(32)# | 30# s [>300 ns] |
5+# |
- ^ Abbreviations:
EC: Electron capture
IT: Isomeric transition - ^ Bold for stable isotopes
- ^ Main isotope used in scintigraphy
- ^ Believed to undergo α decay to 199Au
- ^ Final decay product of 4n+1 decay chain (the Neptunium series)
- ^ Believed to undergo α decay to 201Au
- ^ a b Intermediate decay product of 238U
- ^ Intermediate decay product of 235U
- ^ Intermediate decay product of 232Th
Notes
- Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from systematic trends. Spins with weak assignment arguments are enclosed in parentheses.
- Uncertainties are given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits. Uncertainty values denote one standard deviation, except isotopic composition and standard atomic mass from IUPAC which use expanded uncertainties.
References
- ^ Thallium Research from Department of Energy
- ^ Manual for reactor produced radioisotopes from the International Atomic Energy Agency
- ^ http://www.ca.infn.it/~oldeman/resneu/p1522_1.pdf
- ^ http://www.nucleonica.net/unc.aspx
- ^ http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=mercury-serves-up-a-nuclear-su
- Isotope masses from:
- G. Audi, A. H. Wapstra, C. Thibault, J. Blachot and O. Bersillon (2003). "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties" (PDF). Nuclear Physics A. 729: 3–128. Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A. doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
- G. Audi, A. H. Wapstra, C. Thibault, J. Blachot and O. Bersillon (2003). "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties" (PDF). Nuclear Physics A. 729: 3–128. Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A. doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001.
- Isotopic compositions and standard atomic masses from:
- J. R. de Laeter, J. K. Böhlke, P. De Bièvre, H. Hidaka, H. S. Peiser, K. J. R. Rosman and P. D. P. Taylor (2003). "Atomic weights of the elements. Review 2000 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 75 (6): 683–800. doi:10.1351/pac200375060683.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - M. E. Wieser (2006). "Atomic weights of the elements 2005 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 78 (11): 2051–2066. doi:10.1351/pac200678112051.
{{cite journal}}
: Unknown parameter|laysummary=
ignored (help)
- J. R. de Laeter, J. K. Böhlke, P. De Bièvre, H. Hidaka, H. S. Peiser, K. J. R. Rosman and P. D. P. Taylor (2003). "Atomic weights of the elements. Review 2000 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 75 (6): 683–800. doi:10.1351/pac200375060683.
- Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from the following sources. See editing notes on this article's talk page.
- G. Audi, A. H. Wapstra, C. Thibault, J. Blachot and O. Bersillon (2003). "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties" (PDF). Nuclear Physics A. 729: 3–128. Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A. doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - National Nuclear Data Center. "NuDat 2.1 database". Brookhaven National Laboratory. Retrieved September 2005.
{{cite web}}
: Check date values in:|accessdate=
(help) - N. E. Holden (2004). "Table of the Isotopes". In D. R. Lide (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (85th ed.). CRC Press. Section 11. ISBN 978-0-8493-0485-9.
{{cite book}}
: Unknown parameter|nopp=
ignored (|no-pp=
suggested) (help)
- G. Audi, A. H. Wapstra, C. Thibault, J. Blachot and O. Bersillon (2003). "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties" (PDF). Nuclear Physics A. 729: 3–128. Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A. doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001.