Irish House of Commons
The Irish House of Commons was the lower house of the Parliament of Ireland, that existed from mediæval times until 1800. The upper house was the House of Lords. The membership of the House of Commons was directly elected, but on a very restrictive franchise. Most notably, Roman Catholics were disqualified from sitting in the Irish parliament, even though they comprised the vast majority of the Irish population. From about 1716 until 1793, they were also disenfranchised.
The British appointed Irish executive, under the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, was not answerable to the House of Commons but to the British government. However, the Chief Secretary for Ireland was usually a member of the Irish parliament. In the Commons, business was presided over by the Speaker who, in the absence of a government chosen from and answerable to the Commons, was the dominant political figure in the parliament. The House of Commons was abolished when the Irish parliament merged with its British counterpart in 1801 under the Act of Union.
Famous members
- Henry Grattan — went on to serve as an Irish member of the United Kingdom House of Commons.
- Boyle Roche — the "father" of Irish bulls
- Hon. Arthur Wellesley — later became Duke of Wellington, defeated Napoleon at Waterloo, and served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. He represented his family borough of Trim, County Meath from 1790-1796.
- William Conolly — a past Speaker, Conolly remains today one of the most widely known figures ever to be produced by the Irish parliament. He is famous not just for his role in parliament but also for his great wealth that allowed him to build one of Ireland's greatest Georgian houses, Castletown House.
- Nathaniel Clements , 1705-1777 Government and Treasury Official, Managed extensive financial functions from 1720 - 1777 on behalf of the Government, de facto Minister for Finance 1740 - 1777, extensive property owner and developer. major influence on the architecture of Georgian Dublin and the Irish Palladian Country house.
- John Philpot Curran — orator and wit, originator of the quotation "Eternal vigilance is the price of liberty."
Speakers (1689-1800)
- 1557, 1560 & 1568: James Stanyhurst
- 1661-????: Sir John Temple
- 1689-1692: Sir Richard Nagle
- 1692-1695: Sir Robert Levinge
- 1695-1703: Robert Rochfort
- 1703-1710: Alan Brodrick
- 1710-1713: John Forster
- 1713-1715: Alan Brodrick
- 1715-1729: William Conolly
- 1729-1733: Sir Ralph Gore
- 1733-1756: Henry Boyle
- 1756-1771: John Ponsonby
- 1771-1785: Edmund Sexton Perry
- 1785-1800: John Foster
Constituencies
The House was elected in the same way as the British House of Commons. By the time of the Union, the shape of the House had been fixed with two members elected for each of the 32 Counties of Ireland, two members for each of 117 Boroughs, and two members for Dublin University, a total of 300 members. The number of Boroughs invited to return members had originally been small (only 55 Boroughs existed in 1603) but was doubled by the Stuart monarchs.
Constituency | Type | County | Creation | Enfranchised | Fate after the union |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Antrim Borough | Borough | County Antrim | 1666 | Potwalloper | Disfranchised |
Antrim County | County | County Louth | Two seats | ||
Ardee | County Louth | 1378 | Corporation | Disfranchised | |
Ardfert | County Kerry | 1639? | Corporation | Disfranchised | |
Armagh Borough | Borough | County Armagh | 1613 | Corporation | One seat |
Armagh County | County | County Armagh | Two seats | ||
Askeaton | County Limerick | 1614 | Corporation | Disfranchised | |
Athboy | County Meath | 1613 | Manor | Disfranchised | |
Athenry | County Galway | 1310? | Corporation | Disfranchised | |
Athlone | County Westmeath | 1607 | Corporation | One seat | |
Athy | County Kildare | 1614 | Corporation | Disfranchised | |
Augher | County Tyrone | 1614 | Corporation | Disfranchised | |
Ballynakill (also Ballynakill) | Queen's County | 1613 | Corporation | Disfranchised | |
Ballyshannon | County Donegal | 1613 | Corporation | Disfranchised | |
Baltimore | County Cork | 1614 | Potwalloper | Disfranchised | |
Baltinglass | County Wicklow | 1664 | Corporation | Disfranchised | |
Banagher | King's County | 1629 | Corporation | Disfranchised | |
Bandonbridge | County Cork | 1614 | Corporation | One seat | |
Bangor | County Down | 1613 | Corporation | Disfranchised | |
Bannow | County Wexford | ? | Corporation | Disfranchised | |
Belfast | County Antrim | 1613 | Corporation | One seat | |
Belturbet | County Cavan | 1614 | Corporation | Disfranchised | |
Blessington | County Wicklow | 1670 | Corporation | Disfranchised | |
Boyle | County Roscommon | 1614 | Corporation | Disfranchised | |
Callan | County Kilkenny | 1264 | Corporation | Disfranchised | |
Carlingford | County Louth | 13?? | Corporation | Disfranchised | |
Carlow | County Carlow | 1613 | Corporation | One seat | |
Carlow County | County | County Carlow | Two seats | ||
Carrick | County Leitrim | 1614 | Corporation | Disfranchised | |
Carrickfergus | County Antrim | 1326 | Freeholder and householder | One seat | |
Carysfort | County Wicklow | 1629 | Corporation | Disfranchised | |
Cashel | County Tipperary | ? | Corporation | One seat | |
Castlebar | County Mayo | 1614 | Corporation | Disfranchised | |
Castlemartyr | County Cork | 1676 | Corporation | Disfranchised | |
Cavan Borough | Borough | County Cavan | 1611 | Corporation | Disfranchised |
Cavan County | County | County Cavan | Two seats | ||
Charlemont | County Armagh | 1613 | Corporation | Disfranchised | |
Charleville | County Cork | 1673 | Corporation | Disfranchised | |
Clare County | County | County Clare | Two seats | ||
Clogher | County Tyrone | 1264 | Ecclesiastical | Disfranchised | |
Clonakilty | County Cork | 1613 | Corporation | Disfranchised | |
Clonmel | County Tipperary | ? | Corporation | One seat | |
Clonmines | County Wexford | ? | Corporation | Disfranchised | |
Coleraine | County Londonderry | 16?? | Corporation | One seat | |
Cork City | County Cork | 1264 | Freeholder and Freemen | Two seats | |
Cork County | County | County Cork | Two seats | ||
Dingle | County Kerry | 1607 | Corporation | Disfranchised | |
Donegal County | County Donegal | Two seats | |||
Donegal Borough | Borough | County Donegal | 1613 | Corporation | Disfranchised |
Doneraile | County Cork | 1640 | Manor | Disfranchised | |
Down County | County | County Down | Two seats | ||
Downpatrick | County Down | 1586 | Potwalloper | One seat | |
Drogheda | County Louth | 1264 | Freeholders and freemen | One seat | |
Dublin City | County Dublin | 1264 | Freeholders and freemen | Two seats | |
Dublin County | County | County Dublin | Two seats | ||
Dublin University | One seat | ||||
Duleek | County Meath | 1727 | Corporation | Disfranchised | |
Dundalk | County Louth | 1264 | Corporation | One seat | |
Dungannon | County Tyrone | 1613 | Corporation | One seat | |
Dungarvan | County Waterford | 1610 | Potwalloper | One seat | |
Dunleer | County Louth | 1679 | Corporation | Disfranchised | |
Ennis | County Clare | 1613 | Corporation | One seat | |
Enniscorthy | County Wexford | 1613 | Corporation | Disfranchised | |
Enniskillen | County Fermanagh | 1613 | Corporation | One seat | |
Fermanagh County | County | County Fermanagh | Two seats | ||
Fethard | County Tipperary | 1608 | Corporation | Disfranchised | |
Fethard | County Wexford | 1613 | Corporation | Disfranchised | |
Fore | County Westmeath | ? | Corporation | Disfranchised | |
Galway Borough | Borough | County Galway | 1264 | Freemen | One seat |
Galway County | County | County Galway | Two seats | ||
Gorey (also Newburgh) | County Wexford | 1620 | Corporation | Disfranchised | |
Gowran | Borough | County Kilkenny | 1609 | Corporation | Disfranchised |
Granard | County Longford | 1679 | Manor | Disfranchised | |
Harristown | County Kildare | 1684 | Corporation | Disfranchised | |
Hillsborough | County Down | 1662 | Corporation | Disfranchised | |
Inistioge | County Kilkenny | ? | Corporation | Disfranchised | |
Jamestown | County Leitrim | 1622 | Corporation | Disfranchised | |
Kells | County Meath | 1561 | Corporation | Disfranchised | |
Kerry | County | County Kerry | Two seats | ||
Kilbeggan | County Westmeath | 1613 | Corporation | Disfranchised | |
Kildare Borough | Borough | County Kildare | 15?? | Corporation | Disfranchised |
Kildare County | County | County Kildare | Two seats | ||
Kilkenny | County Kilkenny | 1264? | Freeholders and Freemen | One seat | |
Kilkenny County | County | County Kilkenny | Two seats | ||
Killybegs | County Donegal | 1616 | Corporation | Disfranchised | |
Killyleagh | County Down | 1613 | Corporation | Disfranchised | |
Kilmallock | County Limerick | 15?? | Corporation | Disfranchised | |
King's County | County | King's County | Two seats | ||
Kinsale | County Cork | 1334? | Corporation and Freemen | One seat | |
Knocktopher | County Kilkenny | 1690? | Potwalloper | Disfranchised | |
Lanesborough | County Longford | 1642 | Corporation | Disfranchised | |
Leitrim County | County | County Leitrim | Two seats | ||
Lifford | County Donegal | 1613 | Corporation | Disfranchised | |
Limerick City | County Limerick | 1264 | Freeholders and Freemen | One seat | |
Limerick County | County | County Limerick | Two seats | ||
Lisburn | County Antrim | 1661 | Potwalloper | One seat | |
Lismore | County Waterford | 1614 | Manor | Disfranchised | |
Londonderry City | County Londonderry | 16?? | Corporation | One seat | |
Londonderry County | County | County Londonderry | Two seats | ||
Longford Borough | Borough | County Longford | 1669 | Corporation | Disfranchised |
Longfort County | County | County Longford | Two seats | ||
Louth County | County | County Louth | Two seats | ||
Mallow | County Cork | 1613 | Manor | One seat | |
Maryborough | Queen's County | 1571 | Corporation | Disfranchised | |
Mayo County | County | County Mayo | Two seats | ||
Meath County | County | County Meath | Two seats | ||
Midleton | County Cork | 1671 | Corporation | Disfranchised | |
Monaghan Borough | Borough | County Monaghan | 1613 | Corporation | Disfranchised |
Monaghan County | County | County Monaghan | Two seats | ||
Mullingar | County Westmeath | 1583 | Manor | Disfranchised | |
Naas | County Kildare | 1570 | Corporation | Disfranchised | |
Navan | County Meath | 1469 | Corporation | Disfranchised | |
New Ross | County Wexford | ? | Corporation | One seat | |
Newcastle | County Dublin | c. 1613 | Corporation | Disfranchised | |
Newry | County Down | 1612 | Potwalloper | One seat | |
Newtown Limavady | County Londonderry | 16?? | Corporation | Disfranchised | |
Newtownards | County Down | 1614 | Corporation | Disfranchised | |
Old Leighlin | Borough | County Carlow | ? | Ecclesiastical corporation | Disfranchised |
Philipstown | King's County | 1571 | Corporation | Disfranchised | |
Philipstown | County Louth | Disfranchised | |||
Portarlington | Borough | Queen's County | 1668 | Corporation | One seat |
Queen's County | County | Queen's County | Two seats | ||
Randalstown | County Antrim | 1683 | Freeman / Potwalloper | Disfranchised | |
Rathcormack | County Cork | c. 1611 | Potwalloper / Manor | Disfranchised | |
Ratoath | County Meath | ? | Manor | Disfranchised | |
Roscommon Borough | County Roscommon | ? | Corporation | Disfranchised | |
Roscommon County | County | County Roscommon | Two seats | ||
St Canice/Irishtown | County Kilkenny | 1264? | Corporation | Disfranchised | |
St Johnstown | County Donegal | 1618 | Corporation | Disfranchised | |
St Johnstown | County Longford | 1628 | Corporation | Disfranchised | |
Sligo Borough | County Sligo | 1614 | Corporation | One seat | |
Sligo County | County | County Sligo | Two seats | ||
Strabane | County Tyrone | 1613 | Corporation | Disfranchised | |
Swords | County Dublin | ? | Potwalloper | Disfranchised | |
Taghmon | County Wexford | bef. 1642 | Corporation | Disfranchised | |
Tallow | County Waterford | ? | Manor / Potwalloper | Disfranchised | |
Thomastown | County Kilkenny | 1541 | Corporation | Disfranchised | |
Tipperary County | County | County Tipperary | Two seats | ||
Tralee | Borough | County Kerry | 1613 | Corporation | One seat |
Trim | County Meath | 1572 | Corporation | Disfranchised | |
Tuam | County Galway | 1614 | Corporation | Disfranchised | |
Tulsk | County Roscommon | 1663 | Corporation | Disfranchised | |
Tyrone County | County | County Tyrone | Two seats | ||
Waterford City | County Waterford | 1264 | Freemen and freeholders | One seat | |
Waterford County | County | County Waterford | Two seats | ||
Westmeath County | County | County Westmeath | Two seats | ||
Wexford Borough | County Wexford | ? | Freemen | One seat | |
Wexford County | County | County Wexford | Two seats | ||
Wicklow Borough | County Wicklow | 1614 | Corporation | Disfranchised | |
Wicklow County | County | County Wicklow | Two seats | ||
Youghal | County Cork | ? | Corporation and Freemen | One seat |
Sessions
Parliaments of Henry VIII
Parliament 1536-1537
Parliament 1541-1543
- Trim Session 1542
Parliaments of Elizabeth I
Number | Opened | Dismissed | Speaker | Sessions |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 12 January 1559 | 1 February 1559 | ? | |
2 | 17 January 1568 | 25 April 1571 | ? |
Members:
- Sir Edmond Butler
- Sir Christopher Barnwall
Number | Opened | Dismissed | Speaker | Sessions |
---|---|---|---|---|
3 | 26 April 1585 | 14 May 1586 | Nicholas Walsh | ? |
Members:
- Sir Richard Bingham
- Sir Warham St. Ledger
Parliaments of James I
Number | Opened | Dismissed | Speaker | Sessions |
---|---|---|---|---|
? | 18 May 1613 | 24 October 1615 | ? |
Members:
- Sir John Davies
- Sir John Everard, (Catholic d. 1624)
- Sir James Gough, Waterford
Parliaments of Charles I
Number | Opened | Dismissed | Speaker | Sessions |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 14 July 1634 | 18 April 1635 | ? |
Members:
- Patrick Darcy
- Sir Edward Fitzharris
- Maurice Fitzgerald
- Sir Henry Lynch
- Sir Thomas Luttrell
- Richard Martin
- Nicholas Plunkett
- Sir William Sarsfield
- Sir Nicholas White
Number | Opened | Dismissed | Speaker | Sessions |
---|---|---|---|---|
2 | 16 March 1639 (prorogued 1641) | 30 January 1649 | ? |
Members:
- Nicholas Barnewall, Catholic
- Patrick Barnewall,Trim
- John Bellew
- Sir Richard Blake, Galway
- Sir Piers Crosby
- Geoffrey Browne, Catholic
- Thomas Burke, Catholic, Mayo
- Oliver Cashell, Louth
- William Cole, Protestant, Fermanagh, d. 1653
- Simon Digby, Protestant
- Sir Maurice Eustace, Speaker, Protestant
- Richard Fitzgerald, Protestant, Strabane
- Sir Roebuck Lynch
- Donagh MacCarthy, Viscount Muskerry, Catholic
- Richard Bellings, Catholic
- Sir Phelim O'Neill, Catholic
- James Montgomery, Protestant
- Nicholas Plunkett, Catholic, Meath
- Edward Rowley, Protestant
- Hardress Waller, Protestant
- John Walsh, Catholic
Parliament of Charles II
Number | Opened | Dismissed | Speaker | Sessions |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 8 May 1661 | 7 August 1666 | ? |
Members:
- Nicholas Plunkett, Meath
- Sir Audley Mervyn, Tyrone
- Sir Maurice Eustace, Speaker
Parliaments of James II
Number | Opened | Dismissed | Speaker | Sessions |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 7 May 1689 | 20 July 1689 | ? |
Members:
Parliaments of William III and Mary II
Number | Opened | Dismissed | Speaker | Sessions |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 5 October 1692 | 26 June 1693 | Sir Robert Levinge | 1 |
Members:
- Richard Aldworth
- Francis Annesley( brother of Maurice)
- Maurice Annesley (brother of Francis)
- Thomas Beecher
- Henry Boyle
- Alan Brodrick
- St. John Brodrick
- Sir Francis Brewster, Chancellor of the Exchequer
- Randall Brice
- Alan Broderick (brother of Thomas)
- Thomas Broderick (brother of Alan)
- Joseph Coghlan
- Sir Richard Levinge, Speaker
- Stephen Ludlow
- Robert Molesworth
- Neave
- William Ponsonby
- Brigadier Rawdon
- John Reading
- Edward Richardson
- Rochfort (Speaker)
- Philip Savage
- Edward Singleton
- James Sloane
- Richard Warburton
- Brigadier William Wolsely
Number | Opened | Dismissed | Speaker | Sessions |
---|---|---|---|---|
2 | 27 August 1695 | 14 June 1699 | Robert Rochford | 2 |
Members:
- Thomas Beecher
- Francis Bernard
- Charles Boyle
- St. John Brodrick
- Thomas Brodrick
- Edward Richardson
- Sir Nicholas Acheson, 4th Baronet
Parliaments of Anne
Number | Opened | Dismissed | Speaker | Sessions |
---|---|---|---|---|
3 | 21 September 1703 | 6 May 1713 | Alan Brodrick | 6 |
Members:
- Thomas Beecher
- Francis Bernard
- Henry Boyle
- Alan Brodrick, Whig, Speaker
- Thomas Brodrick
- Sir Toby Butler
- Percy Freke
- Francis Langston
- Sir John Perceval
- Edward Riggs
- Henry Tenison, Tory
Number | Opened | Dismissed | Speaker | Sessions |
---|---|---|---|---|
4 | 25 November 1713 | 1 August 1714 on death of Queen Anne | Alan Brodrick | 1 |
Members:
- Alan Brodrick, Whig, Speaker
- Richard Barry
- Michael Beecher
- Arthur Bernard
- Francis Bernard
- Sir John Perceval
Parliament of George I
Number | Opened | Dismissed | Speaker | Sessions |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 12 November 1715 | 11 June 1727 | William Conolly | 6 |
Members:
Parliament of George II
Number | Opened | Dismissed | Speaker | Sessions |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 28 November 1727 | 25 November 1760 on death of King George II | Sir Ralph Gore, Chancellor of the Exchequer | 17 |
Members: (elected 1727)
- St John Brodrick
- Henry Boyle
- Sir Richard Cox
- Sir Matthew Deane
- Charles Viscount Dungarvan
- Anthony Malone, Westmeath (married Speaker Ralph Gore's daughter),
- Thomas Carter
- Luke Gardiner, Tralee Thomastown to 1755
- Sir Arthur Acheson, 5th Baronet, for Mullinger
- Edward Lovett Pearce
Members: (elected 1728/29)
Members: (elected 1739)
Members: (in 1747)
- John Macarell, Carlingford
- Henry Mitchell, Castlebar
Members: (elected 1751/1752)
- Thomas Newenham, Cork
- Sir Richard Cox, Cork
- Cosby Nesbitt, Cavan
- Frederick Gore, Killybegs
- Henry Gore, Tulsk
- Sir Ralph Gore, Donegal County
- John Macarell, Carlingford
- Henry Mitchell, Castlebar
Members: (elected 1753/1754)
- Francis Pierpoint Burton, Killybegs
- Robert Fitzgerald, Kerry
- Henry Gore, Tulsk
- Frederick Gore, Killybegs
- Sir Ralph Gore, Donegal County
- John Macarell, Carlingford
- Henry Mitchell, Castlebar
- Cosby Nesbitt, Cavan County
- Mervyn Archdall
- William Brownlow, Armagh, Independent
- Francis Pierpoint Burton, Killybegs
- Charles Viscount Dungarvan
- Robert French
- John Gore
- Henry Gore, Tulsk
- Frederick Gore, Killybegs
- Sir Ralph Gore, Donegal County
- Anthony Malone
- John Macarell, Carlingford
- Henry Mitchell, Castlebar
- Edmund Pery, Independent
- John Ponsonby
- Abel Ram (Committee of Commons unseated Robert Leigh), Wexford
Members:
- Sir Archibold Acheson
- John Bowes
- Benjamin Burton
- Sir Charles Burton, Dublin
- Francis Pierpoint Burton, Killybegs
- Nathaniel Clements
- Cunninghame
- James Dunn, Dublin
- Sir William Fownes
- John Gore
- Henry Gore
- Frederick Gore
- John Hely-Hutchinson, Cork
- Henry Lyons
- Anthony Malone
- Cosby Nesbitt, Cavan County
- Charles O'Hara
- Edmond Pery, Independent
- Sir Thomas Prendergast
- Stone
- Philip Tisdall
Parliaments of George III
Number | Opened | Dismissed | Speaker | Sessions |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 22 October 1761 | 28 May 1768 Octennial Act | John Ponsonby | 4 |
Members:
- William Brabazon Ponsonby
- John Foster
- Sir John Freke
- John Hely Hutchinson
- John Lysaght
- Charles Lucas
- Edmund Sexton Pery
- Thomas Waite
- Andrews
- Beauchamp
- Bowes
- Henry Flood, Kilkenny
- Lucas
- Cosby Nesbitt, Cavan County
- Richard Townsend
- Sir Lucius O'Brien, Clare County
Number | Opened | Dismissed | Speaker | Sessions |
---|---|---|---|---|
2 | 17 October 1769 | 5 April 1776 | John Ponsonby to 4 March 1771, Edmond Pery Sexton | 5 |
Members:
- Robert Clements, Donegal County
- John Hely Hutchinson
- Colonel Alexander Montgomery, Donegal County
- James Agar, Tralee (replaced by Sir Boyle Roche)
Grattan's Parliament
Number | Opened | Dismissed | Speaker | Sessions |
---|---|---|---|---|
3 | 18 June 1776 | 25 July 1783 | Edmond Sexton Pery | 4 |
Members:
- Henry Grattan
- Richard Longfield
- John Hely Hutchinson
- Sir R.T. Meade
- Sir Edward Newenham, Independent
- Sir Boyle Roche, Gowran
- Sir John Dillon, 1st Baronet
- Benjamin Caldwell
Number | Opened | Dismissed | Speaker | Sessions |
---|---|---|---|---|
4 | 14 October 1783 | 8 April 1790 | Edmond Sexton Pery | 7 |
Members:
- Welbore Agar, Kilkenny
- Isaac Corry
- Thomas Coughlan, Carlingford
- Henry Flood
- Sir William Godfrey, Tralee
- Henry Grattan, Independent
- Robert Jephson, Granard
- Sir Richard Johnstone, Blessington
- John Hely Hutchinson
- Sir James May, Waterford
- James Carrique Ponsonby, Tralee
- Ponsoy
- Augustine Warren
- Nathaniel Warren (possibly a member of the 5th session)
- Sir Boyle Roche, Portarlington
- Benjamin Caldwell
Number | Opened | Dismissed | Speaker | Sessions |
---|---|---|---|---|
5 | 2 July 1790 | 11 July 1797 | John Foster | 8 |
Members:
Number | Opened | Dismissed | Speaker | Sessions |
---|---|---|---|---|
6 | 9 January 1798 | 31 December 1800 | John Foster | 3 |
Members:
Resignation
Until 1793 members could not resign their seats. They could cease to be a member of the House only by one of four ways:
- death
- expulsion
- taking Holy Orders
- being awarded a peerage and so a seat in the Irish House of Lords.
In 1793 a methodology for resignation was created, equivalent to the Chiltern Hundreds in the British House of Commons. Irish members could now be appointed to either the Escheatorship of Munster, the Escheatorship of Leinster, the Escheatorship of Connaught or the Escheatorship of Ulster. Possession of one of these Crown offices, with entailed a 30/ (30 shilling) salary, automatically terminated one's membership of the House of Commons.
See also
References
- Charles Ivar McGrath, The making of the 18th century Irish Parliament 1692-1714, Dublin: Four Courts Press, 2000, ISBN 1-85182-554-1
- Eoin Magennis, The Irish Political System 1740-1765, Doublin: Four Courts Press, 2000, ISBN 1-85182-484-7
- Moody/Vaughan, A new history of Ireland, Oxford, 1986, ISBN 0-19-821742-0 and ISBN 0-19-821739-0
- Mary Frances Cusack, Illustrated History of Ireland, Project Gutenburg