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Dark-sky preserve

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
A dark-sky preserve status enables high-quality astronomical observation in Paranal Observatory.[1]

A dark-sky preserve (DSP) is an area, usually surrounding a park or observatory, that restricts or reduces light pollution or maintains and protects naturally dark night skies. Different terms have been used to describe these areas as national organizations and governments have worked independently to create programs. DarkSky International (DarkSky) uses "International Dark Sky Reserve" (IDSR) and "International Dark Sky Park" (IDSP) among others when certifying Dark Sky Places.[2]

History

[edit]

DarkSky International was founded in 1988 to reserve public or private land for an exquisite outlook of nocturnal territories and starry night skies. Dark-sky preserves are specifically conserved for their cultural, scientific, natural, or educational value and public enjoyment.[3]

In 2007, the Mont Mégantic Observatory in Quebec was the first site to be certified as an International Dark Sky Reserve by DarkSky.[4] The same year, Natural Bridges National Monument in Utah became the first International Dark Sky Park.[5] The Gabriela Mistral Dark Sky Sanctuary in the Elqui Valley of Chile was designated as the world's first International Dark Sky Sanctuary in 2015.[6]

A dark-sky preserve, or dark-sky reserve, should be sufficiently dark to promote astronomy. The lighting protocol for a dark-sky preserve is based on the sensitivity of wildlife to artificial light at night.[7]

Canada has established an extensive and stringent standard for dark-sky preserves, that addresses lighting within dark-sky preserves and influences from skyglow from urban areas in the region. This was based on the work of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada.

Dark Sky Places

[edit]

DarkSky International's Dark Sky Places program currently offers five types of designations:[2]

  • International Dark Sky Communities – Communities are legally organized cities and towns that adopt quality outdoor lighting ordinances and undertake efforts to educate residents about the importance of dark skies.
  • International Dark Sky Parks – Parks are publicly or privately owned spaces protected for natural conservation that implement good outdoor lighting and provide dark sky programs for visitors.
  • International Dark Sky Reserves – Reserves consist of a dark "core" zone surrounded by a populated periphery where policy controls are enacted to protect the darkness of the core. These sites are established by a partnership of multiple land managers.
  • International Dark Sky Sanctuaries – Sanctuaries are the most remote (and often darkest) places in the world whose conservation state is most fragile. The geographic isolation of these places significantly limits opportunities for outreach, so this designation is designed to increase awareness of these sites and promote their long-term conservation.
  • Urban Night Sky Places – These places do not qualify for designation within any other category but are recognized for their efforts to educate the public on the benefits of proper outdoor lighting that ensures safety while minimizing potential harm to the natural nighttime environment. Urban Night Sky Places can be municipal parks, open spaces, or similar properties near or surrounded by an urban environment, but whose planning and design actively promote an authentic nighttime experience in the midst of significant artificial light.

Dark Sky Developments of Distinction recognize subdivisions, master planned communities, and unincorporated neighborhoods and townships whose planning actively promotes a more natural night sky but does not qualify them for the International Dark Sky Community designation. This designation was retired in 2020.[8]

Further designations include "Dark Sky Nation", given to the Kaibab Indian Reservation,[9] and "Parashant International Night Sky Province-Window to the Cosmos", given to Grand Canyon-Parashant National Monument.[10]

Dark sky preserves, reserves, and parks

[edit]
See also: International Dark-Sky Association § International Dark Sky Places

As of January 2023, there are 201 certified Dark Sky Places globally: 38 Communities, 115 Parks, 20 Reserves, 16 Sanctuaries, 6 Developments of Distinction and 6 Urban Night Sky Places.[11]

Country Name Location Area (in ha) Bortle Scale Status Notes
 Australia The Jump-Up, Australian Age of Dinosaurs Queensland 1,400 1–2 Dark Sky Sanctuary Designated on April 27, 2019
 Australia Warrumbungle National Park New South Wales 23,312 1 Dark Sky Park Designated on July 4, 2016
 Australia Arkaroola Wilderness Sanctuary South Australia 63,000 Dark Sky Sanctuary Designated July 2023[12]
 Australia River Murray Dark Sky Reserve South Australia 320,000 2 Dark Sky Reserve Designated October 2019 (gold tier) [13][14]
 Austria Naturpark Attersee-Traunsee Upper Austria 10,600 3 Dark Sky Park Designated April 2021[15]
 Brazil Desengano State Park Rio de Janeiro 22,400 4 Dark Sky Park Designated December 2021
 Canada Beaver Hills Alberta 29,300 4.5 Dark Sky Preserve Designated on September 3, 2006
 Canada Cypress Hills Alberta / Saskatchewan 39,600 2 Designated on September 28, 2004[16]
 Canada Jasper National Park Alberta 1,122,800 1–2 Dark Sky Preserve Designated on March 11, 2011[17]
 Canada  United States Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park Alberta / Montana 460,600 3 Dark Sky Park Designated April 2017[18]
 Canada Wood Buffalo National Park[19] Alberta / NWT 4,480,700 1–2 UNESCO World Heritage
Dark Sky Preserve 		Designated on June 28, 2013[20]
 Canada Cattle Point Oak Bay, British Columbia 5 Urban Star Park Designated March 29, 2013[21]
 Canada McDonald Park British Columbia 5 2–3 Dark Sky Preserve Designated in 2003
 Canada Fundy National Park New Brunswick 20,700 2 Dark Sky Preserve Designated on October 31, 2011[22]
 Canada Irving Nature Park Saint John, New Brunswick 243 Urban Star Park Designated on July 1, 2011; First RASC-designated Urban Star Park
 Canada Kouchibouguac National Park New Brunswick 23,920 2 Designated on June 6, 2009[23]
 Canada Mount Carleton Provincial Park New Brunswick 17,427 2 Designated on July 18, 2009[24]
 Canada Kejimkujik National Park Nova Scotia 40,400 2 Designated on August 7, 2010[25]
 Canada Bluewater Outdoor Education Centre Ontario 129 2 Designated on November 3, 2012, by the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada
 Canada Bruce Peninsula Fathom Five National Marine Park Ontario 16,700 2–3 Designated on March 29, 2009
 Canada Gordon's Park Ontario 43.7 2–3 Dark Sky Preserve Designated on August 15, 2009; designation is only for the Park though Manitoulin Island (276,611 ha) follows dark-sky practices[26]
 Canada Lake Superior Provincial Park Ontario 155,600 1-2 Designated in July 2018 [27]
 Canada Killarney Provincial Park Ontario 64,500 1-2 Designated in May 2018 [28]
 Canada North Frontenac Township Ontario 116,000 1–2 Designated on August 3, 2013, first Municipality in Canada to achieve Dark Sky Preserve Status.
 Canada Point Pelee National Park Ontario 2,000 3–4 Designated in 2006
 Canada Quetico Provincial Park Ontario 471,800 2-3 Dark Sky Park Designated February 2021
 Canada Torrance Barrens Ontario 1,906 3 Designated in 1999; first Canadian dark sky preserve
 Canada Mont Mégantic Observatory Quebec 527,500 2–3 Dark Sky Reserve Designated Sept. 2007; first IDA International Dark-Sky Reserve[29]
 Canada Parc du Mont-Bellevue Quebec 159 5 Urban Night Sky Place Designated September 2022[30]
 Canada Mont-Tremblant National Park Quebec 146,600 Dark Sky Park Designated August 2023
 Canada Grasslands National Park Saskatchewan 92,100 1 Designated on October 2, 2009[31]
 Chile Gabriela Mistral Elqui Valley 36,400 Dark Sky Sanctuary Designated in 2015[32]
 Croatia Jelsa Hvar 12,120 Dark Sky Community Designated 2022
 Croatia Petrova Gora-Biljeg 2,930 Dark Sky Park Designated 2019[33]
 Croatia Vrani kamen 8,000 2 Dark Sky Park Designated 2019[34]
 Czech Republic
 Slovakia 		Beskydy Dark-Sky Park Moravian-Silesian Region, Czech Republic
Čadca District, Slovakia 		30,800 3–4 Designated on March 4, 2013; The second world's bilateral dark-sky park[35]
 Czech Republic Manětín Dark-Sky Park Plzeň Region 34,600 3–5 Designated on September 15, 2014[36]
 Czech Republic
 Poland 		Jizera Dark-Sky Park Liberec Region, Czech Republic
Lower Silesia, Poland 		7,500 3–4 Designated on November 4, 2009; the first European dark-sky park and the first world's bilateral dark-sky park[37]
 Denmark Dark Sky Park Bulbjerg Frøstrup 1,250 3 Dark Sky Park Designated 2023[38]
 Denmark Mandø 846 Dark Sky Park Designated 2024[39]
 Denmark Møn and Nyord Zealand 1,100 2 Dark Sky Park Designated 2017
 France Pic du Midi de Bigorre Hautes-Pyrénées 311,200 2–4 Dark Sky Reserve Designated an IDA International Dark Sky Reserve in December 2013; First IDA International Dark Sky Reserve in Europe.[40]
 France Alpes Azur Mercantour Beuil 225,000 Dark Sky Reserve Designated in 2019.[41]
 France Cévennes National Park Cévennes 360,000 Dark Sky Reserve Designated in 2018.[42]
 France Regional Natural Park of Millevaches in Limousin Millevaches 335,000 Dark Sky Reserve Designated in 2021.[43]
 Germany Winklmoosalm Bavaria 79 2 Dark Sky Park Designated May 2018[44]
 Germany Westhavelland Nature Park Brandenburg 152,900 Dark Sky Reserve Designated an IDA International Dark Sky Reserve on February 12, 2014[45]
 Germany Eifel National Park North Rhine-Westphalia 10,700 2-3 Dark Sky Park Designated 2014[46]
 Germany Rhön Biosphere Reserve Rhön Mountains 172,000 3 Dark Sky Reserve Designated in 2014.[47]
 Greece Aenos National Park Cephalonia 2,860 3 Dark Sky Park Designated June 2023[48]
 Hungary Bükk National Park Bükk Mountains 43,130 4 Dark Sky Park Designated 2017
 Hungary Hortobágy Starry Sky Park Various counties 10,000 3 Dark Sky Park Designated on January 31, 2011; IDA's third international dark-sky park (Silver tier)[49]
 Hungary Zselic National Landscape Protection Area Somogy County / Baranya County 9,042 3 Dark Sky Park Designated on November 16, 2009
 India Indian Astronomical Observatory Hanle in Ladakh 70,000 Designated in September 2022.[50][51]
 Ireland Kerry International Dark-Sky Reserve Iveragh Peninsula, County Kerry 70,000 1–3 Dark Sky Reserve Designated an IDA International Dark Sky Reserve on January 27, 2014[52]
 Israel Makhtesh Ramon Southern District 110,000 2–3 Dark Sky Park Designated September 14, 2017[53]
 Japan Minami-Rokuroshi Fukui Prefecture 1,230 Urban Night Sky Place Designated August 2023[54]
 Japan Bisei Town, Ibara City Okayama Prefecture 7271 4.5 Dark Sky Community Designated November 2021[55]
 Japan Iriomote-Ishigaki National Park Okinawa Prefecture 40,658 4 Dark Sky Park Designated April 2018
 Japan Kozushima Dark Sky Island Oshima Subprefecture 1,858 2-3 Dark Sky Park Designated November 2020
 Mexico Joya-La Barreta Ecological Park Querétaro 245 Urban Night Sky Place Designated September 2023[56]
 Mexico  United States Greater Big Bend International Dark Sky Reserve Chihuahua / Coahuila / Texas 3,885,000 3 Dark Sky Reserve Designated April 2022[57]
 Namibia NamibRand Nature Reserve Hardap Region 202,200 Dark Sky Reserve Designated in 2012.
 The Netherlands De Boschplaat Terschelling, Friesland 2,400 3 Dark Sky Park Designated on October 7, 2016
 The Netherlands Lauwersmeer Friesland 5,000 4 Dark Sky Park Designated October 2016
 New Zealand Aoraki Mackenzie International Dark Sky Reserve Aoraki / Mount Cook National Park, Mackenzie Basin, Lake Tekapo, Lake Pukaki 436,700 3 Dark Sky Reserve Designated on June 9, 2012[58][59]
 New Zealand Aotea / Great Barrier Island Great Barrier Island 28,500 2 Dark Sky Sanctuary Designated in 2017[60]
 New Zealand Oxford Forest Conservation Area North Canterbury 11,350 Dark Sky Park Designated in 2024[61]
 New Zealand Stewart Island-Rakiura Stewart Island 174,600 2 Dark Sky Sanctuary Designated in 2019[62]
 New Zealand Wai-iti Dark Sky Park Tasman District 135 3 Dark Sky Park Designated in 2020[63]
 New Zealand Wairarapa Dark Sky Reserve Wairarapa 366,500 2 Dark Sky Reserve Designated in 2023[64]
 Niue Niue Niue 25,900 2 Dark Sky Sanctuary / Dark Sky Community Designated in 2020. First whole country to become an International Dark Sky Place.[65]
 Poland Bieszczady Starry-Sky Park Subcarpathia 113,846 2–3 Designated on March 8, 2013[66]
 Poland Sopotnia Wielka Silesian Voivodeship Dark Sky Community Designated November 2023[67]
 Poland
 Slovakia
 Ukraine 		East Carpathian Dark-Sky Tripark Bieszczady Starry-Sky Park (Poland)
Poloniny Dark-Sky Park (Slovakia)
Transcarpathian Dark-Sky Park (Ukraine) 		208,667 2–3 Designated on September 9, 2016; first world's trilateral dark-sky park
 Slovakia Poloniny Dark-Sky Park Poloniny National Park 48,519 2–3 Designated on December 3, 2010[68]
 Slovakia Veľká Fatra Dark-Sky Park Veľká Fatra National Park (part of) 325 3–4 Designated on June 12, 2015[69]
 South Africa !Ae!Hai Kalahari Heritage Park Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park 95,000 Dark Sky Sanctuary Designated in 2019[70]
 South Korea Yeongyang Firefly Eco Park North Gyeongsang Province, Yeongyang County 390 4 Dark Sky Park Designated on November 1, 2015[71]
 Spain Albanyà Catalonia 9,440 2-3 Dark Sky Park Designated June 2017
 Ukraine Transcarpathian Dark-Sky Park Uzhansky National Nature Park 46,302 2 Designated on June 10, 2016
 United Kingdom Sark Channel Islands 545 3 Dark Sky Community Designated on January 31, 2011; IDA's first international dark-sky island (Silver tier)[49][72]
 United Kingdom Bodmin Moor Dark Sky Landscape Cornwall 43,400 3 Dark Sky Park Designated July 2017
 United Kingdom West Penwith Cornwall 13,584 3-4 Dark Sky Park Designated December 2021
 United Kingdom Exmoor National Park Devon / Somerset 18,100 3 Dark Sky Reserve Designated October 10, 2011
 United Kingdom Cranborne Chase National Landscape Dorset / Hampshire / Wiltshire 98,300 4-4.5 Dark Sky Reserve (Provisional) Designated October 2019
 United Kingdom Moore’s Reserve Hampshire / Sussex 162,700 4.5 Dark Sky Reserve Designated May 2016
 United Kingdom OM Dark Sky Park and Observatory Northern Ireland 1,402 1-2 Dark Sky Park Designated September 2020[73]
 United Kingdom Northumberland International Dark Sky Park Northumberland 148,200 4 Dark Sky Park Designated on December 9, 2013[74][75]
 United Kingdom North York Moors National Park North Yorkshire 143,600 4 Dark Sky Reserve Designated December 2020
 United Kingdom Yorkshire Dales National Park North Yorkshire 218,000 4-4.5 Dark Sky Reserve Designated 2020
 United Kingdom Mata ki te Rangi (Eyes To the Sky) Pitcairn Islands 4,325 1 Dark Sky Sanctuary Designated March 18, 2019[76]
 United Kingdom Galloway Forest Park Scotland 75,000 3 Dark Sky Park Designated on November 16, 2009[77]
 United Kingdom Isle of Coll Scotland 7,700 1 Dark Sky Community Designated on December 9, 2013[78]
 United Kingdom Moffat Scotland 18,700 4 Dark Sky Community Designated 2016
 United Kingdom North Ronaldsay Dark Sky Island Scotland 700 5 Dark Sky Community Designated 2021
 United Kingdom Tomintoul and Glenlivet – Cairngorms National Park Scotland 24,400 3-4 Dark Sky Park Designated 2018
 United Kingdom Bardsey Island (Ynys Enlli) Wales 179 2 Dark Sky Sanctuary Designated February 22, 2023[79]
 United Kingdom Brecon Beacons (Bannau Brycheiniog) National Park Wales 134,700 4 Dark Sky Reserve Designated February 19, 2013
 United Kingdom Elan Valley Estate Wales 18,000 3-4 Dark Sky Park Designated 2015[80]
 United Kingdom Snowdonia National Park (Eryri) Wales 213,200 4 Dark Sky Reserve Designated 2015[81]
 United Kingdom Presteigne and Norton Dark Sky Community Wales 4,000 Dark Sky Community Designated 2023
 United States Chiricahua National Monument Arizona 4,860 1 Dark Sky Park Designated April 2021[82]
 United States Flagstaff Arizona 17,100 5 Dark Sky Community Designated 2001, first Dark Sky Place certified by the IDA[83]
 United States Sunset Crater Volcano National Monument /

Walnut Canyon National Monument / Wupatki National Monument

Arizona 17,500 3 Dark Sky Park Designated 2016[84]
 United States Fountain Hills Arizona 5,270 6 Dark Sky Community Designated 2018
 United States Grand Canyon National Park Arizona 493,100 1-2 Dark Sky Park Designated June 2016[85]
 United States Grand Canyon-Parashant National Monument Arizona 404,700 1 Dark Sky Park Designated 2014[86]
 United States Kartchner Caverns State Park Arizona 290 3 Dark Sky Park Designated August 2017
 United States Oracle State Park Arizona 1,619 4 Dark Sky Park Designated 2014[87]
 United States Petrified Forest National Park Arizona 59,460 3 Dark Sky Park Designated June 2018
 United States Pipe Spring National Monument Arizona 16 3 Dark Sky Park Designated March 2021
 United States Sedona Arizona 4,970 4 Dark Sky Community Designated 2014[88]
 United States Anza-Borrego Desert State Park California 237,100 4 Dark Sky Park Designated January 2018
 United States Death Valley National Park California 1,374,300 3 Dark Sky Park Designated 2013[89]
 United States Joshua Tree National Park California 321,800 4 Dark Sky Park Designated July 26, 2017[90]
 United States Black Canyon of the Gunnison National Park Colorado 12,440 3 Dark Sky Park Designated 2015[91]
 United States Curecanti National Recreation Area Colorado 17,003 3 Dark Sky Park Designated August 2021[92]
 United States Dinosaur National Monument Colorado / Utah 85,098 3 Dark Sky Park Designated April 2019[93]
 United States Florissant Fossil Beds National Monument Colorado 2,427 4 Dark Sky Park Designated June 2021
 United States Great Sand Dunes National Park and Preserve Colorado 60,310 2 Dark Sky Park Designated 2019
 United States Hovenweep National Monument Colorado / Utah 310 2 Dark Sky Park Designated 2014
 United States Jackson Lake State Park Colorado 1,320 3-4 Dark Sky Park Designated September 2020
 United States Lake Fork Earth and Sky Center Colorado 24 2 Dark Sky Park Designated September 2020
 United States Mesa Verde National Park Colorado 21,200 3 Dark Sky Park Designated April 2021
 United States Norwood Colorado 104 5 Dark Sky Community Designated 2019
 United States Top of the Pines Colorado 71 2-3 Dark Sky Park Designated November 2021[94]
 United States Big Cypress National Preserve Florida 290,000 3 Dark Sky Park [95] Designated 2016
 United States Kissimmee Prairie Preserve State Park Florida 21,853[96] 3 Dark Sky Park[95] Designated 2016
 United States Stephen C. Foster State Park Georgia 32 2 Dark Sky Park Designated November 2016[97]
 United States Central Idaho Dark Sky Reserve Idaho 366,742 3 Dark Sky Reserve Designated December 2017[98]
 United States Craters of the Moon National Monument Idaho 303,500 3 Dark Sky Park Designated August 2017[99]
 United States Middle Fork River Forest Preserve Illinois 688 4 Dark Sky Park Designated 2018[100]
 United States Potawatomi Wildlife Park Indiana 116 4.5 Dark Sky Preserve Designated in 2003[101]
 United States Appalachian Mountain Club’s Maine Woods Maine 29,900 3 Dark Sky Park Designated May 2021[102]
 United States Katahdin Woods and Waters National Monument Maine 35,400 3 Dark Sky Sanctuary Designated May 2020
 United States Beaver Island State Wildlife Research Area Michigan 3,720 Dark Sky Sanctuary Designated April 2024[103]
 United States Dr. T.K. Lawless County Park Michigan 340 4.5 Dark Sky Park Designated January 2020[104]
 United States The Headlands Michigan 220 4 Dark Sky Park Designated in 2011[105]
 United States Keweenaw Dark Sky Park Michigan 226 3 Dark Sky Park Designated in June 2022
 United States Lake Hudson State Recreation Area Michigan 890 3 Dark Sky Preserve Designated in 1993[106]
 United States Negwegon State Park Michigan 1,513 Dark Sky Preserve Designated in 2016[107]
 United States Port Crescent State Park Michigan 2,400 3 Dark Sky Preserve Designated in 2012[108]
 United States Rockport Recreation Area Michigan 4,800 Dark Sky Preserve Designated in 2016[109]
 United States Thompson's Harbor State Park Michigan 2,068 2 Dark Sky Preserve Designated in 2016[110]
 United States Wilderness State Park Michigan 4,254 2 Dark Sky Preserve Designated in 2012[111]
 United States Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness Minnesota 440,000 1 Dark Sky Sanctuary Designated in 2020[112]
 United States Voyageurs National Park Minnesota 88,200 4 Dark Sky Park Designated in 2020
 United States Lost Trail National Wildlife Refuge Montana 3,730 Dark Sky Sanctuary Designated October 2022[113]
 United States Medicine Rocks State Park Montana 140 1 Dark Sky Park Designated December 2020[114]
 United States Merritt Reservoir State Recreation Area Nebraska 295 3-4 Dark Sky Park Designated 2022
 United States Great Basin National Park Nevada 31,230 1 Dark Sky Park Designated in 2016[115]
 United States Massacre Rim Wilderness Study Area Nevada 40,990 2-3 Dark Sky Sanctuary Designated April 2019
 United States Capulin Volcano National Monument New Mexico 320 2 Dark Sky Park Designated August 2016[116]
 United States Chaco Culture National Historical Park New Mexico 13,759 2–3[117] Dark Sky Park Designated on August 28, 2013[118]
 United States Clayton Lake State Park New Mexico 79.6 3 Dark Sky Park Designated June 29, 2010[119]
 United States El Morro National Monument New Mexico 517 3 Dark Sky Park Designated December 2019
 United States Fort Union National Monument New Mexico 290 2-3 Dark Sky Park Designated September 2019
 United States Salinas Pueblo Missions National Monument New Mexico 399 2 Dark Sky Park Designated September 2016
 United States Tonto National Monument New Mexico 450 4-4.5 Dark Sky Park Designated May 2019
 United States Tumacácori National Historical Park New Mexico 150 4-4.5 Dark Sky Park Designated May 2018
 United States Valle de Oro National Wildlife Refuge New Mexico 230 6 Urban Night Sky Place Designated October 2019
 United States Valles Caldera National Preserve New Mexico 36100 3 Dark Sky Park Designated February 2021
 United States Geauga Observatory Park Ohio 450 4 Dark Sky Park Designated on August 20, 2011[120]
 United States Oregon Outback Oregon 1,007,421 Dark Sky Sanctuary Designated on March 11, 2024[121]
 United States Prineville Reservoir State Park Oregon 120 2-3 Dark Sky Park Designated May 2021
 United States Cherry Springs State Park Pennsylvania 430 2[122] Dark Sky Park Designated as a State DSP in 2000 by the Pennsylvania DCNR;
Designated as an International DSP on June 11, 2007, by the IDA.
 United States Bee Cave Texas 2,221 9 Dark Sky Community Designated 2023
 United States Big Bend National Park Texas 324,219 3-4 Dark Sky Park Designated February 11, 2012[123]
 United States Big Bend Ranch State Park Texas 125,800 2-3 Dark Sky Park Designated November 2017[124]
 United States Black Gap Wildlife Management Area Texas 41,680 3 Dark Sky Sanctuary Designated August 2021[125]
 United States Copper Breaks State Park Texas 782 3 Dark Sky Park Designated August 6, 2014[126]
 United States Devils River State Natural Area — Del Norte Unit Texas 8,030 2-3 Dark Sky Sanctuary Designated January 2019
 United States Dripping Springs Texas 30,300 5 Dark Sky Community Designated February 11, 2014[127]
 United States Enchanted Rock State Natural Area Texas 682 2 Dark Sky Park Designated August 6, 2014[126]
 United States Lyndon B. Johnson National Historical Park Texas 640 3 Dark Sky Park Designated November 2021
 United States Milton Reimers Ranch Park Texas 982 4.5 Dark Sky Park Designated November 2021[128]
 United States UBarU Camp and Retreat Center Texas 57.5 2–3 Dark Sky Park Designated in 2015; only DSP in the USA on private land[129]
 United States Antelope Island State Park Utah 11,660 4.5 Dark Sky Park Designated April 2017[130]
 United States Arches National Park Utah 31,000 3-4 Dark Sky Park Designated July 2019[131]
 United States Bryce Canyon National Park Utah 14,500 2-3 Dark Sky Park Designated August 2019[132]
 United States Canyonlands National Park Utah 136,500 2-3 Dark Sky Park Designated August 2015[133]
 United States Capitol Reef National Park Utah 99,000 1 Dark Sky Park Designated April 2015[134]
 United States Cedar Breaks National Monument Utah 2,490 3 Dark Sky Park Designated March 2017[135]
 United States Dead Horse Point State Park Utah 2,170 3 Dark Sky Park Designated June 2016[136]
 United States East Canyon State Park Utah 295 4 Dark Sky Park Designated August 2020
 United States Fremont Indian State Park Utah 486 2-3 Dark Sky Park Designated March 2021
 United States Goblin Valley State Park Utah 4012 3-4 Dark Sky Park Designated September 2016
 United States Goosenecks State Park Utah 40 4 Dark Sky Park Designated March 2021
 United States Jordanelle State Park Utah 2,710 4.5 Dark Sky Park Designated January 2021
 United States Natural Bridges National Monument Utah 3,090 2 Dark Sky Park Designated in 2007; first international dark-sky park[5]
 United States North Fork Park Utah 1,000 4.5 Dark Sky Park Designated 2015[137]
 United States Rainbow Bridge National Monument Utah 41,400 5 Dark Sky Park Designated April 2018
 United States Rockport State Park Utah 480 4 Dark Sky Park Designated January 2021
 United States Timpanogos Cave National Monument Utah 100 5 Urban Night Sky Place Designated September 2020
 United States Zion National Park Utah 58,800 3 Dark Sky Park Designated June 2021[138]
 United States Sky Meadows State Park Virginia 754 4.5 Dark Sky Park Designated April 2021[139]
 United States Goldendale Observatory Washington 2 Dark Sky Park Designated June 29, 2010[119]
 United States Newport State Park Wisconsin 960 3 Dark Sky Park Designated in 2017[140][141]

Protected zones

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Around observatories

[edit]
Name Country Radius (in km)
Mount John University Observatory New Zealand 37
Kitt Peak US 56
Mont Mégantic Observatory Canada 50
Palomar Observatory US 48
Mount Hopkins US 40
Monte Ekar Observatory Italy 30
Asiago Astrophysical Observatory Italy 30
Mount Laguna US 24
Observatoire de Haute-Provence France 15
Ondřejov Observatory Czech Republic 10
Kleť Czech Republic 10
Dominion Astrophysical Observatory Canada 5
McDonald Observatory US 92
Molėtai Astronomical Observatory Lithuania 3.5

Other

[edit]

Some regions, like the following, are protected without any reference to an observatory or a park.

By country

[edit]

Canada

[edit]

In the Canadian program, lighting within the area must be strictly controlled to minimize the impact of artificial lighting on wildlife. These guidelines are more stringent than in other countries that lack the extensive wilderness areas that still exist in Canada. The management of a Canadian DSP extends their outreach programs from the public that visit the site to include the promotion of better lighting policies in surrounding urban areas. Currently, dark-sky preserves have more control over internal and external lighting than other programs.

With the increase in regional light pollution, some observatories have actively worked with cities in their region to establish protection zones where there is controlled light pollution. These areas may not yet have been declared dark-sky preserves.

Although dark-sky preserve designations are generally sought by astronomers, it is clear that preserving natural darkness has positive effects on the health of nocturnal wildlife within the parks. For example, the nocturnal black-footed ferret was reintroduced to the Grasslands National Park dark-sky preserve and the success of the reintroduction is enhanced by the pristine natural darkness maintained within the park by the DSP agreement.[143]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Rise of the Milky Way". Eso.org. Retrieved June 8, 2015.
  2. ^ a b Harrison, Amber (2023-07-25). "Dark Sky Place types". darksky.org. DarkSky International.
  3. ^ "International Dark Sky Reserves". International Dark-Sky Association. Retrieved April 18, 2022.
  4. ^ "First International Dark Sky Reserve Is Announced in Québec!" (PDF). International Dark-Sky Association. September 21, 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 15, 2008. Retrieved November 26, 2008.
  5. ^ a b "Natural Bridges National Monument | DarkSky International". darksky.org. 2015-04-24.
  6. ^ "Chilean Astronomical Site Becomes World's First International Dark Sky Sanctuary". IDA. August 9, 2015. Retrieved May 31, 2019.
  7. ^ "Royal Astronomical Society of Canada: Guidelines for Outdoor Lighting in Dark-sky Preserves (RASC-DSP-GOL)" (PDF). rasc.ca. Retrieved August 8, 2018.
  8. ^ Harrison, Amber (2014-10-22). "Dark Sky Friendly Developments of Distinction". darksky.org. DarkSky International.
  9. ^ Hunter, Tim (August 28, 2015). "The World's First IDA Dark Sky Nation". IDA. Retrieved September 13, 2016.
  10. ^ "Parashant Receives International Dark Sky Status". National Park Service. February 21, 2014. Retrieved September 13, 2016.
  11. ^ "International Dark Sky Places". International Dark-Sky Association. Retrieved April 30, 2023.
  12. ^ "Arkaroola Wilderness Sanctuary | DarkSky International". darksky.org. 2023-06-16.
  13. ^ "About Us". River Murray Dark Sky Reserve. Retrieved July 1, 2020.
  14. ^ "The International Dark-Sky Association (IDA)". International Dark-Sky Association. November 7, 2019. Retrieved July 1, 2020.
  15. ^ "Naturpark Attersee-Traunsee | DarkSky International". darksky.org. 2021-04-08.
  16. ^ "Cypress Hills Interprovincial Park Designated as a Dark Sky Preserve". Government of Saskatchewan. October 8, 2004. Archived from the original on June 11, 2011. Retrieved November 17, 2008.
  17. ^ "Jasper National Park named world's largest dark sky preserve". Parks Canada. March 11, 2011. Retrieved March 15, 2011.
  18. ^ "Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park | DarkSky International". darksky.org. 2017-04-28.
  19. ^ "Wood Buffalo National Park". Parks Canada. August 3, 2013. Retrieved August 3, 2013.
  20. ^ Thompson, Deborah (August 2, 2013). "RASC Designates Wood Buffalo National Park as a New Dark Sky Preserve". RASC Announcements. Royal Astronomical Society of Canada. Retrieved August 3, 2013.
  21. ^ "Cattle Point National Urban Star Park Approved, BC Meteor Network news release, March 29, 2013". Bcmeteors.net. Archived from the original on April 14, 2015. Retrieved August 8, 2018.
  22. ^ "Fundy National Park a Dark Sky Preserve". Parks Canada. June 6, 2009. Archived from the original on February 9, 2013. Retrieved January 24, 2012.
  23. ^ "Kouchibouguac National Park a Dark Sky Preserve". Parks Canada. June 6, 2009. Archived from the original on October 17, 2013. Retrieved December 3, 2010.
  24. ^ "esignation requires limited artificial light to protect night skies from light pollution". CanadaEast.com. July 18, 2009. Archived from the original on March 7, 2012. Retrieved December 3, 2010.
  25. ^ "Kejimkujik National Park and National Historic Site a Dark Sky Preserve". Parks Canada. August 7, 2010. Archived from the original on October 17, 2013. Retrieved December 3, 2010.
  26. ^ "Gordon's Park Dark Sky Preserve". Royal Astronomical Society of Canada. November 2008. Archived from the original on November 28, 2010. Retrieved November 18, 2010.
  27. ^ "The Lake Superior Provincial Park Dark Sky Preserve". July 26, 2019.
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[edit]
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Dark Sky Parks in the United States.
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