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Hurricane Matthew

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Hurricane Matthew
Current storm status
Category 3 hurricane (1-min mean)
Satellite image
Forecast map
As of:1:00 p.m. EDT (17:00 UTC) October 7
Location:29°30′N 80°42′W / 29.5°N 80.7°W / 29.5; -80.7 (Hurricane Matthew) ± 15 nm
About 25 mi (40 km) ENE of Ormond Beach, Florida
About 70 mi (110 km) SE of Jacksonville Beach, Florida
Sustained winds:105 kt (120 mph; 195 km/h) (1-min mean)
gusting to 130 kt (150 mph; 240 km/h)
Pressure:947 mbar (hPa; 27.97 inHg)
Movement:NNW at 10 kt (12 mph; 19 km/h)
See more detailed information.

Hurricane Matthew is a strong tropical cyclone over the Atlantic Ocean. It was the first Category 5 Atlantic hurricane since Hurricane Felix in 2007. The fourteenth tropical cyclone, thirteenth storm, fifth hurricane and second major hurricane of the annual hurricane season, Matthew formed from a vigorous tropical wave that moved off the African coast on September 22, progressing on a westward track until it developed into a tropical storm while it was situated just to the east of the Leeward Islands on September 28. A day later, it became a hurricane while west of the Leeward Islands, and rapidly strengthened into a Category 5 hurricane. It impacted Haiti, Jamaica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, and The Bahamas. It is expected to significantly impact the southeastern United States, especially the U.S. state of Florida, as well as Georgia, South Carolina, and North Carolina.[1]

At least 849 deaths have been attributed to the storm, including 842 in Haiti, making it the deadliest Atlantic hurricane since Stan in 2005, which killed more than 1,600 in Central America and Mexico.

On October 6, U.S. President Barack Obama declared a federal state of emergency for Florida.[2] The federal disaster declaration was later extended to include Georgia and South Carolina.[3]

Meteorological history

Map plotting the storm's track and intensity, according to the Saffir–Simpson scale
Map key
Saffir–Simpson scale
  Tropical depression (≤38 mph, ≤62 km/h)
  Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h)
  Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h)
  Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h)
  Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h)
  Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h)
  Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h)
  Unknown
Storm type
triangle Extratropical cyclone, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depression

On September 22, a tropical wave exited the west coast of Africa and moved westward across the Atlantic Ocean.[4] Two days later, the wave passed south of Cape Verde,[5] and was assessed as having a high probability of tropical cyclogenesis within five days by the National Hurricane Center (NHC).[6] With environmental conditions favoring slow development, thunderstorm activity increased along the wave on September 25,[7] which organized more during the subsequent days while approaching the Lesser Antilles.[8] By September 27, the wave was producing sustained tropical storm-force winds – over 40 mph (65 km/h) – as reported by the Hurricane Hunters, although the system lacked the closed circulation to be classified a tropical cyclone.[9] While the system was passing near Barbados, radar imagery in the Lesser Antilles indicated that the circulation was becoming better organized.[10] Another Hurricane Hunters flight on September 28 confirmed that a closed circulation developed, which was the basis for the NHC initiating advisories on Tropical Storm Matthew at 15:00 UTC that day. The flight also recorded surface winds of 58 mph (93 km/h), along with hurricane-force gusts at the plane's level.[11]

Upon its development as a tropical cyclone, Matthew was still moving westward, steered by a strong ridge to its north, into an area of warm sea surface temperatures and low wind shear; as such, strengthening was anticipated by storm forecasting computer models.[11] The center passed between the islands of Saint Lucia and Saint Vincent before entering the Caribbean Sea.[12] On September 29, the circulation became exposed from the convection due to an increase in wind shear, although the winds continued to increase.[13] At 18:00 UTC that day, the Hurricane Hunters reported that Matthew attained hurricane status, observing sustained winds of 75 mph (120 km/h).[14] Subsequently, convection redeveloped over the center, and the outer thunderstorms organized into rainbands.[15] Both the Hurricane Hunters and an SSMIS satellite pass revealed an eye feature had developed by early on September 30.[16] Despite northwesterly wind shear, Matthew began to undergo explosive intensification, doubling its wind speed from 80 mph (130 km/h) to 160 mph (260 km/h) over a period of 24 hours. Hence, Matthew intensified from a Category 1 hurricane on the Saffir-Simpson scale to a Category 5 hurricane in just 24 hours.[17][18] Matthew became a Category 5 hurricane at 13.3 degrees north, surpassing Hurricane Ivan as the southernmost hurricane of this intensity on record in the Atlantic basin.[18][19] Close to Matthew's peak intensity, a rare phenomenon known as lightning sprites were observed above the storm in Puerto Rico.[20]

Hurricane Matthew as observed by NASA aboard the International Space Station on October 3, 2016

Early on October 1, the hurricane weakened slightly to a high-end Category 4 with winds of around 155 mph (250 km/h); an eyewall replacement cycle may have begun, as its eye began to wane in size.[21] It further weakened to 140 mph (220 km/h), but strengthening resumed, and by 21:00 UTC it had re-acquired winds of 150 mph (240 km/h).[22] By late on October 1, Matthew had become nearly stationary because of very weak steering currents; however, the storm began to turn northwards and accelerate by October 2. During this time, Matthew had begun to fluctuate in intensity. At 7:00 a.m. EDT (11:00 UTC) October 4, Matthew made landfall near Les Anglais, Haiti with winds of 145 mph (230 km/h),[23] becoming the first Category 4 storm to do so since Hurricane Cleo in 1964.[24] At 8:00 p.m. EDT October 4 (00:00 UTC October 5), Matthew made landfall near Jauco, in Maisí municipality of Cuba with winds of 140 mph (220 km/h).[25]

Radar image of Hurricane Matthew at 4:48 EDT (8:48 UTC) on October 7 as the eye passed east of Melbourne, Florida

After making its landfall in Cuba, the hurricane re-emerged into the Atlantic as a Category 3 later that night, due to some disruption from the mountains it had been interacting with and the pressure rising to around 963 mbar (28.4 inHg). Matthew then underwent a secondary period of rapid intensification overnight on October 5–6 as its pressure fell 18 millibars (0.53 inHg) to 944 mbar (27.9 inHg).[26] Later that same day, the cyclone began to undergo another eyewall replacement cycle, as shown from radar observations from Miami, Florida. Turning north-northwestwards, Matthew continued to approach the Florida coastline and by 5.00 a.m. EDT (09:00 UTC) the next day, the western edge of its outer eyewall was located just less than 12 mi (19 km) offshore.[citation needed]

Current storm information

As of 1:00 p.m. EDT (17:00 UTC) October 7, Hurricane Matthew is located within 15 nautical miles of 29°30′N 80°42′W / 29.5°N 80.7°W / 29.5; -80.7 (Matthew), about 25 miles (40 km) east-northeast of Ormond Beach, Florida, and about 70 miles (110 km) southeast of Jacksonville Beach, Florida. Maximum sustained winds are 105 knots (120 mph; 195 km/h), with gusts up to 130 knots (150 mph; 240 km/h). The minimum barometric pressure is 947 mbar (hPa; 27.97 inHg), and the system is moving north-northwest at 10 knots (12 mph, 19 km/h). Hurricane-force-winds extend outward up to 60 miles (95 km) from the center of Matthew, and tropical-storm-force winds extend outward up to 185 miles (295 km).

For latest official information, see:

Watches and warnings

Template:HurricaneWarningsTable

Preparations

Lesser Antilles and South America

Infrared image of Hurricane Matthew at peak intensity off Colombia on October 1.

On September 27, prior to Matthew becoming a tropical cyclone, LIAT began cancelling flights across the Windward Islands in anticipation of squally weather.[27] Schools and businesses were closed for the duration of Matthew's passage on September 27 and 28 on Grenada,[28] St. Vincent and St. Lucia; schools in Dominica suspended classes until October 3.[29][30] Hewanorra International Airport and George F. L. Charles Airport on St. Lucia were closed on September 28.[30] Six shelters were opened across the island; 133 sought refuge in them.[31] Upon the formation of Matthew as a tropical cyclone on September 28, governments across the Windward Islands issued tropical storm warnings in anticipation of gale-force winds.[32]

The storm's unusual south track prompted the issuance of tropical storm watches on September 28 for Aruba, Bonaire, Curaçao, and the northern coast of Colombia from the Colombia–Venezuela border to Riohacha.[33][34] North Atlantic hurricanes affecting South America are uncommon. The watch in Colombia was later upgraded to a warning on September 30 as Matthew continued on a west-southwest track near the country.[35] Residents across the ABC Islands were advised to board their homes and stock up on supplies, leading to long lines at supermarkets and gas stations.[36] Curaçao's government postponed the 2016 general election until October 5.[37] Government offices in Aruba closed for September 30.[36] A local sporting event, the Kingdom Tournament, was canceled in Aruba.[37] Schools across the Guajira Peninsula of Colombia suspended activities for September 30.[38] Officials opened shelters and closed beaches across the peninsula.[39]

Jamaica

A map of forecast rainfall totals from Hurricane Matthew for the Greater Antilles and the Bahamas. Peak accumulations in excess of 30 in (76 cm) were expected along the southern coast of Haiti's Tiburon Peninsula.

With Matthew posing a significant threat to Jamaica, emergency officials ordered all fishermen on the nation's cays and banks to evacuate to the mainland on September 29. The following day, Prime Minister Andrew Holness held an emergency meeting regarding the hurricane and placed the government on high alert.[40] A hurricane watch was issued for the country on September 30,[41] and later upgraded to a warning on October 1.[42] Officials in Trelawny Parish placed 60 shelters on stand-by on October 2.[43] Supermarkets were overwhelmed with residents stocking up on supplies, and many reported empty shelves and low supplies of bread, kerosene, and candles. Many people boarded up their homes and protected their property with sand bags. One-hundred female prisoners were relocated from a facility in St. Catherine Parish to another in Kingston. Toll fees along Highway 2000 were to be waived during the hours before Matthew's arrival. Service at both Norman Manley International Airport and Sangster International Airport was scheduled to be suspended during the evening of October 2 or by the morning of October 3.[44] The Jamaica Urban Transit Company scheduled to suspend services beginning at 6:00 p.m. local time.[45] The Jamaica Public Service informed residents that the power grid may be shut off during the storm if conditions become too severe.[46] Members of the Jamaica Defence Force were deployed nationwide in advance of the hurricane in order to more swiftly deal with its aftermath.[47]

Schools and government offices suspended operations starting on October 3.[48][49] A total of 900 shelters opened across Jamaica and the Urban Transit Company provided buses to evacuate people from Kingston to the National Arena. Local Minister Desmond McKenzie warned that the infrastructure of Kingston would be unable to handle the magnitude of rainfall expected.[48] Prime Minister Andrew Holness warned residents that Matthew could be more severe than Hurricane Gilbert which devastated the nation in 1988.[50]

Haiti

The animation shows Hurricane Matthew from September 28 to October 2, and 3-dimensional radar data from GPM's DPR instrument.

Though forecast to pass over Jamaica at the time, the large extent of tropical storm-force winds prompted the issuance of a tropical storm watch for Haiti's Tiburon Peninsula toward the border with the Dominican Republic.[41] Following an eastward shift in Matthew's predicted track, a hurricane watch was issued for much of Haiti on October 1, encompassing areas from Môle-Saint-Nicolas south to the Dominican Republic border;[51] this was upgraded to a warning just hours later.[42] The warning eventually encompassed the entire country by the afternoon of October 2.[52] Residents on outlying islands of Haiti were evacuated to the mainland.[53] Life-threatening rainfall was forecast to affect much of the nation,[54] with accumulations averaging 15 to 25 in (38 to 64 cm) along the southern coast with isolated peaks up to 40 in (100 cm).[55] Although government officials held meetings on storm preparation, Radio France Internationale reported that Haiti does not have the logistical capability to handle a large-scale disaster. Only 576 shelters, with a collective capacity of 90,000 people, were listed for all of southern Haiti.[56] According to the International Organization for Migration, 55,107 internally displaced persons remained in camps or hosting sites without adequate protection from the hurricane.[57]

Provisional President of Haiti Jocelerme Privert addressed the nation on October 2, urging those living along the coast and in poorly constructed homes to evacuate and comply with authorities.[58] Despite pleas from officials, many residents refused to leave their homes.[59] Schools were closed for October 3–4, though government offices remained open.[58] A total of 1,300 shelters were readied with a total capacity of 390,000 people. More than 18,000 volunteers and members of the Red Cross, community intervention teams, municipal committees, and local emergency services were readied to assist residents.[60] At least 500 people evacuated from Jérémie.[61] Although civil protection officials took to the streets to warn people, many residents were unaware that Matthew was even approaching the country a day before its expected landfall.[62] Evacuations continued through the hurricane's landfall with the total number of people in shelters reaching 9,280 by 2:00 a.m. local time on October 4.[63]

Dominican Republic

On the morning of October 2, a tropical storm warning was raised for the southern coast of the Dominican Republic from Barahona west to the Haitian border, and a tropical storm watch was issued for the northern coast from Puerto Plata west to the Haitian border.[64] At least 8,500 people were evacuated in southwestern areas of the country by the morning of October 3.[61]

Cuba and the Bahamas

The Meteorological Service of Cuba raised hurricane watches for all of southeastern Cuba on October 1, encompassing the provinces of Camagüey, Las Tunas, Granma, Holguín, Santiago de Cuba, and Guantánamo.[42] This was subsequently upgraded to a warning on October 2 for all provinces except Camagüey.[52] Non-essential personnel in the United States' Guantanamo Bay Naval Base began evacuations that day.[53] Evacuations of more than 1 million people across Cuba started that morning, including 252,000 in Santiago de Cuba, and 230,000 from Las Tunas with priority placed on those along the coast.[65][66] Across Santiago de Cuba, which suffered extensive damage from Hurricane Sandy in 2012, 218 shelters were opened and officials placed extra attention on Socapa, Caracoles, and Cayo Granma.[65] Emergency personnel, primarily doctors, were dispatched to high-risk areas and supplies were stockpiled.[66]

The Government of the Bahamas began issuing hurricane watches on October 2 for southeastern islands as well as the Turks and Caicos.[52] Flights across southern islands were cancelled and schools suspended operations beginning the following day.[67]

United States

File:Sunny Isles Beach evacuation as Hurricane Matthew approaches.jpg
A Floridian policeman in Sunny Isles Beach orders a visitor away from the ocean as Hurricane Matthew approaches.

On October 3, the governors of Florida and North Carolina declared a state of emergency.[68][69] The next day, South Carolina governor Nikki Haley recommended an evacuation for those residents living within one hundred miles of the coast.[70] Interstate 26 in South Carolina eastbound between the coast and Columbia was reversed on Wednesday to facilitate movement away from the Lowcountry and Charleston areas.[71] Evacuations of Cape Lookout National Seashore in North Carolina began this day as well.[72] By October 4, North Carolina Governor Pat McCrory had ordered that evacuation be mandatory. A state of emergency was also declared for 13 counties in eastern Georgia.[73]

National Hurricane Center Director Richard Knabb (pictured) regularly filmed briefings on the forecast and expected impacts of Hurricane Matthew in the United States.

On October 5, Port Canaveral was closed by the U.S. Coast Guard, the first closure since 2004. Eight cruise ships and four cargo ships were scheduled to visit the port between October 5–9.[74] On Cape Canaveral, home to both civilian and military spaceflight facilities, no rockets or spacecraft were in vulnerable positions; at the time of Matthew's approach, the next launch was scheduled for November 4.[75] The Kennedy Space Center began preparations of the facilities on October 5. Older buildings at the KSC were designed to withstand winds of 105–125 mph (170–200 km/h); buildings constructed after 1992, when Category 5 Hurricane Andrew struck the Miami area, are built to withstand 130 mph (210 km/h) winds.[76] At Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, the U.S. Air Force's 45th Space Wing began disconnecting electric power to non-essential facilities on October 4.[75]

For only the seventh time in its 45-year history, Walt Disney World Resort closed its theme parks, water parks, and Disney Springs at 5:00 p.m. Eastern Time on October 6 and will not open the parks on October 7. This was the first time since Hurricane Charley in 2004 that the parks closed.[77] Other Orlando-area theme parks, including Universal Orlando Resort and SeaWorld Orlando, also closed.[78]

On October 6, Florida's governor Rick Scott urged over 1.5 million people to evacuate,[79] with Hurricane Matthew expected to make landfall by the evening of that day.[80]

Also on October 6, Georgia's governor Nathan Deal ordered a mandatory evacuation for all areas of the state east of Interstate 95, and the Georgia Department of Public Safety reversed the eastbound lanes of Interstate 16.[81][82]

Impact

Deaths and damage by country
Country Deaths Damage
(2016 USD)
The Bahamas 0 —
Colombia 1 —
Cuba 0 —
Dominican Republic 4 —
Haiti 842 $1 billion
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 1 —
United States 1 —
Totals 849 —
Sources cited in text.

Lesser Antilles

On St. Vincent, heavy rains caused landslides and flooding across the island. One person was killed in the town of Layou when a boulder broke loose and crushed him.[29] In nearby Buccament Bay, a river overtopped its banks, prompting at least 25 people to evacuate to emergency shelters. The Hermitage River rose by at least 3.6 ft (1.1 m) in one hour and as a precautionary measure, the Central Water and Sewage Authority shut off all water service. Flooding also took place in Vermont, South Rivers, sections of Kingstown, Campden Park, Arnos Vale, and Langley Park. Debris deposited by flooded rivers rendered many roads impassible.[30]

Strong winds in excess of 60 mph (97 km/h) downed many trees and power lines on St. Lucia, leaving roughly 70 percent of the island without power. Landslides and flooding, the result of more than 10 in (250 mm) of rain accompanying the storm, damaged many homes and roads.[29] Rainfall at Hewanorra International Airport amounted to 13.19 in (335 mm).[83] The nation's banana crop suffered significant damage; 85 percent of farms reported losses. Two homes were destroyed, one in both Bisee and Gros Islet, and several others were damaged. Roads in Castries, Gros-Islet, Dennery, and Soufriere became impassible from debris or landslides.[31] Some damage was also reported on Dominica, with many people left without water and electricity.[29] Heavy rainfall in Grenada disrupted the water supply in multiple communities.[84]

In Martinique, strong winds, which gusted up to 89 mph (143 km/h) in Saint-Pierre,[83] wreaked havoc on the power grid; roughly 55,000 people lost electricity. Numerous trees downed by the winds blocked roadways while heavy rains led to flooding. The main road from Fort-de-France to southern towns was rendered impassable during the storm. Approximately 4,000 people lost their water supply. Three people sustained minor injuries.[85]

South America

The effects of Matthew across the ABC Islands were relatively limited. Some street flooding occurred on Aruba and Curaçao.[36] The Guajira Peninsula of Colombia saw its first heavy rain event in three years, leading to widespread flash flooding. One person drowned in a swollen river in Uribia;[39] 1.29 in (32.8 mm) of rain fell in 30 minutes in the town.[86] Rainfall in Cartagena reached 8.7 in (222 mm) during a 24-hour span and Santa Marta saw 5.5 in (140 mm).[87] Along coastal areas of the peninsula, large swells damaged buildings, prompting the evacuation of 380 people in Manaure.[38][39] Roughly 70 percent of Tucurinca flooded when the Magdalena River overtopped its banks; a nearby bridge collapsed, isolating some communities.[88] Approximately 73,000 people were affected by the floods.[87] The dangerous conditions produced by Matthew prevented thousands of people from voting in a peace agreement referendum.[89]

Haiti

Hurricane Matthew approaching Jamaica, Haiti, and Cuba, on October 3

Large swells reached the outlying Haitian island of Île-à-Vache on October 2, prompting the evacuation of 89 people.[90] Despite boating bans, many fishermen continued work in rough conditions. Consequently, two fishermen went missing on the morning of October 3: one near Saint-Jean-du-Sud and the other near Aquin, one was later found dead.[62] Antecedent rainfall associated with the outer bands of Matthew triggered flooding in several towns in southern Haiti and the Dominican Republic.[61] A person was killed when a tree fell on his home in Port Salut, while a 26 year-old man drowned while trying to rescue a child from a rushing river.[91]

Striking the Tiburon Peninsula as a Category 4 hurricane on the morning of October 4, Matthew was the strongest storm to directly impact Haiti since Hurricane Cleo in 1964. An anemometer at Antoine-Simon Airport in Les Cayes, east of where Matthew made landfall, measured a gust to 107 mph (172 km/h) before the station went offline. Gusts in the nation's capital city of Port-au-Prince reached 60 mph (97 km/h).[92] Communications with areas in the direct path of Matthew were lost, and tens of thousands of people became isolated as roads and bridges were destroyed. A major bridge connecting parts of the Grand'Anse Department to the rest of the country collapsed during a flash flood. Much of Jérémie, along the north shore of the Tiburon Peninsula, suffered tremendous damage; homes were flattened and medical facilities suffered major damage. A radio host in Port-au-Prince stated that Jérémie was "pretty much wiped out from the seaboard all the way to the cathedral".[93]

Assessments of the death toll vary as many communities remain isolated; however, as of the evening of October 7, at least 842 people are known to have died in the country, with the number expected to rise.[94][95] The government also estimates damages at close to $1 billion dollars.[96]

Dominican Republic

File:Accumulated rainfall in the DR due to hurricane Matthew.jpg
Map of rainfall accumulations associated with the passage of Hurricane Matthew in the Dominican Republic for October 3–4. Totals are in millimeters, with the darkest shade of red indicating accumulations of 200 to 500 mm (7.9 to 19.7 in).

An automated weather station in Cabo Rojo, Dominican Republic, measured 8.43 in (214 mm) of rain by the afternoon of October 3.[97] Four people died in the Dominican Republic after a house collapsed on top of them.[98]

Cuba

Coastal flooding began in Granma Province, Cuba, on October 2, affecting three towns along the Sierra Maestras.[65] Hurricane Matthew struck the easternmost province of Cuba during the evening of October 4 as a Category 4, causing tremendous damage. The coastal city of Baracoa suffered widespread damage from violent winds and storm surge, the latter of which gutted countless buildings.[99] Despite the severity of damage, no fatalities were reported in the city. A communication tower in Majayara collapsed during the storm and a bridge spanning the Toa river was destroyed; several communities were left isolated as a result.[100]

United States

As Matthew tracked parallel to the Florida coast, it left over 300,000 people without power across the state of Florida.[101] In Indialantic, firefighters exposed themselves to the storm's winds to put out a fire which reportedly destroyed a greenhouse.[102]

Aftermath and response

Lesser Antilles

In Martinique, Électricité de France requested additional crews from Guadeloupe and French Guiana to help restore power. Members of the military and Forces françaises aux Antilles were deployed to assist in clearing debris from roadways.[85] The St. Lucia Red Cross distributed non-food items to 270 people affected by the storm.[103]

Haiti

On October 4, the United States prepared the carrier USS George Washington, the hospital ship USNS Comfort—which previously aided thousands in the wake of the 2010 Haiti earthquake—and the transport dock USS Mesa Verde for relief operations in Haiti. United States Southern Command also deployed 100 troops with 9 helicopters to the Cayman Islands to prepare for relief work.[104] Initial estimates indicated at least 350,000 people were in need of assistance.[93]

The bridge between the south and Port au Prince was destroyed. As a result, aid agencies reported they were having difficulty getting around to the most damaged and storm-affected parts of Haiti.[105]

The commander of U.S. forces in the Caribbean reported that 6 helicopters had been deployed to Haiti for the aftermath, and were expected to arrive on October 6. These are expected to help with search-and-rescue missions as well as providing medical assistance. In addition to his, a one-star navy admiral will also travel to lead the task force involved in the operations. More than 300 military personnel will most likely travel to Haiti, with 300 Marines on board on the ships sent out for aid from the U.S.[106]

A number of aid agencies deployed to Haiti to help with the aftermath:[107]

  • Action Aid reported that over 50,000 people were in immediate need of clean water and shelters.
  • World Nation also sent out helicopters, reporting difficulties and their concern about young children and food. They will be providing water and sanitation for over 50,000 people.
  • The UN's World Food Programme arranged for enough food to feed up to 300,000 people for a month. A further 34 tonnes are ready in Miami to be used if needed.
  • Unicef will be providing life-saving aid for 10,000 people.
  • UN's Food and Agricultural Organisation said it would be helping farmers rebuild their businesses by providing seeds.
  • The US Agency for International Development said it would provide $400,000 for aid to Jamaica and Haiti on October 3.[108]

See also

References

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  2. ^ Mazzei, Patricia; Clark, Kristen (October 6, 2016). "Obama signs Florida emergency declaration to deal with Hurricane Matthew". The Miami Herald.
  3. ^ Merle, Renae; Berman, Mark (October 6, 2016). "Hurricane Matthew, now a Category 3 storm, approaches Florida; emergencies declared in three states". The Washington Post.
  4. ^ Michael Brennan (September 22, 2016). Tropical Weather Outlook (TXT) (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved September 30, 2016.
  5. ^ Stacy Stewart (September 24, 2016). Tropical Weather Outlook (TXT) (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved September 30, 2016.
  6. ^ Jack Beven (September 24, 2016). Tropical Weather Outlook (TXT) (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved September 30, 2016.
  7. ^ Stacy Stewart (September 25, 2016). Tropical Weather Outlook (TXT) (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved September 30, 2016.
  8. ^ Todd Kimberlain (September 26, 2016). Tropical Weather Outlook (TXT) (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved September 30, 2016.
  9. ^ Daniel Brown (September 27, 2016). Special Tropical Weather Outlook (TXT) (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved September 30, 2016.
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  12. ^ Daniel Brown (September 28, 2016). Tropical Storm Matthew Intermediate Advisory Number 1A (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved September 30, 2016.
  13. ^ Daniel Brown (September 29, 2016). Tropical Storm Matthew Discussion Number 5 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved September 30, 2016.
  14. ^ Daniel Brown; Richard Pasch (September 29, 2016). Hurricane Matthew Intermediate Advisory Number 5A (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved September 30, 2016.
  15. ^ Daniel Brown; Richard Pasch (September 29, 2016). Hurricane Matthew Discussion Number 5 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved September 30, 2016.
  16. ^ Lixion Avila (September 30, 2016). Hurricane Matthew Discussion Number 7 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved September 30, 2016.
  17. ^ Lixion Avila (September 30, 2016). Huricane Matthew Discussion Number 7 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved October 1, 2016.
  18. ^ a b Lixion Avila (September 30, 2016). Hurricane Matthew Discussion Number 12 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved September 30, 2016.
  19. ^ Philip Klotzbach [@philklotzbach] (September 30, 2016). "#Matthew is the lowest latitude category 5 hurricane in the Atlantic on record (beating old record set by Ivan (2004))" (Tweet). Retrieved October 2, 2016 – via Twitter.
  20. ^ "Rare, Colorful Lightning Sprites Dance Over Hurricane Matthew". National Geographic. October 3, 2016. Retrieved October 3, 2016.
  21. ^ "Hurricane MATTHEW". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved October 6, 2016.
  22. ^ "Hurricane MATTHEW". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved October 6, 2016.
  23. ^ Lixion Avila (October 4, 2016). Hurricane Matthew Discussion Number 26 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved October 4, 2016.
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  25. ^ Stacy R. Stewart (October 4, 2016). Hurricane Matthew Discussion Number 28 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved October 5, 2016.
  26. ^ "Hurricane MATTHEW". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved October 6, 2016.
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  28. ^ "NaDMA – Schools Closed on Wednesday 28 September". National Disaster Management Agency. Grenada Now. September 28, 2016. Retrieved September 30, 2016.
  29. ^ a b c d "One dead as Matthew batters Eastern Caribbean". Jamaica Observer. Kingstown, St. Vincent. Caribbean Media Corporation. September 30, 2016. Retrieved September 30, 2016.
  30. ^ a b c "One dead in St Vincent as Matthew rages". National News. Kingstown, St. Vincent. Caribbean Media Corporation. September 29, 2016. Retrieved September 30, 2016.
  31. ^ a b "Next Steps in Saint Lucia Recovery After Tropical Storm Matthew". St. Lucia Times. September 30, 2016. Retrieved October 1, 2016.
  32. ^ Daniel Brown (September 28, 2016). Tropical Storm Matthew Public Advisory Number 1 (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved October 2, 2016.
  33. ^ Daniel Brown (September 28, 2016). Tropical Storm Matthew Public Advisory Number 2 (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved September 30, 2016.
  34. ^ Daniel Brown and Richard Pasch (September 29, 2016). Hurricane Matthew Public Advisory Number 6 (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved September 30, 2016.
  35. ^ Michael Brennan (September 30, 2016). Hurricane Matthew Public Advisory Number 10 (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved October 2, 2016.
  36. ^ a b c "Edge of Hurricane Matthew whips at Aruba, Bonaire, Curacao". Oranjestad, Aruba: Fredricksburg. Associated Press. September 30, 2016. Retrieved September 30, 2016.
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