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Health in Syria

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Robert Jebejian Ophthalmological Hospital in Aleppo, Syria, founded in 1952

Although emphasized by the country's ruling Baath Party and improving significantly in recent years, health in Syria has been declining due to the ongoing civil war. The war which has left 60% of the population food insecure and saw the collapse of the Syrian economy, the surging prices of basic needs, the plummeting of the Syrian pound, the destruction of many hospitals nationwide, the deterioration in the functionality of some medical equipment due to the lack of spare parts and maintenance, and shortages of drugs and medical supplies due to sanctions and corruption.[1][2]

Population

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In 2020, Syria's population was an estimated 17,500,657 decreasing from the pre-war population of 21,326,541 in 2010.[3]

Population of Syria 1960-2020
Syria's Population between 1960-2020
Year 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2015 2020
Total 4,573,514 6,350,544 8,930,776 12,446,168 16,410,847 21,362,541 17,997,411 17,500,657
Female 2,235,648 3,132,704 4,422,557 6,154,286 8,109,037 10,577,491 8,931,433 8,740,592
Male 2,337,866 3,217,840 4,,,508,219 6,291,882 8,301,810 10,785,050 9,065,978 8,760,065

Life Expectancy at Birth

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In 2019, the average life expectancy at birth for Syrians was 72.7 years, 67.9 for males, and 78.1 for females, compared to the average life expectancy in 1960, which was roughly 52 years.[4] The dependency ratio in 2020 was 54.5, while the median age was 24.3 in 2021.[5][6]

Life expectancy in Syria
Life Expectancy at Birth (Years)
Year 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2015 2019
Total 51.971 58.814 65.774 70.553 73.11 72.108 69.908 72.697
Female 53.389 60.217 67.072 72.104 75.274 76.778 76.798 78.103
Male 50.671 57.513 64.548 69.074 71.034 68.113 64.019 67.941

Burden of Diseases

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Causes of Death and Disability in Syria in 1990, 2011, 2017

Cardiovascular diseases accounted for the most deaths and disabilities in pre-war Syria. Nevertheless, conflict and terrorism were the number one cause of death and disability in 2017. Syria managed to reduce the percentage of DALYs lost to communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional diseases from around 40% of all DALYs lost in 1990 to roughly 17% in 2010. This percentage was further lowered to around 7% in 2017, but that was mainly because of the increase of DALYs lost to the country's civil war.[7]

Causes of Death and Disability in Syria in 1990, 2011, 2011 (% of All DALYs)[8]
Year Cardiovascular diseases Neoplasms Diabetes, urogenital, blood, and endocrine diseases Mental and substance use disorders Chronic respiratory diseases Other non-communicable diseases Cirrhosis and other chronic liver diseases Diarrhea, lower respiratory, and other common infectious diseases Neonatal disorders Maternal disorders Musculoskeletal disorders Unintentional injuries Neurological disorders HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis Transport injuries Self-harm Interpersonal violence Conflict and terrorism Exposure to forces of nature Neglected tropical diseases and malaria Nutritional deficiencies Digestive diseases Other communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional diseases
1990 19.11864 3.58044 5.368794 4.641581 2.812922 12.6936 0.750872 12.4773 12.12277 0.440247 3.773375 3.679963 3.373416 0.229956 3.625845 0.427055 0.349298 0.186577 0 0.313882 3.968937 2.298612 1.124068
2011 17.76006 4.765824 5.751778 7.038619 3.658268 7.008002 0.947622 5.115167 5.387693 0.083137 6.563367 2.815909 5.205728 0.084889 2.731076 0.551346 0.569105 14.29787 0.002499 0.355808 2.513911 2.615348 0.625929
2017 15.38624 4.005797 4.77211 2.541676 3.619887 0.742698 2.192962 0.043307 4.723509 1.83489 3.72031 1.684412 0.361248 0.333347 40.54578 0.001358 0.369481 1.297491 1.900713

Child and Maternal Health

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Infant and Under-5 Mortality Rate in Syria 1960-2019

Child Health

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In 2019, the Infant mortality rate in Syria was at 17.9, which is higher than the pre-war number, but less than the world's average of 28.2. While the under-5 mortality rate was at 21.5 deaths also lower than the global average of 37.7. In 2009, low birth weight newborns accounted for 10% of all births.[9]

Infant and Under-5 Mortality Rate (per 1000 Live Births)[10][11]
Year 1960 1970 1980 1990 2010 2015 2019
Infant Mortality Rate 115.9 74.6 45.9 29.9 16.2 17.8 17.9
Under 5 Mortality Rate 170.3 104.1 59.4 36.6 19 23.2 21.5

Maternal Health

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Maternal Mortality Ratio in Syria 2000-2017

Since most births before the war were attended by skilled health workers (96.2%), the Maternal Mortality Ratio was as low as 26 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births in 2009 when the world's average was 257. During the war, more pregnant women did not receive proper maternal care because of safety, accessibility and economic reasons. The numbers increased dramatically after the war reaching 31 maternal deaths in 2017.[12][13]

Obesity

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In 2017, the adult prevalence rate for obesity was 27.8, and in 2009 10% of children under 5 were obese.[14] In 2016, Syria ranked 35th in the list of countries by body mass index, according to the World Health Organization data on Prevalence of Obesity, published in 2017.[15]

Sanitation

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Main article: Water supply and sanitation in Syria

In 2015, 95.7% of the population had access to sanitation and 90.1% of the population had access to clean water.[14] Although water pollution poses a threat to the availability of clean water and sanitation, as analyses of water samples for ammonia, suspended solids and BOD in Aleppo's Quweiq River and the lower part of the Orontes exceeded the allowable limits.[16] In the coastal region, wells used for drinking purposes are contaminated with high concentrations of nitrates and ammonia because of sewage discharge and use of fertilizers, as well as seawater intrusion into the fresh groundwater aquifers.[16]

Smoking

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Main article: Smoking in Syria

Smoking in Syria is steadily increasing in popularity amongst Syrians, mainly in the forms of cigarettes or Narghiles. Syrians collectively spend about $600 million per year on tobacco consumption.[17] In 2010, 20% of women and 60% of men smoke and 98% of the overall population is affected by passive smoking.[18] Despite the assumption that smoking, specifically the narghile, is embedded in Syrian culture, this phenomenon has only recently become widespread.

Despite this, whatsoever, Smoking in Syria has been banned inside cafes (hookah bars), restaurants and other public spaces by a presidential decree which was issued on 12 October 2009 which went into effect on 21 April 2010. Syria was the first Arab country to introduce such a ban. The decree also outlaws smoking in schools, universities, health centers, sports halls, cinemas and theaters and on public transport. The restrictions include the narghile. According to the official Syrian Arab News Agency, fines for violating the ban range from LS 500 to LS 100,000 (US$11 to $2,169).[19]

People under the age of 18 are not allowed to buy tobacco in Syria.[20]

Healthcare System

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Syria’s health system is the responsibility of the Ministry of Health. The system is relatively decentralized and focuses on offering primary healthcare at three levels: village, district, and provincial. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), in 1990 Syria had 41 general hospitals (33 public, 8 private), 152 specialized hospitals (16 public, 136 private), 391 rural health centers, 151 urban health centers, 79 rural health units, and 49 specialized health centers; hospital beds totaled 13,164 (77 percent public, 23 percent private), or 11 beds per 10,000 inhabitants. The number of state hospital beds reportedly fell between 1995 and 2001, while the population had an 18 percent increase, but the opening of new hospitals in 2002 caused the number of hospital beds to double.

WHO reported that in 1989 Syria had a total of 10,114 physicians, 3,362 dentists, and 14,816 nurses and midwives; in 1995 the rate of health professionals per 10,000 inhabitants was 10.9 physicians, 5.6 dentists, and 21.2 nurses and midwives. Despite overall improvements, Syria’s health system exhibits significant regional disparities in the availability of healthcare, especially between urban and rural areas. The number of private hospitals and doctors increased by 41 percent between 1995 and 2001 as a result of growing demand and growing wealth in a small sector of society. Almost all private health facilities are located in large urban areas such as Damascus, Aleppo, Tartus, and Latakia.[21] However, during the war, and as a result of almost 600 attacks on healthcare facilities, more than 50% of the country's health infrastructure was damaged or destroyed, while around 70% of health workers have left the country.[22]

Total and Government per capita Expenditure on Health in Syria between 1995-2012

Healthcare Financing

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Out-of-pocket payments represent the leading source of healthcare financing in Syria. In 2008, out-of-pocket payments made up 61% of the total per capita expenditure on health in the country. The majority of these costs go to private healthcare providers. Despite the above-average health indicators, Syria's total expenditure on health is among the lowest in the region, and public healthcare facilities provide low-quality services and suffer from corruption. Additionally, The pooling function of the healthcare financing system is highly fragmented, and the country has not implemented national health insurance.[23]

Total and Government per capita Expenditure on Health in Syria[24][25]
Year(s) Per capita total expenditure on health at average exchange rate (US$) Per capita government expenditure on health at average exchange rate (US$)
1995 51.7 20.5
1996 59.5 21.1
1997 59.1 20.9
1998 56.7 21.7
1999 58.8 22.5
2000 59.2 24
2001 57.7 25.5
2002 57.3 26.2
2003 60.4 29.2
2004 60.6 29.1
2005 62.6 31.6
2006 66.3 32.2
2007 79.4 38.9
2008 89.9 41.8
2009 95.4 43.9
2010 96.6 44.4
2011 101.7 47.1
2012 104.7 48.2

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Devi, Sharmila (2021-03-13). "Health in Syria: a decade of conflict". The Lancet. 397 (10278): 955–956. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00618-8. ISSN 0140-6736. PMID 33714377. S2CID 232201250.
  2. ^ Kherallah, M; Alahfez, T; Sahloul, Z; Eddin, KD; Jamil, G (2012). "Health care in Syria before and during the crisis". Avicenna J Med. 2 (3): 51–53. doi:10.4103/2231-0770.102275. PMC 3697421. PMID 23826546.
  3. ^ "Population, total - Syrian Arab Republic | Data". data.worldbank.org. Retrieved 2021-09-14.
  4. ^ "Life expectancy at birth, total (years) - Syrian Arab Republic | Data". data.worldbank.org. Retrieved 2021-09-14.
  5. ^ "Age dependency ratio (% of working-age population) | Data". data.worldbank.org. Retrieved 2021-09-14.
  6. ^ "Median Age 2021". worldpopulationreview.com. Retrieved 2021-09-14.
  7. ^ "GBD Results Tool | GHDx". ghdx.healthdata.org. Retrieved 2021-09-15.
  8. ^ Roser, Max; Ritchie, Hannah (2016-01-25). "Burden of Disease". Our World in Data.
  9. ^ "GHO | By category | Infant nutrition - Data by country". WHO. Retrieved 2021-09-15.
  10. ^ "Mortality rate, under-5 (per 1,000 live births) | Data". data.worldbank.org. Retrieved 2021-09-14.
  11. ^ "Mortality rate, infant (per 1,000 live births) | Data". data.worldbank.org. Retrieved 2021-09-14.
  12. ^ "Births attended by skilled health staff (% of total) - Syrian Arab Republic | Data". data.worldbank.org. Retrieved 2021-09-14.
  13. ^ "Maternal mortality ratio (modeled estimate, per 100,000 live births) | Data". data.worldbank.org. Retrieved 2021-09-14.
  14. ^ a b "The World Factbook". CIA. Retrieved 23 February 2018.
  15. ^ "Health Topics, Obesity". World Health Organization. Retrieved 14 December 2017.
  16. ^ a b The Ministry of State for Environmental Affairs/World Bank/United Nations Development Program:Strategy and National Environmental Action Plan for Syria Archived 2007-07-01 at the Wayback Machine, 2003, accessed on October 31, 2009
  17. ^ Mabardi, Roueida (April 29, 2010). "Smoking Ban Leaves Cafes Empty and Waterpipes Abandoned". The Daily Star: Lebanon. Retrieved 2 May 2012.
  18. ^ "Smoking Ban Burns Syrian Businesses". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 2 May 2012.
  19. ^ "Syria smoking ban enters into force". BBC News. 21 April 2010. Retrieved 22 April 2010.
  20. ^ "Assad decrees Syria smoking ban". BBC News. 12 October 2009. Retrieved 4 April 2010.
  21. ^ Syria country profile. Library of Congress Federal Research Division (April 2005). This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  22. ^ Devi, Sharmila (2021-03-13). "Health in Syria: a decade of conflict". The Lancet. 397 (10278): 955–956. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00618-8. ISSN 0140-6736. PMID 33714377. S2CID 232201250.
  23. ^ Mershed, Mania; Busse, Reinhard; van Ginneken, Ewout (April 2012). "Healthcare financing in Syria: satisfaction with the current system and the role of national health insurance--a qualitative study of householders' views". The International Journal of Health Planning and Management. 27 (2): 167–179. doi:10.1002/hpm.2102. ISSN 1099-1751. PMID 22378184.
  24. ^ "UNdata | record view | Per capita total expenditure on health at average exchange rate (US$)". data.un.org. Retrieved 2021-09-15.
  25. ^ "UNdata | record view | Per capita government expenditure on health at average exchange rate (US$)". data.un.org. Retrieved 2021-09-15.
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