Proposed French Sixth Republic
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The Sixth Republic (French: Sixième République) is a potential successor to the present republican system in France, proposed as a solution to alleged issues of the current Fifth French Republic.
Following 82.6% of voters supporting Charles de Gaulle's proposal in the constitutional referendum,[1] the Fifth Republic was established on 4 October 1958 under the Constitution of the Fifth Republic.[2][3][4] While the Fourth Republic was a parliamentary republic, the Fifth Republic is a semi-presidential republic with a powerful presidency able to force through legislation without the consent of parliament.[3]
The Fifth Republic has received various criticisms from some politicians and scholars, such as maintaining a poor or incorrect delineation of powers between the presidency and the legislature, with some describing the system as a presidential monarchy or as hyperpresidential.[3][4]
Background of the Fifth Republic
[edit]Within the late 1950s, France was experiencing instability as the Fourth Republic began decolonisation. This resulted in protests among the pieds-noirs and French Army, particularly in the context of the Algerian War, which resulted in the attempted Algiers Putsch of 1958.
Despite having retired from politics a decade earlier, Charles de Gaulle, placed himself in the midst of the crisis when he called on the nation to suspend the government and create a new constitution. With parliament unable to choose a government in the midst of popular protest, De Gaulle was carried to power when the last parliament of the Fourth Republic voted for its own dissolution and the convening of a constitutional convention.[5]
On 1 June 1958, Charles de Gaulle was appointed head of the government;[6] on 3 June 1958, a constitutional law empowered the new government to draft a new constitution of France. Designed by De Gaulle and drafted by Michel Debré, the new constitution saw a greatly empowered president, with the Prime Minister being appointed by the president, and accountable to both them and the Parliament. The constitution was put to referendum in 1958, and achieved 82.6% of voters support.[1][3]
The constitution included various provisions to allow the president to force through legislation, such as Article 49.3 of the Constitution, which has been used 100 times Between 4 October 1958 and 6 May 2023.[3]
François Mitterrand was initially a leading critic of the establishment of the Fifth Republic, likening it to the 1851 French coup d'état by Louis Napoléon Bonaparte. Mitterrand would publish many of his criticisms of the new constitution, as well as Charles de Gaulle, in the Permanent Coup of State. Mitterrand would later give some legitimacy to the Fifth Republic when he was elected president.[4]
Advocacy for a new republic
[edit]Late 20th century
[edit]In 1992, Jean-Luc Mélenchon, Marie-Noëlle Lienemann and Julien Dray founded the Convention for the 6th Republic[note 1], a group within the Socialist Party (PS) advocating for constitutional reform. Mélenchon promoted the return of strong legislature by weakening the executive powers held by the president.[7][8][9]
While campaigning for the 1995 presidential election, Jean-Marie Le Pen's included National Front's support for a Sixth Republic. Under Marine Le Pen the party has rebranded as National Rally and since distanced itself from the policy.[10]
2002 election
[edit]In the 2002 presidential election, part of Christiane Taubira's platform included support for a Sixth Republic, emphasising that it should decentralise power to French territories, and that it should abolish the position of Prime Minister.[11]
Left Front and La France Insoumise
[edit]In the 2012 presidential election, Jean-Luc Mélenchon, having left the PS and formed the Left Party (PG), ran under the Left Front platform, which supported the formation of a Sixth Republic[12]
In 2014, Movement for a Sixth Republic released an open letter calling for a Sixth Republic and gained over 100,000 signatures. Both Mélenchon, as well as Éric Coquerel Coordinator of PG stated that support for a new republic couldn't come from any singular party, but had to build up broad consensus[13][14][15]
In the leadup to the 2017 presidential election, Mélenchon running under his new La France Insoumise (LFI) and endorsed by PG, held a march for the Sixth Republic in Paris during his campaign.[7][16][17]
In the 2022 presidential election, Mélenchon ran again as the LFI candidate, and once more supported the formation of a new republic.[18]
NUPES and the New Popular Front
[edit]For the 2022 legislative election, the New Ecological and Social People's Union (NUPES) was formed as a joint left-wing slate of candidates between parties such as the PS and LFI. Mélenchon, the founder of LFI, was considered a leading figure within NUPES, and support for a Sixth Republic was included on the alliance's platform.[19] This policy was carried onto NUPES' successor, the New Popular Front, going into the 2024 legislative election.[3][20]
2023 pension reform protests
[edit]The 2023 pension reform law sparked debate about a Sixth French Republic after President Macron forced through the law. During the 2023 pension reform strikes, "Down with the Fifth Republic!" became a frequent slogan of protestors.[3][21] Some politicians and academics described the protests as a political crisis that could spiral into a constitutional one, while others dismissed these notions.[18]
Proponents
[edit]Advocates on the left
[edit]The common platform of the NFP calls for a constituent assembly to prepare a new constitution and establish a Sixth Republic.[20] Additionally, members of the New Popular Front (La France Insoumise, French Communist Party, The Ecologists, and Left Party) have all supported a Sixth Republic independently of the NFP.[18][22]
Jean-Luc Mélenchon has been a long time advocate of a Sixth Republic.[15]
Academic support
[edit]Patrick Martin-Genier has accused the Fifth Republic of authoritarianism that "allows the president to do what he wants" and stated that the current system must not continue.[3][23]
Political scientist Raphaël Porteilla, has also described the Fifth Republic as authoritarian and as having hyperpresidency. Discussing the prospects of a Sixth Republic, and constitutional reform more broadly, Porteilla has said "the issue is not whether France should change its constitution, but whether it should change constitutions altogether"[3]
Publications
[edit]Multiple books and academic texts have been written about the prospects of a Sixth Republic.
Following the election of Valéry Giscard d'Estaing, French journalist Michèle Cotta wrote La Sixième République.[24]
Constitutional academic Bastien François has written extensively about a Sixth Republic, such as La Constitution de la 6e République (co-written with Arnaud Montebourg).
In 2021, Patrick Martin-Genier published Towards a Sixth Republic.[3][23]
Texts rebutting a sixth republic
[edit]Some texts have also been written about the longevity of the current French Republic and unlikelihood of a Sixth Republic.
In 2008 marking the semicentennial of the Fifth French Republic, Ben Clift wrote The French Republic at 50, which discussed the longevity of the current regime.[25]
In 2018 Julie Benetti published The Myth of the Sixth Republic in the journal Pouvoirs, as part of an issue analysing the Fifth Republic more broadly.[26]
See also
[edit]Footnotes
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ a b Nohlen, Dieter; Stöver, Philip, eds. (2010). Elections in Europe: a data handbook (1st ed.). Baden-Baden, Germany: Nomos. p. 685. ISBN 978-3-8329-5609-7. OCLC 617565273.
- ^ Loi constitutionnelle du 3 juin 1957 portant dérogation transitoire aux dispositions de l'article 90 de la Constitution (in French).
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Henley, Jon (6 May 2023). "Vive la révolution! But is France ready to establish a Sixth Republic?". The Observer. ISSN 0029-7712. Retrieved 8 July 2024.
- ^ a b c Mérieau, Eugénie (2 December 2018). "The 60th anniversary of France's Fifth Republic: Out of breath?". The Conversation. Retrieved 10 July 2024.
- ^ Jonathan Fenby, The General: Charles de Gaulle and the France He Saved (2010) pp 375–408.
- ^ "Fac-similé JO du 02/06/1958, page 05279 – Legifrance". www.legifrance.gouv.fr.
- ^ a b Desmoulières, Raphaëlle Besse (24 May 2016). "2017 : Mélenchon y va « pour gagner cette fois-ci" [2017: Mélenchon sets out 'to win this time'.]. Rouges et verts. Archived from the original on 13 April 2017.
- ^ "Mouvement pour la Sixième République" [Movement for the Sixth Republic]. www.m6r.fr (in French). Archived from the original on 10 April 2017.
- ^ "Réunir une Assemblée constituante pour passer à la 6e République" [Calling for a Constituent Assembly to usher in the 6th Republic]. laec.fr (in French). Retrieved 8 July 2024.
- ^ Hausalter, Louis (30 October 2014). "Ils sont pour la VIe République. Oui, mais laquelle?" [They support a Sixth Republic. Yes, but which one?]. Slate.fr (in French). Retrieved 8 July 2024.
- ^ Thimonnier, Marie. "Quel était le programme de Christiane Taubira lorsqu'elle s'est présentée à la présidentielle de 2002 ?" [What was Christiane Taubira's platform when she ran for president in 2002?]. Libération (in French). Retrieved 8 July 2024.
- ^ "Voir le programme du Front de gauche" (PDF). Left Front. Retrieved 8 July 2024.
- ^ "Déclaration pour la 6e République". www.m6r.fr. Archived from the original on 19 March 2017.
- ^ de Boni, Marc (1 October 2014). "Mélenchon prédit une «interminable agonie» à François Hollande" [Mélenchon predicts 'endless agony' with François Hollande]. Le Figaro (in French). Retrieved 10 July 2024.
- ^ a b Siraud, Mathilde (26 September 2014). "Mélenchon rassemble au-delà du Front de gauche pour sa 6ème République" [Mélenchon rallies beyond the Left Front for a 6th Republic]. Le Figaro (in French). Retrieved 10 July 2024.
- ^ "Thousands join far-left candidate Mélenchon in Paris march". RFI. 18 March 2017. Retrieved 8 July 2024.
- ^ "Présidentielle : qui sont les 11 candidats sur la ligne de départ". Le Figaro (in French). 18 March 2017. Retrieved 9 July 2024.
- ^ a b c Chadwick, Lauren (5 April 2023). "Will France's pension crisis spark constitutional change?". euronews. Retrieved 10 July 2024.
- ^ Carriat, Julie (2 May 2022). "La France insoumise et les écologistes passent un accord pour les législatives". Le Monde.fr (in French). Retrieved 8 July 2024.
- ^ a b David, Romain (14 June 2024). "Le programme des 100 premiers jours du " Nouveau Front populaire "". Public Sénat. Retrieved 21 June 2024.
- ^ Porteilla, Raphaël (13 April 2023). "À 65 ans, la Vᵉ République devrait-elle partir à la retraite ?". The Conversation (in French). Retrieved 8 July 2024.
- ^ "Le projet 2012 des écologistes" (PDF). eelv.fr (in French). Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 August 2016. Retrieved 10 July 2024.
- ^ a b Martin-Genier, Patrick (7 January 2021). Vers une VIe République [Towards a Sixth Republic] (in French).
- ^ Cotta, Michèle (1992). La Sixième République [The Sixth Republic] (in French). Paris: Flammarion. ISBN 9782080607317.
- ^ Clift, Ben (November 2008). "The Fifth Republic at Fifty: The Changing Face of French Politics and Political Economy". Modern & Contemporary France. 16 (4): 383–398. doi:10.1080/09639480802413322. ISSN 0963-9489.
- ^ Benetti, Julie (5 October 2018). "Le mythe de la sixième République" [The Myth of the Sixth Republic]. Pouvoirs (in French). 166 (3): 139–145. doi:10.3917/pouv.166.0139. ISSN 0152-0768.