Forty Years' War
| Forty Years' War | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| |||||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||||
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Ava *Mohnyin *Kale |
Hanthawaddy Pegu *Theinni *Arakan | ||||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||||
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Swasawke Minkhaung I Minyekyawswa † Thihathu |
Razadarit Lagun Ein † Emuntaya Binnya Ran I | ||||||||
The Forty Years' War (Burmese: အနှစ်လေးဆယ်စစ်; 1385 – 1424; also Ava-Pegu War or the Mon-Burmese War) was a military conflict fought between the Burmese-speaking Kingdom of Ava and the Mon-speaking Kingdom of Hanthawaddy Pegu. The war was fought during two separate periods: 1385 to 1391 and 1404 to 1424, interrupted by two truces of 1391–1404 and 1406–1407. It was fought primarily in today's Lower Burma and also in Upper Burma, Shan State and Rakhine State. It ended in a stalemate, preserving the independence of Hanthawaddy, and effectively ending Ava's efforts to rebuild the erstwhile Pagan Empire.
Summary
First half
In the first phase, Swasawke of Ava began the hostilities by invading Pegu during the latter kingdom's dynastic succession struggles. Pegu's new young king Razadarit aided by able generals Lagun Ein and Emuntaya defeated Ava's multiple invasions. In 1391, Ava had to agree to a truce, which lasted until 1404.[1]
Second half
The second half of the war was initiated by Pegu. To take advantage of Ava's dynastic succession crisis, Razadarit invaded Upper Burma in full force with a large flotilla in 1404.[2] Ava's defenses held, and Razadarit and Minkhaung I of Ava agreed to another truce in 1406. The second truce lasted less than a year as Ava quickly went on an expansion spree, swallowing up Shan states of Kale and Mohnyin in the north, and Arakan in the west, all in 1406. Pegu could not allow Ava to get too strong, and renewed the war. In 1407, Peguan forces dislodged Avan troops from Arakan. Pegu also found an ally in the Shan state of Theinni (Hsenwi), which too wanted to check Ava's ambitions.
Between 1407 and 1413, Ava was forced to fight on multiple fronts: Theinni in the north, and Pegu in the south and in the west (Arakan). Nonetheless, by 1413, Avan forces, led by Crown Prince Minyekyawswa, had begun to gain an upper hand. Minyekyawswa defeated Theinni and its Chinese allies in 1413. He invaded the Hanthawaddy country in full force in 1414, and conquered the Irrawaddy delta in 1415, forcing Razadarit to flee Pegu for Martaban. But Minyekyawswa was killed in battle in March 1417.[3][4]
The end
After the death of Minyekyawswa, the enthusiasm for war dissipated on both sides. Only two more campaigns (1417–1418 and 1423–1424) were fought half-heartedly. In 1422, two bitter rivals Minkhaung I and Razadarit died within months of each other.[5] The last campaign of the war came in 1423 when Ava's new king Thihathu invaded the Hanthawaddy country during Hanthawaddy's succession struggles. Pegu's Crown Prince Binnya Ran I made peace with Ava by giving his elder sister Shin Sawbu to Thihathu. Ava forces withdrew in 1424, ending the four-decade-long war.
References
- ^ Jon Fernquest (Spring 2006). "Rajadhirat's Mask of Command: Military Leadership in Burma (c. 1348-1421)" (PDF). SBBR. 4 (1): 7–11.
- ^ Major Gen. Sir Arthur Purves Phayre (1873). "The History of Pegu". Journal of Asiatic Society of Bengal. 42. Oxford University: 47–55.
- ^ Jon Fernquest (Autumn 2006). "Crucible of War: Burma and the Ming in the Tai Frontier Zone (1382-1454)" (PDF). SOAS Bulletin of Burma Research. 4 (2): 51–54.
- ^ GE Harvey (1925). "Shan Migration (Ava)". History of Burma (2000 ed.). Asian Educational Services. pp. 85–95. ISBN 8120613651, 9788120613652.
{{cite book}}: Check|isbn=value: invalid character (help) - ^ Jon Fernquest (Spring 2006). "Rajadhirat's Mask of Command: Military Leadership in Burma (c. 1348-1421)". SBBR. 4 (1): 14–18.