Exaeretodon

Exaeretodon Temporal range: Ladinian-Norian ~
Exhibit at Mori Tower
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Clade:	Synapsida
Clade:	Therapsida
Clade:	Cynodontia
Family:	†Traversodontidae
Subfamily:	†Gomphodontosuchinae
Genus:	†Exaeretodon Cabrera, 1943
Species
†E. argentinus Cabrera, 1943 (type) [originally Belesodon argentinus] †?E. major Huene, 1936 [originally Traversodon] †E. riograndensis Abdala et al., 2002 †?E. statisticae Chatterjee, 1982
Synonyms
Theropsis Cabrera, 1943 Ischignathus Bonaparte, 1963

Exaeretodon is an extinct genus of fairly large, low-slung traversodontid cynodonts from the southern parts of Pangea. Four species are known, from various formations. E. argentinus is from the Carnian-age (Late Triassic) Cancha de Bochas Member of the Ischigualasto Formation in the Ischigualasto-Villa Unión Basin in northwestern Argentina. E. major and E. riograndensis are from the Carnian-age portion of the Santa Maria Formation of the Paraná Basin in southeastern Brazil. E. statisticae is from the Carnian-age Lower Maleri Formation of India.

Description

Restoration

Skull of Exaeretodon at the Royal Ontario Museum

This genus was an herbivore up to 1.8 meters (5.9 feet) long, with a specialized grinding action when feeding.

An analysis of the size of the bones of calves collected in Paleorrota concluded that the mother Exaeretodon had one or two calves, for one pregnancy.

Taxonomy

Exaeretodon is a gomphodontosuchine cynodont. When he first named the species, Argentine paleontologist José Bonaparte mentioned several features that distinguish it from all other traversodontids. The tooth rows of the upper jaw are more parallel to each other in Ischignathus sudamericanus than they are in Exaeretodon, and they are also inset closer to the inside of the mouth. There are also more postcanine teeth oriented toward middle of the subtemporal fenestrae (two holes in the bottom of the skull) and ascending rama of the dentary (projections of the lower jaw that extend up to the skull). The ascending rama are also wider and taller in the I. sudamericanus specimen. The orbit or eye socket is longer than that of Exaeretodon, as are the palatine bones.

Despite the differences, a 2007 study concluded that the I. sudamericanus skull represents the same species as E. argentinus. Using allometry, paleontologist Jun Liu found I. sudamericanus to be the largest known example of a growth series in E. argentinus. Thus, Ischignathus is now regarded as a junior synonym of Exaeretodon. As the animal grew, the proportions of bones changed. These differing proportions were initially seen as species-distinguishing characters, but are now regarded as natural ontogenic variation.

Proexaeretodon vince was considered a synonym of Exaeretodon argentinus but was accepted as a valid taxon in 2023.

Phylogeny

Exaeretodon in a cladogram after Kammerer et al. (2012):

Cynognathia	Cynognathus Gomphodontia Diademodon Trirachodontidae Trirachodon Cricodon Langbergia Traversodontidae Andescynodon Pascualgnathus Arctotraversodon Boreogomphodon Nanogomphodon Massetognathinae Massetognathus Dadadon Santacruzodon Gomphodontosuchinae Gomphodontosuchus Menadon Protuberum Exaeretodon Scalenodontoides

See also

• Media related to Exaeretodon at Wikimedia Commons
• Ischigualasto Formation