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Ecdysteroid

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Chemical structures of ecdysteroids, ecdysone (top) and 20-hydroxyecdysone

Ecdysteroids are arthropod steroid hormones that are mainly responsible for molting (ecdysis), development and, to a lesser extent, reproduction;[1][2][3][4] examples of ecdysteroids include ecdysone, 20-hydroxyecdysone (ecdysterone), turkesterone and 2-deoxyecdysone.[5] These compounds are synthesized in arthropods from dietary cholesterol upon metabolism by the Halloween family of cytochrome P450s.[6]

Compounds with ecdysteroid activity in arthopods are not only produced by these animals (zooecdysteroids). Phytoecdysteroids also appear in many plants mostly as a protection agents (toxins or antifeedants) against herbivore insects.[7][8] Fungi also produce a handful of mycoecdysteroids.[9] In addition, synthetic ecdysteroid pesticides such as methoxyfenozide have been produced.[10]

Mammals

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Ecdysterone has been tested on mammals due to the interest in its potential hypertrophic effect. It has been found to increase hypertrophy in rats at a similar level to some anabolic androgenic steroids and SARMs.[11] This is proposed to be through increase of Calcium leading to activation of Akt and protein synthesis in skeletal muscles.[12] A newer study points to estrogen receptor beta.[13]

20-hydroxyecdysone is a human drug candidate.[14]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ de Loof A (2006). "Ecdysteroids: the overlooked sex steroids of insects? Males: the black box". Insect Science. 13 (5): 325–338. Bibcode:2006InsSc..13..325D. doi:10.1111/j.1744-7917.2006.00101.x. S2CID 221810929.
  2. ^ Krishnakumaran A, Schneiderman HA (December 1970). "Control of molting in mandibulate and chelicerate arthropods by ecdysones". The Biological Bulletin. 139 (3): 520–538. doi:10.2307/1540371. JSTOR 1540371. PMID 5494238.
  3. ^ Margam VM, Gelman DB, Palli SR (June 2006). "Ecdysteroid titers and developmental expression of ecdysteroid-regulated genes during metamorphosis of the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae)". Journal of Insect Physiology. 52 (6): 558–568. Bibcode:2006JInsP..52..558M. doi:10.1016/j.jinsphys.2006.02.003. PMID 16580015.
  4. ^ Okamoto N, Fujinaga D, Yamanaka N (2023), "Steroid hormone signaling: What we can learn from insect models", Vitamins and Hormones, 123, Elsevier: 525–554, doi:10.1016/bs.vh.2022.12.006, ISBN 978-0-443-13455-5, PMID 37717997, retrieved 2024-07-29
  5. ^ "Ecdysteroids Information". Examine.com. Retrieved 27 May 2015.
  6. ^ Mykles DL (November 2011). "Ecdysteroid metabolism in crustaceans". The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 127 (3–5): 196–203. doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2010.09.001. PMID 20837145. S2CID 23942645.
  7. ^ Dinan L (June 2001). "Phytoecdysteroids: biological aspects". Phytochemistry. 57 (3): 325–339. Bibcode:2001PChem..57..325D. doi:10.1016/S0031-9422(01)00078-4. PMID 11393511.
  8. ^ Dinan L, Savchenko T, Whiting P (July 2001). "On the distribution of phytoecdysteroids in plants". Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences. 58 (8): 1121–1132. doi:10.1007/PL00000926. PMC 11337386. PMID 11529504. S2CID 8496934.
  9. ^ Dinan L, Mamadalieva NZ, Lafont R (2020). "Dietary Phytoecdysteroids". Handbook of Dietary Phytochemicals. pp. 1–54. doi:10.1007/978-981-13-1745-3_35-1.
  10. ^ Carlson GR, Dhadialla TS, Hunter R, Jansson RK, Jany CS, Lidert Z, Slawecki RA (February 2001). "The chemical and biological properties of methoxyfenozide, a new insecticidal ecdysteroid agonist". Pest management science. 57 (2): 115–9. doi:10.1002/1526-4998(200102)57:2<115::AID-PS245>3.0.CO;2-A. PMID 11455641.
  11. ^ Parr MK, Botrè F, Naß A, Hengevoss J, Diel P, Wolber G (June 2015). "Ecdysteroids: A novel class of anabolic agents?". Biology of Sport. 32 (2): 169–173. doi:10.5604/20831862.1144420 (inactive 1 November 2024). PMC 4447764. PMID 26060342.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (link)
  12. ^ Gorelick-Feldman J, Cohick W, Raskin I (October 2010). "Ecdysteroids elicit a rapid Ca2+ flux leading to Akt activation and increased protein synthesis in skeletal muscle cells". Steroids. 75 (10): 632–637. doi:10.1016/j.steroids.2010.03.008. PMC 3815456. PMID 20363237.
  13. ^ Parr MK, Zhao P, Haupt O, Ngueu ST, Hengevoss J, Fritzemeier KH, Piechotta M, Schlörer N, Muhn P, Zheng WY, Xie MY, Diel P (September 2014). "Estrogen receptor beta is involved in skeletal muscle hypertrophy induced by the phytoecdysteroid ecdysterone". Molecular Nutrition & Food Research. 58 (9): 1861–72. doi:10.1002/mnfr.201300806. PMID 24974955.
  14. ^ Sharma S (2024-07-12). "FDA approves Biophytis' Phase II OBA obesity study". Clinical Trials Arena. Retrieved 2024-07-13.
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  • Ecdybase, The Ecdysone Handbook - a free online ecdysteroids database
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