Draft:First Voyage of Christopher Columbus

First Voyage of Christopher Columbus
Country	Spain
Leader	Christopher Columbus; Martín Alonso Pinzón;
Start	Palos de la Frontera, Crown of Castile; August 5, 1492
End	Palos de la Frontera, Crown of Castile; March 15, 1493
Goal	Find a western maritime route to the markets of the Indies
Ships	Santa María; Pinta; Niña;
Crew	Approx. 90
Survivors	~50 returned aboard the Niña and Pinta; ~40 were left behind to construct the fort of La Navidad from the remains of the Santa María. All had disappeared or were found dead on Columbus' return in November 1493;
Achievements	First recorded European exploration of the Americas since Norse Colonization; First Spanish settlement in the Americas (La Navidad); Inciting the Spanish Conquest of the Americas (and by extension, wider European Colonization of the Americas as a whole);

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Sources

Background

Preparations

Ships


Ship (Nickname)	Type	Captain	Owner	Crew	Length	Tonnage	Fate
Santa María (La Gallega)	Carrack	Christopher Columbus	Juan de la Cosa	~40	Est. 19 m (62 ft)	Est. 110	Ran aground on a sandbank off the north coast of Hispaniola. Wreckage used to construct La Navidad.
*Unknown (La Pinta)	Caravel	Martín Alonso Pinzón	Cristóbal Quintero	~30	Est. 17 m (56 ft)	Est. 60–70	Returned to Palos under Pinzón.
Santa Clara (La Niña)	Caravel	Vicente Yáñez Pinzón	Juan Niño	~20	Est. 15.24 m (50.0 ft)	Est. 50–60	Returned to Palos under Columbus.

Crew

^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]

Crew left behind at La Navidad are known through payments of their salaries to their heirs, most of which were delayed by up to two decades due to the Crown's financial drain during the Italian Wars.^[5]


Name	Origin	Ship	Rank	Notes
Alonso	Likely Palos	Niña or Pinta	Grumete	Listed as a servant of one Juan Rodriguez de Guinea.^[4]
Master Alonso	Moguer	Niña or Santa María	Physician	Died at La Navidad. Salary was paid on May 4, 1510 to Alonso Rascón, guardian of his three grandchildren.^[4]
Alonso Clavijo	Veguer^{[note 1]}	Santa María^{[note 2]}	Criminal	Convict sentenced to death for attempting to free Bartolomé de Torres from prison. Returned with Columbus to Barcelona and received a pardon for his service dated May 26, 1493.^[4]
Alonso de Morales	Moguer	Niña or Santa María	Sailor	Died at La Navidad. Salary was paid on July 9, 1510 to his widow, Leonor Alonso.^[4]
Alonso de Palos	Palos	Possibly the Pinta	Grumete	Returned on the Second Voyage aboard the Colina.^[4]
Alvaro		Possibly the Pinta	Sailor	Nephew of Gil Peres.^[4]
Andrés de Huelva	Huelva	Niña or Santa María	Grumete	Died at La Navidad. Salary was paid to La Rábida monastery which he had left as his heir.^[4]
Andrés de Yevenes	Huelva	Niña or Pinta	Grumete	Advance payment was given to one Juan Reynal, of unknown relation.^[4]
Antonio de Cuéllar	Cuéllar	Niña or Santa María	Sailor	Died at La Navidad. Salary was paid on March 27, 1515 to his heir, Fernando de Losa.^[4]
Antón Calabrés	Unknown	Likely the Pinta	Sailor	Listed as a servant of Martín Pinzón. Returned on the Second Voyage aboard the Marigalante.^[4]
Bartolomé Biues	Palos	Likely the Niña or Pinta	Sailor	Alternatively written Bives or Vives.^[4]
Bartolomé García	Palos	Niña	Boatswain	Returned on the second voyage aboard the Niña. One Bartolomé García is listed as having died on the Fourth Voyage.^[4]
Bartolomé Roldan	Moguer	Niña	Apprentice Pilot	Returned on the Second and Third Voyages, becoming a famed landowner in Santo Domingo. Appeared as a witness in the Colombian Lawsuits.^[4]
Bartolomé de Torres	Palos	Santa María	Criminal	Convict sentenced to death for the murder of Juan Martin half a year before the voyage.^{[note 3]} Returned with Returned with Columbus to Barcelona and received a pardon for his service dated May 26, 1493. Served on the Second Voyage as a crossbowman, then returned to Spain in 1496.^[4]
Bernal	Unknown	Pinta	Grumete	Listed as a servant of Martín Pinzón.^[4]
Cristóbal Caro	Unknown	Santa María	Grumete/Silversmith	Accrued a debt during the voyage to Martín de Urtubia, a sailor who died at La Navidad. A document dated to May 13, 1514 ordered his payment of the debt to Martín's mother.^[4]
Cristóbal Quintero	Likely Palos	Pinta	Owner of the Pinta	Was apparently reluctant to go on the voyage, to the point of having a breakdown on the way to Gomera. Possibly returned on the Second Voyage and certainly on the Third. Served in the Third Italian War where he is said to have died in 1503.^[5]
Cristóbal García Sarmiento	Unknown	Pinta	Pilot	Returned on the Second Voyage according to payrolls. Nothing is recorded of him after 1500.^[5]
Chanchu/Chachu	Lekeitio	Santa María	Boatswain	Died at La Navidad. Salary was paid on November 15, 1513 to the Attorney Martín Pérez de Licona on behalf of his mother, Catalina de Deva.^[5]
Master Diego	Likely Palos	Possibly the Pinta	Apothecary?	Thought to be an Apothecary, as there was already a Physician (Master Alonso) and a Surgeon (Master Juan) aboard.^{[note 4]} Mentioned only in the Diario's November 5th entry.^[5]
Diego de Arana	Córdoba	Santa María	Alguacil	Died at La Navidad where Columbus had appointed him leader. Cousin of Beatriz Enríquez, Columbus's lover and mother of his second child. Salary was paid in August 1513 to his daughter, Catalina Enryques de Arana.^[5]
Diego Bermúdez	Palos	Unknown	Grumete (Page?)	Appeared as a witness in the Colombian Lawsuits in 1515. Mentioned as deceased in 1536.^[5]
Diego Leal	Moguer	Unknown	Grumete	Returned on the Second Voyage. Listed in 1514 as owning an Encomienda in Santo Domingo.^[5]
Diego Lorenzo	Huelva	Niña	Alguacil	Died at La Navidad. Salary was paid on March 31, 1508 to his widow, a noblewoman named Franca.^[5]
Diego Pérez	Murcia	Niña or Santa María	Painter	Died at La Navidad. Salary was paid on September 21, 1501 to his unspecified heirs.^[5]

The Atlantic and Canary Islands

The Bahamas

San Salvador

Santa Maria

Ferdandina

Isabella

Islas de Arena

Cuba

Charting Cuba

Rio de Mares

Puerto Principe

Separation of the Pinta

Hispaniola

Return to Spain

Aftermath

Legacy

Notes

^ Possibly Vejer de la Frontera
^ Crew listed aboard the Santa María who did not remain at La Navidad are assumed to have made the return journey aboard the Niña.
^ Torres's pardon indicates he had asked Martin a question, after which he stabbed the Crier to death. Further details are unknown, but Juan Martin's relatives claimed he had some share in the blame himself.
^ A trained trio consisting of a Physician, Surgeon, and Apothecary was viewed as a necessity on long ocean voyages of the time.

References

^ Blache Gould, Alice (1920). "Nuevos datos sobre Colón y otros descubridores" [New Data about Columbus and other discoverers]. Bulletin of the Royal Academy of History (in Spanish). 76: 201–214 – via Miguel de Cervantes Virtual Library.
^ Blache Gould, Alice (1924). "Nueva lista documentada de los tripulantes de Colón en 1492" [New documented list of Columbus's crew in 1492]. Bulletin of the Royal Academy of History (in Spanish). 85 (1): 34–49 – via Miguel de Cervantes Virtual Library.
^ Blache Gould, Alice (1924). "Nueva lista documentada de los tripulantes de Colón en 1492" [New documented list of Columbus's crew in 1492]. Bulletin of the Royal Academy of History. 85 (2): 145–159 – via Miguel de Cervantes Virtual Library.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q Blache Gould, Alice (1924). "Nueva lista documentada de los tripulantes de Colón en 1492" [New documented list of Columbus's crew in 1492]. Bulletin of the Royal Academy of History (in Spanish). 85 (3): 353–379 – via Miguel de Cervantes Virtual Library.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k Blache Gould, Alice (1925). "Nueva lista documentada de los tripulantes de Colón en 1492" [New documented list of Columbus's crew in 1492]. Bulletin of the Royal Academy of History (in Spanish). 86 (4): 491–532 – via Miguel de Cervantes Virtual Library.

[6] Possibly Vejer de la Frontera

[7] Crew listed aboard the Santa María who did not remain at La Navidad are assumed to have made the return journey aboard the Niña.

[8] Torres's pardon indicates he had asked Martin a question, after which he stabbed the Crier to death. Further details are unknown, but Juan Martin's relatives claimed he had some share in the blame himself.

[9] A trained trio consisting of a Physician, Surgeon, and Apothecary was viewed as a necessity on long ocean voyages of the time.

[1] Blache Gould, Alice (1920). "Nuevos datos sobre Colón y otros descubridores" [New Data about Columbus and other discoverers]. Bulletin of the Royal Academy of History (in Spanish). 76: 201–214 – via Miguel de Cervantes Virtual Library.

[2] Blache Gould, Alice (1924). "Nueva lista documentada de los tripulantes de Colón en 1492" [New documented list of Columbus's crew in 1492]. Bulletin of the Royal Academy of History (in Spanish). 85 (1): 34–49 – via Miguel de Cervantes Virtual Library.

[3] Blache Gould, Alice (1924). "Nueva lista documentada de los tripulantes de Colón en 1492" [New documented list of Columbus's crew in 1492]. Bulletin of the Royal Academy of History. 85 (2): 145–159 – via Miguel de Cervantes Virtual Library.

[:0-4] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q Blache Gould, Alice (1924). "Nueva lista documentada de los tripulantes de Colón en 1492" [New documented list of Columbus's crew in 1492]. Bulletin of the Royal Academy of History (in Spanish). 85 (3): 353–379 – via Miguel de Cervantes Virtual Library.

[:1-5] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k Blache Gould, Alice (1925). "Nueva lista documentada de los tripulantes de Colón en 1492" [New documented list of Columbus's crew in 1492]. Bulletin of the Royal Academy of History (in Spanish). 86 (4): 491–532 – via Miguel de Cervantes Virtual Library.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[note 1]

[note 2]

[note 3]

[note 4]