Dnepr (rocket)

Dnepr (Dnipro/Konversiya)
Function	Orbital carrier rocket
Manufacturer	Yuzhny Machine-Building Plant
Country of origin	Soviet Union (Ukraine)
Size
Height	34.3 metres (113 ft)
Diameter	3 metres (9.8 ft)
Mass	211,000 kilograms (465,000 lb)
Stages	3 (4 or 5 with SpaceTug upper stages)
Capacity
Payload to LEO
Mass	4,500 kilograms (9,900 lb)
Payload to the ISS
Mass	3,200 kilograms (7,100 lb)
Payload to TLI
Mass	550 kilograms (1,210 lb) (with ST-1)
Associated rockets
Based on	R-36M;
Launch history
Status	Active
Launch sites	LC-109, Baikonur; Yasny
Total launches	13
Success(es)	12
Failure(s)	1
First flight	21 April 1999
Powered by	1 RD-264
Maximum thrust	4,520 kilonewtons (1,020,000 lbf)
Specific impulse	318 s
Burn time	130 seconds
Propellant	N2O4/UDMH
Powered by	1 RD-0255
Maximum thrust	755 kilonewtons (170,000 lbf)
Specific impulse	340 sec
Burn time	190 seconds
Propellant	N2O4/UDMH
Powered by	1 RD-869
Maximum thrust	18.6 kilonewtons (4,200 lbf)
Specific impulse	317 sec
Burn time	1,000 seconds
Propellant	N2O4/UDMH
SpaceTug 1
Powered by	1 Solid
Propellant	Solid
SpaceTug 3
Powered by	1 Liquid
Propellant	N2O4/UDMH
	[edit on Wikidata]

Template:Launching/Dnepr

The Dnepr rocket ([Дніпро, Dnipro] Error: {{Lang-xx}}: text has italic markup (help); [Днепр, Dnepr] Error: {{Lang-xx}}: text has italic markup (help)) is a space launch vehicle named after the Dnieper River. It is a converted ICBM used for launching artificial satellites into orbit, operated by launch service provider ISC Kosmotras. The first launch, on April 21, 1999, successfully placed UoSAT-12, a 350 kg demonstration mini-satellite, into a 650 km circular LEO.^[1]^[2]

Converted missile

The Dnepr is based on the R-36MUTTH ICBM– called the SS-18 Satan by NATO– designed by the Yuzhnoe Design Bureau in Dnipropetrovsk, Ukraine. The Dnepr is three-stage rocket using storable hypergolic liquid propellants. The launch vehicles used for satellite launches are withdrawn from service with the Russian Strategic Rocket Forces and stored for commercial use. A group of 150 ICBMs can be converted for use and are available until 2020. The Dnepr can be launched from Baikonur in Kazakhstan and a newly created Cosmodrome at the Dombarovsky launch base, near Yasny, in the Orenburg region of Russia.

Performance

The Dnepr launch vehicle has only a small number of modifications compared to the R-36M ICBM in service. The main difference is the payload adapter located in the space head module and modified flight-control unit. This baseline version can lift 3,600 kg into a 300 km low earth orbit at an inclination of 50.6°, or 2,300 kg to a 300 km sun-synchronous orbit at an inclination of 98.0°. On a typical mission the Dnepr deploys a larger main payload and a secondary payload of Miniaturized satellites and CubeSats. A number of Space Tugs are under development which will be placed inside the space head module, thereby sacrificing volume and payload but enabling orbits requiring more energy, including planetary escape orbits.

Launch history

Before the Dnepr entered commercial service it was in service with the Strategic Rocket Forces which launched the ICBM version over 160 times with a reliability of 97%. The rocket has been used twelve times for commercial purposes with a single failure.

Flight	Date	Payload	Orbit	Site
1	April 21, 1999	UoSAT-12	650 km circular LEO at 65˚ inclination	Baikonur
2	September 26, 2000	MegSat-1 (Italy)/UniSat (Italy)/TiungSat-1 (Malaysia)/ SaudiSat-1A & SaudiSat 1B (Saudi Arabia)	650 km circular LEO at 65˚ inclination	Baikonur
3	December 20, 2002	LatinSat 1 & LatinSat 2 (Argentina)/SaudiSat-1S (Saudi Arabia)/UniSat 2 (Italy)/Rubin 2 (Germany)	650 km circular LEO at 65˚ inclination	Baikonur
4	June 29, 2004	Demeter (France)/ Saudicomsat-1, Saudicomsat 2 & Saudisat 2 (Saudi Arabia)/ LatinSat C & LatinSat D (Argentina)/ Unisat-3 (Italy)/ Amsat Echo (USA)	700 km × 850 km Sun-synchronic orbit at 98˚ inclination	Baikonur
5	August 24, 2005	OICETS & INDEX (Japan)	600 km × 50 km Sun-synchronic orbit at 98˚ inclination	Baikonur
6	July 12, 2006	Genesis I (USA)	560 km circular LEO at 65˚ inclination	Yasny
7	July 26, 2006	BelKA (Belarus)/ UniSat-4 & PiCPoT (Italy)/ Baumanets ( Russia)/ AeroCube-1, CP1, CP2, ICEcube-1, ICEcube-2, ION, KUTESat, Merope, Rincon 1, Mea Huaka`i (Voyager) & SACRED (USA)/HAUSAT-1 (South Korea)/Ncube-1 (Norway)/SEEDS (Japan)	failed to reach orbit	Baikonur
8	17 April, 2007	EgyptSat 1/SaudiSat 3/SaudiComSat 3-7 /AKS 1/AKS 2/Cal Poly Picosatellite Project 3 &4/CAPE 1/Libertad 1/AeroCube 2/CubeSat TestBed 1/MAST	692 km × 665 km Sun synchronous orbit at 98˚ inclination^[3]	Baikonur
9	15 June, 2007	TerraSAR-X	514 km circular LEO at 97˚ inclination^[4]	Baikonur
10	28 June, 2007	Genesis II	560 km circular LEO at 65˚ inclination	Yasny
11	2008-08-29	RapidEye 1/2/3/4/5	^[5]	Baikonur
12	1 October 2008	THEOS	SSO	Yasny
13	July 29, 2009	DubaiSat-1/Deimos-1/UK-DMC 2/Nanosat 1B/AprizeSat-3/AprizeSat-4	SSO	Baikonur
Planned launches
14	July, 2009	[Cluster launch]	planned	Yasny
15	October, 2009	Tandem-X	planned	Baikonur
16	November, 2009	[Cryosat-2]	planned	Baikonur
17	March, 2010	[Sitch 2 cluster launch]	planned	Yasny

Launch failure

The committee investigating the failed launch on July 26, 2006 concluded that the failure was caused by a malfunctioning of the pumping hydraulic drive of combustion chamber #4. The control malfunctioning brought about the disturbances, which led to the roll instability, excessive dispersions of the yaw and pitch angles. Thrust termination occurred at 74 seconds after lift off. The crash site was located 150 km from the launch pad in an unpopulated area of Kazakhstan. Toxic propellants did pollute the crash site, forcing Russia to pay US$1.1m in compensation^[6]. The rocket used for this launch was more than twenty years old. Procedures for launch have been changed to prevent future malfunctions of this kind.

References

^ "The Dnepr launcher". RussianSpaceWeb.com.
^ "UoSAT-12 Integrates with Dnepr for Launch on 21 April". Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd.
^ "EgyptSat 1/Saudisat-3 launch details" (in Russian). Roskosmos.
^ "TerraSAR-X launch details" (in Russian). Roskosmos.
^ "Five RapidEye remote sensing satellites launched". Spaceflight Now.
^ "Russia to pay Kazakhstan over US$1 million in compensation for damage from rocket crash". International Herald Tribune. 2006-10-03.

External links

"Kosmotras launch service provider".
"DNEPR User's guide" (PDF). MIT. November 2001. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
"Astronautix entry - R-36M2".
"Space Calendar (JPL)". NASA.

[1] "The Dnepr launcher". RussianSpaceWeb.com.

[2] "UoSAT-12 Integrates with Dnepr for Launch on 21 April". Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd.

[3] "EgyptSat 1/Saudisat-3 launch details" (in Russian). Roskosmos.

[4] "TerraSAR-X launch details" (in Russian). Roskosmos.

[5] "Five RapidEye remote sensing satellites launched". Spaceflight Now.

[6] "Russia to pay Kazakhstan over US$1 million in compensation for damage from rocket crash". International Herald Tribune. 2006-10-03.

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v t e Soviet and Russian launch vehicles
Active	Angara 1.2 A5 Soyuz-2 2.1a 2.1b 2-1v UR Proton-M
In development	Amur Irtysh Yenisei
Retired	Dnepr Energia Kosmos 1 2I 3 3M N1 R-7 Luna Molniya M L Polyot Soyuz original L M U U2 FG Soyuz/Vostok Sputnik Voskhod Vostok L K 2 2M R-29 Shtil' Volna Start-1 Tsyklon original 2 3 UR UR-500 Proton-K Rokot Strela Zenit 2 2M 3SL 3SLB 3F
Cancelled (no launch attempts)	Tsyklon-4 Proton Light Medium

v t e Orbital launch systems
List of orbital launch systems Comparison of orbital launch systems
Current	Angara 1.2 A5 Ariane 6 Atlas V Ceres 1 1S Chollima-1 Electron Falcon 9 Block 5 Falcon Heavy Firefly Alpha Gravity-1 GSLV H-IIA H3 Hyperbola-1 Jielong 1 3 KAIROS^† Kaituozhe 2 Kinetica 1 Kuaizhou 1 1A 11 Long March 2C 2D 2F 3A 3B/E 3C 4B 4C 5 5B 6 6A 7 7A 8 11 11H LVM3 Minotaur I IV V C Nuri OS-M1^† Pegasus XL Proton-M PSLV Qaem 100 Qased RS1^† Shavit 2 Simorgh SLS Block 1 Soyuz-2 2.1a / STA 2.1b / STB 2-1v SSLV Starship Tianlong-2 Unha Vega C Vulcan Centaur Zhuque 2
In development	Antares 330 Bloostar Cyclone-4M Deca Epsilon S Eris Gravity-2 Hyperbola-2 Irtysh Kuaizhou 21 31 Long March 9 10 12 Miura 5 MLV Neutron New Glenn New Line 1 NGLV Nova OS-M 2 4 Orbex Prime Pallas-1 Red Dwarf SLS Block 1B Block 2 Soyuz-7 Terran R Tianlong-3 VLM Vega E Zero Zhuque 3 Zuljanah
Retired	Antares 110 120 130^† 230 230+ Ariane 1 2 3 4 5 ASLV Athena I II Atlas B D E/F G H I II III LV-3B SLV-3 Able^† Agena Centaur Black Arrow Conestoga^† Delta A B C D E G J L M N 0100 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 II III IV IV Heavy Diamant Dnepr Energia Epsilon Europa I^† II^† Falcon 1 Falcon 9 v1.0 v1.1 v1.2 "Full Thrust" Feng Bao 1 GSLV Mk I H-I H-II H-IIB Juno I Juno II Kaituozhe-1 Kosmos original 1 2/2I 3 3M Lambda 4S LauncherOne Long March 1 1D^† 2A 2E 3 3B 4A Mu 4S 3C 3H 3S 3SII V N1^† N-I N-II Naro-1 Paektusan^† Pilot-2^† R-7 Luna Molniya M L Polyot Soyuz original FG L M U U2 Soyuz/Vostok Sputnik Voskhod Vostok L K 2 2M R-29 Shtil' Volna^† Rocket 3 Safir 1 1A 1B Saturn I IB V Scout X-1 Blue Scout II^† X-2^† X-2M X-3 X-3M X-4 X-2B^† B A B-1 D-1 A-1 E-1 F-1 G-1 Shavit original 1 SLV Space Shuttle SPARK^† Sparta SS-520 Start-1 Terran 1^† Thor Able Ablestar 1 2 Agena A B D Burner 1 2 Delta DSV-2U Thorad-Agena SLV-2G SLV-2H Titan II GLV IIIA IIIB IIIC IIID IIIE 34D 23G CT-3 IV Tsyklon R-36-O original 2 3 Universal Rocket UR-500 Proton Proton-K Rokot Strela Vanguard Vega original VLS-1^† Zenit 2 2M 2FG 3SL 3SLB 3F Zhuque 1^†
Classes	Sounding rocket Small-lift launch vehicle Medium-lift launch vehicle Heavy-lift launch vehicle Super heavy-lift launch vehicle
This Template lists historical, current, and future space rockets that at least once attempted (but not necessarily succeeded in) an orbital launch or that are planned to attempt such a launch in the future Symbol ^† indicates past or current rockets that attempted orbital launches but never succeeded (never did or has yet to perform a successful orbital launch)