Jump to content

List of African dinosaurs

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Dinosaurs of Africa)

This is a list of non-avian dinosaurs whose remains have been recovered in Africa. Africa has a rich fossil record. It is rich in Triassic and Early Jurassic dinosaurs. African dinosaurs from these time periods include Megapnosaurus, Dracovenator, Melanorosaurus, Massospondylus, Euskelosaurus, Heterodontosaurus, Abrictosaurus, and Lesothosaurus. In the Middle Jurassic, the sauropods Atlasaurus, Chebsaurus, Jobaria, and Spinophorosaurus, flourished, as well as the theropod Afrovenator. The Late Jurassic is well represented in Africa, mainly thanks to the spectacular Tendaguru Formation in Lindi Region of Tanzania. Veterupristisaurus, Ostafrikasaurus, Elaphrosaurus, Giraffatitan, Dicraeosaurus, Janenschia, Tornieria, Tendaguria, Kentrosaurus, and Dysalotosaurus are among the dinosaurs whose remains have been recovered from Tendaguru. This fauna seems to show strong similarities to that of the Morrison Formation in the United States and the Lourinha Formation in Portugal. For example, similar theropods, ornithopods and sauropods have been found in both the Tendaguru and the Morrison. This has important biogeographical implications.

The Early Cretaceous in Africa is known primarily from the northern part of the continent, particularly Niger. Suchomimus, Elrhazosaurus, Rebbachisaurus, Nigersaurus, Kryptops, Nqwebasaurus, and Paranthodon are some of the Early Cretaceous dinosaurs known from Africa. The Early Cretaceous was an important time for the dinosaurs of Africa because it was when Africa finally separated from South America, forming the South Atlantic Ocean. This was an important event because now the dinosaurs of Africa started developing endemism because of isolation. The Late Cretaceous of Africa is known mainly from North Africa. During the early part of the Late Cretaceous, North Africa was home to a rich dinosaur fauna. It includes Spinosaurus, Carcharodontosaurus, Rugops, Bahariasaurus, Deltadromeus, Paralititan, Aegyptosaurus, and Ouranosaurus.

Criteria for inclusion

[edit]

List of African dinosaurs

[edit]

Valid genera

[edit]
Name Year Formation Location Notes Images
Aardonyx 2010 Elliot Formation (Early Jurassic, Sinemurian)  South Africa Primarily bipedal but also capable of quadrupedal locomotion
Abrictosaurus 1975 Elliot Formation (Early Jurassic, Hettangian to Sinemurian)  Lesotho
 South Africa 		Known from two skulls, one of which possesses tusks, which may be an indication of sexual dimorphism[1]
Adratiklit 2020 El Mers Group (Middle Jurassic, Bathonian to Callovian?)  Morocco One of the oldest known stegosaurs. Related to Late Jurassic European forms despite its early age[2]
Aegyptosaurus 1932 Bahariya Formation, Continental intercalaire?, Farak Formation? (Late Cretaceous, Cenomanian)  Egypt
 Niger? 		Its holotype specimen was destroyed in World War II
Afromimus 2017 Elrhaz Formation (Early Cretaceous, Aptian to Albian)  Niger Originally described as an African ornithomimosaur,[3] but later redescribed as a possible noasaurid[4]
Afrovenator 1994 Tiourarén Formation (Middle Jurassic to Late Jurassic, Bathonian to Oxfordian)  Niger Originally thought to hail from the Early Cretaceous
Ajnabia 2021 Ouled Abdoun Basin (Late Cretaceous, Maastrichtian)  Morocco The first hadrosaurid known from Africa. Closely related to European lambeosaurines[5]
Algoasaurus 1904 Kirkwood Formation (Early Cretaceous, Berriasian to Valanginian)  South Africa Today known from only a few bones. Several more may have been made into bricks before they could be studied[6]
Angolatitan 2011 Itombe Formation (Late Cretaceous, Coniacian)  Angola The first non-avian dinosaur described from Angola
Antetonitrus 2003 Elliot Formation (Early Jurassic, Hettangian)  South Africa Had weight-bearing adaptations in all its limbs, although its forelimbs retain adaptations for grasping
Arcusaurus 2011 Elliot Formation (Early Jurassic, Pliensbachian)  South Africa Combines traits of basal and advanced sauropodomorphs
Atlasaurus 1999 Guettioua Formation (Middle Jurassic, Bathonian to Callovian)  Morocco Possessed relatively elongated legs for a sauropod
Australodocus 2007 Tendaguru Formation (Late Jurassic, Kimmeridgian to Tithonian)  Tanzania Potentially an early euhelopodid[7]
Bahariasaurus 1934 Bahariya Formation, Farak Formation? (Late Cretaceous, Cenomanian to Turonian)  Egypt
 Niger? 		Large but known from very few remains
Berberosaurus 2007 Azilal Formation (Early Jurassic, Toarcian)  Morocco One of the oldest known ceratosaurs
Blikanasaurus 1985 Elliot Formation (Late Triassic, Norian)  South Africa A "hyper-robust" form that niche partitioned with other Late Triassic Elliot Formation sauropodomorphs[8]
Carcharodontosaurus 1931 Bahariya Formation, Chenini Formation?, Continental intercalaire, Echkar Formation, Elrhaz Formation?, Kem Kem Group, Wadi Milk Formation? (Late Cretaceous, Cenomanian)  Algeria
 Egypt
 Morocco
 Niger
 Sudan?
 Tunisia 		One of the largest carnivorous dinosaurs. Two species are known
Chebsaurus 2005 Aïssa Formation (Middle Jurassic, Callovian)  Algeria Known from two juvenile specimens
Chenanisaurus 2017 Ouled Abdoun Basin (Late Cretaceous, Maastrichtian)  Morocco Potentially represents a lineage of abelisaurids endemic to Africa
Cristatusaurus 1998 Elrhaz Formation (Early Cretaceous, Aptian to Albian)  Niger Usually seen as a synonym of Suchomimus, although some studies consider it to be a valid genus[9]
Deltadromeus 1996 Kem Kem Group (Late Cretaceous, Cenomanian)  Morocco Its precise phylogenetic position has been historically unstable, with multiple interpretations being suggested in the scientific literature[10][11][12][13]
Dicraeosaurus 1914 Tendaguru Formation (Late Jurassic, Kimmeridgian to Tithonian)  Tanzania A short-necked, low-browsing sauropod. Two species are known
Dracovenator 2005 Elliot Formation (Early Jurassic, Hettangian)  South Africa Only known from fragments of a skull, but those are enough to tell that it was related to Dilophosaurus
Dysalotosaurus 1919 Tendaguru Formation (Late Jurassic, Kimmeridgian)  Tanzania Known from multiple remains that revealed much about its life history,[14] diet[15] and even disease[16]
Elaphrosaurus 1920 Tendaguru Formation (Late Jurassic, Kimmeridgian)  Tanzania Possessed a relatively shallow chest for a medium-sized theropod
Elrhazosaurus 2009 Elrhaz Formation (Early Cretaceous, Aptian)  Niger Closely related to Valdosaurus
Eocarcharia 2008 Elrhaz Formation (Early Cretaceous, Albian)  Niger Its frontal bone was swollen into a thick band, which gave it a menacing glare
Eocursor 2007 Elliot Formation (Early Jurassic, Sinemurian)  South Africa One of the most completely known early ornithischians
Eucnemesaurus 1920 Elliot Formation (Late Triassic, Carnian to Norian)  South Africa Some fossils assigned to this genus were originally interpreted as those of a giant herrerasaurid
Euskelosaurus 1866 Elliot Formation (Late Triassic, Norian to Rhaetian)  Lesotho
 South Africa
 Zimbabwe 		Originally thought to have been bow-legged
Geranosaurus 1911 Clarens Formation (Early Jurassic, Pliensbachian to Toarcian)  South Africa Poorly known but potentially a heterodontosaurid
Giraffatitan 1988 Tendaguru Formation (Late Jurassic, Kimmeridgian to Tithonian)  Tanzania Popularly associated with Brachiosaurus but several differences between the two have been noted[17]
Gryponyx 1911 Elliot Formation (Early Jurassic, Hettangian to Sinemurian)  South Africa Although usually seen as a synonym of Massospondylus, at least one study has found it to be distantly related[18]
Heterodontosaurus 1962 Clarens Formation, Elliot Formation (Early Jurassic, Hettangian to Sinemurian)  South Africa Possessed three types of teeth, including analogues of incisors and tusks, as well as a keratinous beak
Igai 2023 Quseir Formation (Late Cretaceous, Campanian)  Egypt More closely related to European titanosaurs than to southern African ones
Ignavusaurus 2010 Elliot Formation (Early Jurassic, Hettangian)  Lesotho Only known from a single, mostly articulated juvenile skeleton with a badly crushed skull
Inosaurus 1960 Bahariya Formation?, Eckhar Formation?, Tegama Group? (Early Cretaceous, Albian?)  Egypt?
 Niger 		Very poorly known
Iyuku 2022 Kirkwood Formation (Early Cretaceous, Valanginian)  South Africa Uniquely known from an assemblage of mostly hatchling and juvenile fossils
Janenschia 1991 Tendaguru Formation (Late Jurassic, Kimmeridgian to Tithonian)  Tanzania Potentially a close relative of Bellusaurus, Haestasaurus and Tehuelchesaurus, all of which may form a unique clade of eusauropods with possible turiasaur affinities[7][19][20]
Jobaria 1999 Tiourarén Formation (Middle Jurassic to Late Jurassic, Bathonian to Oxfordian)  Niger Known from an almost complete skeleton
Kangnasaurus 1915 Kalahari Deposits Formation (Early Cretaceous, Aptian)  South Africa Comparisons have been made with dryosaurids[21] but at least two studies suggest a position within Elasmaria[22][23]
Karongasaurus 2005 Dinosaur Beds (Early Cretaceous, Aptian)  Malawi Described from only a mandible and isolated teeth
Kentrosaurus 1915 Tendaguru Formation (Late Jurassic, Kimmeridgian to Tithonian)  Tanzania Possessed two rows of plates that gradually transitioned into spikes towards the tail, as well as a long spike on each shoulder
Kholumolumo 2020 Elliot Formation (Late Triassic, Norian)  Lesotho Before its formal description, it had been informally referred to as "Kholumolumosaurus" and "Thotobolosaurus". The latter name means "trash heap lizard" in Sesotho, referring to how the holotype was originally found close to a trash heap
Kryptops 2008 Elrhaz Formation (Early Cretaceous, Aptian to Albian)  Niger Postcranial remains referred to this genus may have instead come from a carcharodontosaurid[24]
Ledumahadi 2018 Elliot Formation (Early Jurassic, Hettangian to Sinemurian)  South Africa One of the largest Early Jurassic dinosaurs, estimated as weighing 12 tonnes (26,000 lb) despite lacking columnar limbs like later sauropods[25]
Lesothosaurus 1978 Clarens Formation, Elliot Formation (Early Jurassic, Hettangian to Sinemurian)  Lesotho
 South Africa 		Possibly an opportunistic omnivore, feeding on meat during seasons when plants are not available[26]
Lurdusaurus 1999 Elrhaz Formation (Early Cretaceous, Aptian to Albian)  Niger The proportions of its body and limbs suggest it may have been a semiaquatic herbivore similar to a hippopotamus[27]
Lycorhinus 1924 Elliot Formation (Early Jurassic, Hettangian to Sinemurian)  South Africa Originally misidentified as a cynodont
Malawisaurus 1993 Dinosaur Beds (Early Cretaceous, Aptian)  Malawi Known from abundant material, including elements from the skull and osteoderms, but they may not represent a single taxon[28]
Mansourasaurus 2018 Quseir Formation (Late Cretaceous, Campanian)  Egypt One of the few Late Cretaceous sauropods known from Africa[29]
Massospondylus 1854 Bushveld Sandstone, Clarens Formation, Elliot Formation, Forest Sandstone (Early Jurassic, Hettangian to Pliensbachian)  Lesotho
 South Africa
 Zimbabwe 		Abundant remains have been discovered. Several specimens were once assigned to their own genera and species
Mbiresaurus 2022 Pebbly Arkose Formation (Late Triassic, Carnian)  Zimbabwe One of the oldest dinosaurs known from Africa. Its discovery proves that the earliest dinosaurs were restricted to high latitudes[30]
Melanorosaurus 1924 Elliot Formation (Late Triassic, Norian)  South Africa A robust, quadrupedal herbivore. Some specimens assigned to this genus may not represent the same taxon[8]
Meroktenos 2016 Elliot Formation (Late Triassic, Norian to Rhaetian)  Lesotho Its femur was unusually robust for an animal of its size
Minqaria 2024 Ouled Abdoun Basin (Late Cretaceous, Maastrichtian)  Morocco Known from a partial skull
Mnyamawamtuka 2019 Galula Formation (Early Cretaceous to Late Cretaceous, Aptian to Cenomanian)  Tanzania Its specific name, moyowamkia, is Kiswahili for "heart tail", which references the heart-shaped cross-section of its caudal vertebrae
Musankwa 2024 Pebbly Arkose Formation, (Late Triassic, Norian)  Zimbabwe The fourth dinosaur genus to be named from Zimbabwe
Ngwevu 2019 Clarens Formation (Early Jurassic, Pliensbachian to Toarcian)  South Africa Known from a skull originally assigned to Massospondylus. It was assigned to its own genus based on its unique proportions
Nigersaurus 1999 Elrhaz Formation (Early Cretaceous, Aptian to Albian)  Niger All of its teeth were at the front of its jaws, which were wider than the rest of its skull, an adaptation to low browsing
Nqwebasaurus 2000 Kirkwood Formation (Early Cretaceous, Berriasian)  South Africa The first non-avian coelurosaur named from mainland Africa
Orosaurus 1867 Elliot Formation? (Late Triassic, Norian to Rhaetian)  South Africa Probably a synonym of Euskelosaurus
Ostafrikasaurus 2012 Tendaguru Formation (Late Jurassic, Tithonian)  Tanzania Described from a single tooth as an early spinosaurid[31] but ceratosaurid affinities have also been proposed[32]
Ouranosaurus 1976 Elrhaz Formation (Early Cretaceous, Aptian)  Niger Had long neural spines that projected from its vertebrae, which may have supported a sail or hump in life
Paralititan 2001 Bahariya Formation (Late Cretaceous, Cenomanian)  Egypt Would have lived in a tidal flat environment dominated by mangroves
Paranthodon 1929 Kirkwood Formation (Early Cretaceous, Berriasian to Valanginian)  South Africa Although only known from fragmentary specimens, they are enough to tell that it was a stegosaur
Pegomastax 2012 Elliot Formation (Early Jurassic, Sinemurian)  South Africa The morphology of its jaws and beak suggests a diet of tough plants
Plateosauravus 1932 Elliot Formation (Late Triassic, Norian)  South Africa Known from multiple specimens, including those of juveniles
Pulanesaura 2015 Elliot Formation (Early Jurassic, Hettangian to Sinemurian)  South Africa A low browser that lacked the extremely long neck of later sauropods
Rebbachisaurus 1954 Kem Kem Group (Late Cretaceous, Cenomanian)  Morocco Carried a row of elongated neural spines, which would have supported a ridge or low sail on its back
Rugops 2004 Echkar Formation (Late Cretaceous, Cenomanian)  Niger Preserves two rows of holes on the top of its skull, which may have anchored a display structure[33] or an armor-like dermis[34]
Rukwatitan 2014 Galula Formation (Early Cretaceous to Late Cretaceous, Albian to Cenomanian)  Tanzania One of the few titanosaurs known from central Africa, filling in a gap in their evolutionary history
Sauroniops 2012 Kem Kem Group (Late Cretaceous, Cenomanian)  Morocco Only known from a single, thickened frontal. Suggested to be a synonym of Carcharodontosaurus[13] but this has been refuted[35]
Sefapanosaurus 2015 Elliot Formation (Early Jurassic, Hettangian)  South Africa Had a distinctive cross-shaped astragalus
Shingopana 2017 Galula Formation (Late Cretaceous, Campanian to Maastrichtian)  Tanzania Most closely related to South American titanosaurs
Spicomellus 2021 El Mers Group (Middle Jurassic, Bathonian to Callovian)  Morocco The oldest ankylosaur known and the first one from Africa. Uniquely, its osteoderms were fused directly to its ribs
Spinophorosaurus 2009 Irhazer Shale (Middle Jurassic, Bajocian to Bathonian)  Niger Originally described as possessing a "thagomizer" similar to those of stegosaurs,[36] but these turned out to be misidentified clavicles.[37] A high browser with tall shoulders and an elevated neck[38]
Spinosaurus 1915 Bahariya Formation, Chenini Formation, Kem Kem Group (Late Cretaceous, Cenomanian)  Algeria
 Egypt
 Morocco
 Tunisia 		Possessed a myriad of features that have been suggested to be evidence of a semiaquatic lifestyle, including webbed feet[39] and a paddle-like tail.[40] However, it is debated if it was a marine piscivore[41] or a shoreline generalist[42]
Spinostropheus 2004 Tiourarén Formation (Middle Jurassic to Late Jurassic, Bathonian to Oxfordian)  Niger Although often considered a close relative of Elaphrosaurus, these inferences are based on a specimen that cannot actually be referred to this genus[43]
Suchomimus 1998 Elrhaz Formation (Early Cretaceous, Barremian to Albian)  Niger Similar to Baryonyx but with a low sail on its back
Tataouinea 2013 Aïn el Guettar Formation (Early Cretaceous, Albian)  Tunisia Its bones were extensively pneumatized, supporting the theory that sauropods had bird-like respiratory systems
Tazoudasaurus 2004 Azilal Formation (Early Jurassic, Toarcian)  Morocco One of the few Early Jurassic sauropods known from reasonably complete remains
Tendaguria 2000 Tendaguru Formation (Late Jurassic, Tithonian)  Tanzania The first definitive turiasaur known from Africa[7]
Thyreosaurus 2024 El Mers Group (Middle Jurassic, Bathonian to Callovian?)  Morocco May have possessed a recumbent dermal armor, an unusual feature among stegosaurs[44]
Tornieria 1911 Tendaguru Formation (Late Jurassic, Kimmeridgian to Tithonian)  Tanzania Has been assigned to different genera throughout its history
Veterupristisaurus 2011 Tendaguru Formation (Late Jurassic, Kimmeridgian to Tithonian)  Tanzania Known from a few vertebrae somewhat similar to those of Acrocanthosaurus
Vulcanodon 1972 Forest Sandstone (Early Jurassic, Sinemurian to Pliensbachian)  Zimbabwe Theropod teeth were found associated with the holotype
Wamweracaudia 2019 Tendaguru Formation (Late Jurassic, Tithonian)  Tanzania The first definitive mamenchisaurid known from outside Asia

Invalid and potentially valid genera

[edit]

Timeline

[edit]

This is a timeline of selected dinosaurs from the list above. Time is measured in mya along the x-axis.

MesozoicTriassicJurassicCretaceousRugopsChenanisaurusDeltadromeusBahariasaurusAegyptosaurusSigilmassasaurusParalititanCarcharodontosaurusRebbachisaurusSpinosaurusNigersaurusOuranosaurusEocarchariaKryptopsSuchomimusCristatusaurusLurdusaurusJobariaNqwebasaurusValdosaurusParanthodonTendaguriaMalawisaurusGiraffatitanElaphrosaurusTornieriaAustralodocusCeratosaurusKentrosaurusDysalotosaurusJanenschiaDicraeosaurusSpinostropheusAfrovenatorChebsaurusAtlasaurusSpicomellusAdratiklitBerberosaurusGyposaurusDracovenatorMegapnosaurusLesothosaurusLanasaurusLycorhinusHeterodontosaurusAbrictosaurusMassospondylusStormbergiaTazoudasaurusEocursorVulcanodonPlateosauravusMelanorosaurusEuskelosaurusEucnemesaurusBlikanasaurusAntetonitrusMesozoicTriassicJurassicCretaceous

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Weishampel, D.B.; Witmer, L.M. (1990). "Heterodontosauridae". In Osmólska, H.; Dodson, P.; Weishampel, W.B. (eds.). The Dinosauria. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 486–497. ISBN 978-0-520-06726-4. OCLC 20670312.
  2. ^ Maidment, Susannah C. R.; Raven, Thomas J.; Ouarhache, Driss; Barrett, Paul M. (2020). "North Africa's first stegosaur: Implications for Gondwanan thyreophoran dinosaur diversity". Gondwana Research. 77: 82–97. doi:10.1016/j.gr.2019.07.007. hdl:10141/622706. ISSN 1342-937X.
  3. ^ Sereno, P. (2017). "Early Cretaceous ornithomimosaurs (Dinosauria: Coelurosauria) from Africa". Ameghiniana. 54 (5): 576–616. doi:10.5710/AMGH.23.10.2017.3155. S2CID 134718338.
  4. ^ Cerroni, M.A.; Agnolin, F.L.; Brissón Egli, F.; Novas, F.E. (2019). "The phylogenetic position of Afromimus tenerensis Sereno, 2017 and its paleobiogeographical implications". Journal of African Earth Sciences. 159: 103572. Bibcode:2019JAfES.15903572C. doi:10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2019.103572. S2CID 201352476.
  5. ^ Longrich, Nicholas R.; Suberbiola, Xabier Pereda; Pyron, R. Alexander; Jalil, Nour-Eddine (2020). "The first duckbill dinosaur (Hadrosauridae: Lambeosaurinae) from Africa and the role of oceanic dispersal in dinosaur biogeography". Cretaceous Research. 120: 104678. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2020.104678. S2CID 228807024.
  6. ^ Don Lessem; Donald F. Glut (1993). The Dinosaur Society's dinosaur encyclopedia. Tracy Ford (illus.) ... [et al.] ; scientific advisors, Peter Dodson (1st. ed.). New York: Random House. p. 16. ISBN 0-679-41770-2.
  7. ^ a b c Mannion, P. D.; Upchurch, P.; Schwarz, D.; Wings, O. (2019). "Taxonomic affinities of the putative titanosaurs from the Late Jurassic Tendaguru Formation of Tanzania: phylogenetic and biogeographic implications for eusauropod dinosaur evolution". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 185 (3): 784–909. doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zly068. hdl:10044/1/64080.
  8. ^ a b Mcphee, Blair W.; Bordy, Emese M.; Sciscio, Lara; Choiniere, Jonah N. (2017). "The sauropodomorph biostratigraphy of the Elliot Formation of southern Africa: Tracking the evolution of Sauropodomorpha across the Triassic–Jurassic boundary". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 62 (3): 441–465. doi:10.4202/app.00377.2017.
  9. ^ Lacerda, Mauro B.S.; Grillo, Orlando N.; Romano, Pedro S.R. (2021). "Rostral morphology of Spinosauridae (Theropoda, Megalosauroidea): Premaxilla shape variation and a new phylogenetic inference". Historical Biology. 34 (11): 2089–2109. doi:10.1080/08912963.2021.2000974. S2CID 244418803.
  10. ^ Sereno Dutheil; Iarochene Larsson; Lyon Magwene; Sidor Varricchio; Wilson (1996). "Predatory Dinosaurs from the Sahara and Late Cretaceous Faunal Differentiation" (PDF). Science. 272 (5264): 986–991. Bibcode:1996Sci...272..986S. doi:10.1126/science.272.5264.986. PMID 8662584. S2CID 39658297.
  11. ^ Sebastián Apesteguía; Nathan D. Smith; Rubén Juárez Valieri; Peter J. Makovicky (2016). "An Unusual New Theropod with a Didactyl Manus from the Upper Cretaceous of Patagonia, Argentina". PLOS ONE. 11 (7): e0157793. Bibcode:2016PLoSO..1157793A. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0157793. PMC 4943716. PMID 27410683.
  12. ^ Matías J. Motta; Alexis M. Aranciaga Rolando; Sebastián Rozadilla; Federico E. Agnolín; Nicolás R. Chimento; Federico Brissón Egli & Fernando E. Novas (2016). "New theropod fauna from the Upper Cretaceous (Huincul Formation) of northwestern Patagonia, Argentina". New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin. 71: 231–253.
  13. ^ a b Ibrahim, Nizar; Sereno, Paul C.; Varricchio, David J.; Martill, David M.; Dutheil, Didier B.; Unwin, David M.; Baidder, Lahssen; Larsson, Hans C. E.; Zouhri, Samir; Kaoukaya, Abdelhadi (2020-04-21). "Geology and paleontology of the Upper Cretaceous Kem Kem Group of eastern Morocco". ZooKeys (928): 1–216. doi:10.3897/zookeys.928.47517. ISSN 1313-2970. PMC 7188693. PMID 32362741.
  14. ^ Hübner, T.R. (2012). Laudet, V. (ed.). "Bone histology in Dysalotosaurus lettowvorbecki (Ornithischia: Iguanodontia)--variation, growth, and implications". PLOS ONE. 7 (1): e29958. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...729958H. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0029958. PMC 3253128. PMID 22238683.
  15. ^ Hübner, T.R.; Rauhut, O.W.M. (2010). "A juvenile skull of Dysalotosaurus lettowvorbecki (Ornithischia: Iguanodontia), and implications for cranial ontogeny, phylogeny, and taxonomy in ornithopod dinosaurs". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 160 (2): 366–396. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2010.00620.x.
  16. ^ Witzmann, F.; Claeson, K.M.; Hampe, O.; Wieder, F.; Hilger, A.; Manke, I.; Niederhagen, M.; Rothschild, B.M.; Asbach, P. (2011). "Paget disease of bone in a Jurassic dinosaur". Current Biology. 21 (17): R647–8. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2011.08.006. PMID 21920291.
  17. ^ Taylor, M.P. (2009). "A Re-evaluation of Brachiosaurus altithorax Riggs 1903 (Dinosauria, Sauropod) and its generic separation from Giraffatitan brancai (Janensch 1914)" (PDF). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 29 (3): 787–806. doi:10.1671/039.029.0309. S2CID 15220647.
  18. ^ Yates, A. M.; Bonnan, M. F.; Neveling, J.; Chinsamy, A.; Blackbeard, M. G. (2010). "A new transitional sauropodomorph dinosaur from the Early Jurassic of South Africa and the evolution of sauropod feeding and quadrupedalism". Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 277 (1682): 787–794. doi:10.1098/rspb.2009.1440. PMC 2842739. PMID 19906674.
  19. ^ Daniela Schwarz; Philip Mannion; Oliver Wings; Christian Meyer (2020). "Re-description of the sauropod dinosaur Amanzia ("Ornithopsis/Cetiosauriscus") greppini n. gen. and other vertebrate remains from the Kimmeridgian (Late Jurassic) Reuchenette Formation of Moutier, Switzerland". Swiss Journal of Geosciences. 113. doi:10.1186/s00015-020-00355-5.
  20. ^ Mo, Jinyou; Ma, Feimin; Yu, Yilun; Xu, Xing (2022-12-09). "A New Titanosauriform Sauropod with An Unusual Tail from the Lower Cretaceous of Northeastern China". Cretaceous Research. 144: 105449. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2022.105449. ISSN 0195-6671. S2CID 254524890.
  21. ^ Ruiz-Omeñaca, José Ignacio; Pereda Suberbiola, Xavier; Galton, Peter M. (2007). "Callovosaurus leedsi, the earliest dryosaurid dinosaur (Ornithischia: Euornithopoda) from the Middle Jurassic of England". In Carpenter Kenneth (ed.). Horns and Beaks: Ceratopsian and Ornithopod Dinosaurs. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. pp. 3–16. ISBN 978-0-253-34817-3.
  22. ^ Dieudonné, P.-E.; Cruzado-Caballero, P.; Godefroit, P.; Tortosa, T. (2020-07-20). "A new phylogeny of cerapodan dinosaurs" (PDF). Historical Biology. 33 (10): 2335–2355. doi:10.1080/08912963.2020.1793979. ISSN 0891-2963. S2CID 221854017.
  23. ^ Rozadilla, Sebastián; Agnolín, Federico Lisandro; Novas, Fernando Emilio (2019-12-17). "Osteology of the Patagonian ornithopod Talenkauen santacrucensis (Dinosauria, Ornithischia)". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 17 (24): 2043–2089. doi:10.1080/14772019.2019.1582562. ISSN 1477-2019. S2CID 155344014.
  24. ^ Carrano, Matthew T.; Roger B. J. Benson; Scott D. Sampson (2012). "The phylogeny of Tetanurae (Dinosauria: Theropoda)". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 10 (2): 211–300. doi:10.1080/14772019.2011.630927. S2CID 85354215.
  25. ^ McPhee, Blair W.; Benson, Roger B.J.; Botha-Brink, Jennifer; Bordy, Emese M. & Choiniere, Jonah N. (2018). "A giant dinosaur from the earliest Jurassic of South Africa and the transition to quadrupedality in early sauropodomorphs". Current Biology. 28 (19): 3143–3151.e7. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2018.07.063. PMID 30270189.
  26. ^ Sciscio, Lara; Knoll, Fabien; Bordy, Emese M.; Kock, Michiel O. de; Redelstorff, Ragna (2017-03-01). "Digital reconstruction of the mandible of an adult Lesothosaurus diagnosticus with insight into the tooth replacement process and diet". PeerJ. 5: e3054. doi:10.7717/peerj.3054. ISSN 2167-8359. PMC 5335715. PMID 28265518.
  27. ^ T. R., Holtz Jr.; Rey, L. (2007). Dinosaurs: The Most Complete, Up-to-Date Encyclopedia for Dinosaur Lovers of All Ages. New York: Random House. p. 257. ISBN 978-0-375-82419-7.
  28. ^ Carballido, J.L.; Otero, A.; Mannion, P.D.; Salgado, L.; Moreno, A.P. (2022). "Titanosauria: A Critical Reappraisal of Its Systematics and the Relevance of the South American Record". In Otero, A.; Carballido, J.L.; Pol, D. (eds.). South American Sauropodomorph Dinosaurs. Record, Diversity and Evolution. Springer. pp. 269–298. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-95959-3. ISBN 978-3-030-95958-6. ISSN 2197-9596. S2CID 248368302.
  29. ^ Sallam, H.; Gorscak, E.; O'Connor, P.; El-Dawoudi, I.; El-Sayed, S.; Saber, S. (2017-06-26). "New Egyptian sauropod reveals Late Cretaceous dinosaur dispersal between Europe and Africa". Nature. 2 (3): 445–451. doi:10.1038/s41559-017-0455-5. PMID 29379183. S2CID 3375335.
  30. ^ Griffin, Christopher T.; Wynd, Brenen M.; Munyikwa, Darlington; Broderick, Tim J.; Zondo, Michel; Tolan, Stephen; Langer, Max C.; Nesbitt, Sterling J.; Taruvinga, Hazel R. (2022-08-31). "Africa's oldest dinosaurs reveal early suppression of dinosaur distribution". Nature. 609 (7926): 313–319. doi:10.1038/s41586-022-05133-x. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 36045297. S2CID 251977824.
  31. ^ Buffetaut, Eric (2012). "An early spinosaurid dinosaur from the Late Jurassic of Tendaguru (Tanzania) and the evolution of the spinosaurid dentition" (PDF). Oryctos. 10: 1–8.
  32. ^ Soto, Matías; Toriño, Pablo; Perea, Daniel (2020-11-01). "Ceratosaurus (Theropoda, Ceratosauria) teeth from the Tacuarembó Formation (Late Jurassic, Uruguay)". Journal of South American Earth Sciences. 103: 102781. Bibcode:2020JSAES.10302781S. doi:10.1016/j.jsames.2020.102781. ISSN 0895-9811. S2CID 224842133.
  33. ^ Sereno, Paul C.; Wilson, Jeffrey A.; Conrad, Jack L. (2004-07-07). "New dinosaurs link southern landmasses in the Mid-Cretaceous". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 271 (1546): 1325–1330. doi:10.1098/rspb.2004.2692. ISSN 0962-8452. PMC 1691741. PMID 15306329.
  34. ^ Delcourt, Rafael (2018). "Ceratosaur palaeobiology: new insights on evolution and ecology of the southern rulers". Scientific Reports. 8 (1): 9730. Bibcode:2018NatSR...8.9730D. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-28154-x. PMC 6021374. PMID 29950661.
  35. ^ Paterna A, Cau A (2022). "New giant theropod material from the Kem Kem Compound Assemblage (Morocco) with implications on the diversity of the mid-Cretaceous carcharodontosaurids from North Africa". Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology: 1–9. doi:10.1080/08912963.2022.2131406. S2CID 252856791.
  36. ^ Remes, K.; Ortega, F.; Fierro, I.; Joger, U.; Kosma, R.; Marín Ferrer, J. M.; Ide, O. A.u; Maga, A.; Farke, A. A. (2009). "A new basal sauropod dinosaur from the Middle Jurassic of Niger and the early evolution of Sauropoda". PLOS ONE. 4 (9): e6924. Bibcode:2009PLoSO...4.6924R. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0006924. PMC 2737122. PMID 19756139.
  37. ^ Tschopp, E.; Mateus, O. (2013). "Clavicles, interclavicles, gastralia, and sternal ribs in sauropod dinosaurs: new reports from Diplodocidae and their morphological, functional and evolutionary implications". Journal of Anatomy. 222 (3): 321–340. doi:10.1111/joa.12012. PMC 3582252. PMID 23190365.
  38. ^ Vidal, D.; Mocho, P.; Aberasturi, A.; Sanz, J. L.; Ortega, F. (2020). "High browsing skeletal adaptations in Spinophorosaurus reveal an evolutionary innovation in sauropod dinosaurs". Scientific Reports. 10 (1): 6638. Bibcode:2020NatSR..10.6638V. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-63439-0. PMC 7171156. PMID 32313018. S2CID 215819745.
  39. ^ Ibrahim, Nizar; Sereno, Paul C.; Dal Sasso, Cristiano; Maganuco, Simone; Fabri, Matteo; Martill, David M.; Zouhri, Samir; Myhrvold, Nathan; Lurino, Dawid A. (2014). "Semiaquatic adaptations in a giant predatory dinosaur". Science. 345 (6204): 1613–6. Bibcode:2014Sci...345.1613I. doi:10.1126/science.1258750. PMID 25213375. S2CID 34421257. Supplementary Information
  40. ^ Ibrahim, Nizar; Maganuco, Simone; Dal Sasso, Cristiano; Fabbri, Matteo; Auditore, Marco; Bindellini, Gabriele; Martill, David M.; Zouhri, Samir; Mattarelli, Diego A.; Unwin, David M.; Wiemann, Jasmina (2020). "Tail-propelled aquatic locomotion in a theropod dinosaur". Nature. 581 (7806): 67–70. Bibcode:2020Natur.581...67I. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2190-3. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 32376955. S2CID 216650535.
  41. ^ Fabbri, Matteo; Navalón, Guillermo; Benson, Roger B. J.; Pol, Diego; O'Connor, Jingmai; Bhullar, Bhart-Anjan S.; Erickson, Gregory M.; Norell, Mark A.; Orkney, Andrew; Lamanna, Matthew C.; Zouhri, Samir; Becker, Justine; Emke, Amanda; Dal Sasso, Cristiano; Bindellini, Gabriele; Maganuco, Simone; Auditore, Marco; Ibrahim, Nizar (March 23, 2022). "Subaqueous foraging among carnivorous dinosaurs". Nature. 603 (7903): 852–857. Bibcode:2022Natur.603..852F. doi:10.1038/s41586-022-04528-0. PMID 35322229. S2CID 247630374.
  42. ^ Sereno, Paul C.; Myhrvold, Nathan; Henderson, Donald M.; Fish, Frank E.; Vidal, Daniel; Baumgart, Stephanie L.; Keillor, Tyler M.; Formoso, Kiersten K.; Conroy, Lauren L. (2022). "Spinosaurus is not an aquatic dinosaur". eLife. 11. e80092. doi:10.7554/eLife.80092. PMC 9711522. PMID 36448670.
  43. ^ Rauhut, O.W.M., and Carrano, M.T. (2016). The theropod dinosaur Elaphrosaurus bambergi Janensch, 1920, from the Late Jurassic of Tendaguru, Tanzania. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, (advance online publication) doi:10.1111/zoj.12425
  44. ^ Zafaty, O.; Oukassou, M.; Riguetti, F.; Company, J.; Bendrioua, S.; Tabuce, R.; Charrière, A.; Pereda-Suberbiola, X. (2024). "A new stegosaurian dinosaur (Ornithischia: Thyreophora) with a remarkable dermal armour from the Middle Jurassic of North Africa". Gondwana Research. 131: 344–362. Bibcode:2024GondR.131..344Z. doi:10.1016/j.gr.2024.03.009.
Retrieved from "http://en.wiki.x.io/w/index.php?title=List_of_African_dinosaurs&oldid=1263490187"