New Zealand raven
| New Zealand raven Temporal range: Early Holocene
| |
|---|---|
| |
| Two skulls, from lateral (top) and ventral (bottom) | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Passeriformes |
| Family: | Corvidae |
| Genus: | Corvus |
| Species: | C. moriorum
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| Binomial name | |
| Corvus moriorum (Forbes, 1892)
| |
The New Zealand raven (Corvus moriorum) was native to New Zealand, but has been extinct since the 16th century. There were three subspecies:[1][2] the North Island raven (Corvus moriorum antipodum), South Island raven (Corvus moriorum pycrafti), and Chatham raven (Corvus moriorum moriorum) from the Chatham Islands.[3]
The holotype of the South Island raven (formerly Corvus antipodum pycrofti) is in the collection of the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa.[4]
New Zealand ravens were large corvids with long, broad bills that were not as arched as those of some of the Hawaiian crows (Corvus hawaiiensis).
Remains of New Zealand ravens are most common in Pleistocene and Holocene coastal sites.[5] On the coast, it may have frequented seal and penguin colonies or fed in the intertidal zone, as does the Tasmanian forest raven Corvus tasmanicus. It may also have depended on fruit, like the New Caledonian crow Corvus moneduloides, but it is difficult to understand why a fruit eater would have been most common in coastal forest and shrubland when fruit was distributed throughout the forest.
DNA evidence suggests that its closest relatives are in the clade containing the forest raven, little raven and Australian raven, from which it split around 2 million years ago. The morphology and ossification of the palate is unusual among corvids, suggesting a unique dietary adaption, perhaps for scavenging large hard food items.[6]
A late Holocene fossil bone of Corvus antipodum was found on Enderby Island in 1964 by New Zealand biologist Elliot Dawson. It is the only authentic record of a corvid in the Auckland Islands and is thought to represent an individual bird that reached the Auckland Islands as a vagrant.[7]
Taxonomy
[edit]2017 genetic research determined that the three raven populations were subspecies rather than separate species, having only split 130,000 years ago.[8]
Specimens
[edit]A reconstruction of the raven is in the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, specimen MNZ S.036749.[9]
Description and ecology
[edit]The Chatham raven was significantly larger than the New Zealand raven, and probably the world's fourth- or fifth-largest passerine. They had long, broad bills that were not as arched as those of some of the Hawaiian crows (C. hawaiiensis). Presumably, they were black all over like all their close relatives. There do not seem to be recorded oral traditions of this sub-species – most of the Moriori people, after whom this sub-species was named, were eventually killed or enslaved by Māori explorers, and little of their natural history knowledge has been preserved. Thus, it cannot be completely ruled out that like some congeners they had partially white or grey plumage (see also Pied raven).
Remains of Chatham ravens are most common in coastal sites on the Chatham Islands. On the coast, it may have frequented the seal and penguin colonies or fed in the intertidal zone, as does the Tasmanian forest raven (C. tasmanicus). It may also have depended on fruit, like the New Caledonian crow (C. moneduloides), but it is difficult to understand why a fruit eater would have been most common in coastal forest and shrubland when fruit was distributed throughout the forest.
Gallery
[edit]-
Corvus antipodum pycrafti holotype -
Corvus antipodum bones collected from the Aupouri Peninsula -
Underside view of Corvus antipodum pycrafti skull -
Skull of Corvus antipodum pycrofti
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See also
[edit]- List of Late Quaternary prehistoric bird species
- List of New Zealand animals extinct in the Holocene
- Late Quaternary prehistoric birds
References
[edit]- ^ Scofield, R. Paul; Mitchell, Kieren J.; Wood, Jamie R.; De Pietri, Vanesa L.; Jarvie, Scott; Llamas, Bastien; Cooper, Alan (January 2017). "The origin and phylogenetic relationships of the New Zealand ravens". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 106: 136–143. Bibcode:2017MolPE.106..136S. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2016.09.022. PMID 27677399.
- ^ Ioane-Warren, Melanie; Salvador, Rodrigo Brincalepe; Rogers, Karyne M.; Tennyson, Alan J. D. (2023-03-07). "Augustus Hamilton's fossil collection at the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa". Tuhinga. 34: 47–56. doi:10.3897/tuhinga.34.97731. hdl:10037/29078. ISSN 1173-4337.
- ^ Miskelly, Colin & Forsdick, Natalie & Gill, Brian & Palma, Ricardo & Rawlence, Nicolas & Tennyson, Alan. (2022). CHECKLIST OF THE BIRDS OF NEW ZEALAND. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/361824003_CHECKLIST_OF_THE_BIRDS_OF_NEW_ZEALAND
- ^ "Corvus antipodum pycrafti; holotype; paratype". Collections Online. Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa. Retrieved 18 July 2010.
- ^ Tennyson, Alan; Martinson, Paul (2006-01-01). Extinct Birds of New Zealand. Te Papa Press. ISBN 978-0-909010-21-8.
- ^ Scofield, R. Paul; Mitchell, Kieren J.; Wood, Jamie R.; De Pietri, Vanesa L.; Jarvie, Scott; Llamas, Bastien; Cooper, Alan (January 2017). "The origin and phylogenetic relationships of the New Zealand ravens". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 106: 136–143. Bibcode:2017MolPE.106..136S. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2016.09.022. PMID 27677399.
- ^ Dawson, Elliot Watson (2020-01-01). "An extinct New Zealand raven (Corvus antipodum) on the Auckland Islands - an osteographic enigma?". Notornis. 67 (1): 295–297.
- ^ Scofield, R. Paul; Mitchell, Kieren J.; Wood, Jamie R.; De Pietri, Vanesa L.; Jarvie, Scott; Llamas, Bastien; Cooper, Alan (January 2017). "The origin and phylogenetic relationships of the New Zealand ravens". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 106: 136–143. Bibcode:2017MolPE.106..136S. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2016.09.022. PMID 27677399.
- ^ "Corvus moriorum". Collections Online. Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa. Retrieved 18 July 2010.
Further reading
[edit]- Gill, B. J. 2003. "Osteometry and systematics of the extinct New Zealand ravens (Aves: Corvidae: Corvus)". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 1: 43–58.
- Scofield, R. P., Mitchell K.J., Wood, J.R., De Pietri, V.L., Jarvie, S., Llamas, B., Cooper, A., 2017. "The origin and phylogenetic relationships of the New Zealand ravens" in Molecular phylogenetics and evolution, Vol.106, p. 136-143. ISSN 1055-7903; doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2016.09.022
- Worthy, T.H., Holdaway R.N., 2002, The Lost World of the Moa: Prehistoric Life of New Zealand, Indiana University Press, Bloomington. ISBN 0-253-34034-9.
External links
[edit]- New Zealand Raven. Corvus antipodum. by Paul Martinson. Artwork produced for the book Extinct Birds of New Zealand, by Alan Tennyson, Te Papa Press, Wellington, 2006
- The Extinction Website
- Chatham Islands Raven. Corvus moriorum. by Paul Martinson. Artwork produced for the book Extinct Birds of New Zealand, by Alan Tennyson, Te Papa Press, Wellington, 2006