Communist revolution
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A communist revolution is a proletarian revolution inspired by the ideas of Marxism that aims to replace capitalism with communism.[1] Depending on the type of government, the term socialism can be used to indicate an intermediate stage between capitalism and communism and may be the goal of the revolution, especially in Marxist–Leninist views.[2] The idea that a proletarian revolution is needed is a cornerstone of Marxism;[3][4] Marxists believe that the workers of the world must unite and free themselves from capitalist oppression to create a world run by and for the working class.[5] Thus, in the Marxist view, proletarian revolutions need to happen in countries all over the world.
Theory
[edit]Karl Marx saw revolution as a necessity for communism, where the revolution would be based on class struggle led by the organised proletariat to overthrow capitalism and the bourgeoisie, followed by the establishment of a dictatorship of the proletariat.[1]
Leninism argues[6][7] that a communist revolution must be led by a vanguard of "professional revolutionaries", men and women who are fully dedicated to the communist cause and who can then form the nucleus of the revolutionary movement.[8] Thus meaning that under Lenin's framework a communist revolution is not necessarily a proletarian revolution.[9] Some Marxists, such as Rosa Luxemburg,[10][8] disagree with the idea of a vanguard as put forth by Lenin, especially left communists.[11][12][13] Another line of criticisms insist that the entire working class—or at least a large part of it—must be deeply involved and equally committed to the socialist or communist cause in order for a proletarian revolution to be successful. To this end, they seek to build massive communist parties with very large memberships.
Communist revolutions and coups throughout history
[edit]The following is a list of successful and unsuccessful communist revolutions and coups throughout history. Among the lesser-known revolutions, a number of borderline revolutions have been included which may or may not have been communist revolutions. The nature of unsuccessful revolutions is particularly contentious since one can only speculate as to the kinds of policies that would have been implemented by the revolutionaries had they achieved victory.
Successful
[edit]- 1917–1923: The October Revolution and the subsequent Russian Civil War led to the establishment of the Soviet Union.
- 1921: The Mongolian Revolution ended imperial Chinese rule over Mongolia and established the Mongolian People's Republic.
- 1927–1949: The Chinese Communist Revolution led to the establishment of the People's Republic of China and fleeing of the Republic of China to Taiwan.
- 1941–1945: The Yugoslav People's Liberation War led to the defeat of axis powers in the Balkans, abolishment of the Yugoslav monarchy, and the establishment of the Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia.
- 1942–1945: The National Anti-Fascist Liberation Movement in Albania established the People's Socialist Republic of Albania.
- 1944: The Bulgarian coup d'état led to the immediate abolishment of the Bulgarian monarchy, followed soon after by the establishment of the People's Republic of Bulgaria.
- 1945: The August Revolution forced Emperor Bảo Đại to abdicate and established the Democratic Republic of Vietnam.
- 1946–1954: First Indochina War
- 1948: Czechoslovak coup d'état.
- 1953–1959: The Cuban Revolution overthrew the dictatorship of Fulgencio Batista, reestablishing the Republic of Cuba as a socialist state.
- 1955–1975: Vietnam War
- 1959–1975: Laotian Civil War
- 1961–1974: Angolan War of Independence
- 1961–1979: The Nicaraguan Revolution sees the Sandinistas oust the Somoza government.
- 1963: Les Trois Glorieuses in Congo-Brazzaville.
- 1968–1975: Cambodian Civil War
- 1969: The Corrective Move in South Yemen.
- 1969: The Somali coup d'état led to the formation of the Somali Democratic Republic.
- 1972: Mathieu Kérékou leads a military coup in Benin, leading to the creation of the People's Republic of Benin.
- 1974: Carnation Revolution (while the revolution overthrew the Estado Novo, the demands for a workers' democracy were quashed by the center-left Socialist Party)
- 1974: The 1974 Ethiopian coup d'état.
- 1978: The Saur Revolution leads to the establishment of the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan and the start of the Afghan conflict.
- 1979: The New Jewel Movement overthrow's Eric Gairy's government in Grenada, creating the People's Revolutionary Government.
- 1983: The Upper Voltan coup d'état led by Thomas Sankara and Blaise Compaoré. Upper Volta was renamed Burkina Faso. Blaise Compaoré led the 1987 Burkina Faso coup d'état, which killed Thomas Sankara and reversed his far-left policies.
- 1996–2006: Nepalese Civil War.
Unsuccessful and ongoing
[edit]- 1871: Paris Commune
- 1915–1920: Jungle Movement of Gilan
- 1916: Easter Rising
- 1918: Finnish Civil War
- 1918–1925: Canadian Labour Revolt
- 1918: Aster Revolution
- 1918–1919: German Revolution of 1918–19
- 1918: Red Week
- 1918: Luxembourg communist revolution
- 1918–1920: Estonian War of Independence
- 1919–1923: Irish soviets
- 1919: Hungarian Soviet Republic
- 1919: Bender Uprising
- 1920: Georgian coup attempt
- 1921: Proština rebellion
- 1923: September Uprising
- 1923: Hamburg Uprising
- 1924: Tatarbunary Uprising
- 1924: Estonian coup d'état attempt
- 1932: 1932 Salvadoran peasant uprising
- 1935: Brazilian communist uprising
- 1936–1937: Spanish Revolution of 1936
- 1942–1954: Hukbalahap Rebellion
- 1946–1949: Greek Civil War
- 1946–1951: Telangana Rebellion
- 1948–1949: Jeju uprising
- 1948–1989: Communist insurgency in Burma
- 1948–1960: Malayan Emergency
- 1948: Madiun Affair
- 1960–1996: Guatemalan Civil War
- 1962–1990: Communist insurgency in Sarawak
- 1964–present: Colombian conflict
- 1965–1983: Communist insurgency in Thailand
- 1967–present: Naxalite–Maoist insurgency
- 1968–1989: Communist insurgency in Malaysia
- 1969–present: New People's Army rebellion
- 1970: Teoponte Guerrilla
- 1971: JVP insurrection
- 1971: Sudanese coup d'état
- 1972–1974: Araguaia Guerrilla War
- 1972–present: Maoist insurgency in Turkey
- 1975: 7 November 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état
- 1979–1992: Salvadoran Civil War
- 1980–present: Internal conflict in Peru
- 1982: Amol uprising
- 1987–1989: JVP insurrection
- 2021–2023: Eswatini protests
- 2021–: Myanmar civil war (2021–present)
Table of revolutions
[edit]Start date | End date | Duration | Event(s) | State | Rebel group | Revolutionary base area | Deaths | Result | Notes | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
18 March 1871 | 28 May 1871 | (72 days)[14] | Paris Commune[14][15] | France | Paris | 7,544 killed overall[16][17] | Revolt suppressed[18]
|
||||
1 October 1915[19] | 5 June 1920[20] | (4 years, 249 days) | Jangal Movement | Qajar Iran | Jangal revolutionaries[21][22] | Gilan province | Establishment of the Persian Socialist Soviet Republic[19] | [a] | |||
24 April 1916 | 29 April 1916 | (6 days) | Easter Rising | United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland | Irish rebel forces | Dublin | 485 killed[25][26][27] | Unconditional surrender of rebel forces,[28] execution of most leaders.[29] | [b] | ||
7 November 1917 | 7 November 1917 | (1 day)[30] | October Revolution | Russia | Bolsheviks Petrograd Soviet Left SRs Red Guards Anarchists[31] |
Petrograd | Few wounded Red Guard soldiers[32] | Bolshevik victory Start of the Russian Civil War[33] |
|||
27 January 1918 | 15 May 1918 | (109 days) | Finnish Civil War[34] | Finland | Finland | 38,300 killed[37] | Finnish Whites victory | ||||
2 August 1918 | 11 June 1925 | (6 years, 314 days) | Canadian Labour Revolt | Canada | Canada | Failure of the revolt | |||||
28 October 1918 | 31 October 1918 | (4 days) | Aster Revolution | Austria-Hungary | Hungarian National Council
|
Hungary | Revolutionary victory
|
||||
29 October 1918 | 11 August 1919 | (287 days) | German Revolution of 1918–19[41][42] | German Empire (1918) German Republic (1918–1919) |
Communist revolutionaries:
Soviet Republics: |
Various regions of Germany | 150–196[51] |
|
|||
9 November 1918 | 14 November 1918 | (6 days) | Red Week | Netherlands | Faction of the Social Democratic Workers' Party[52] | No revolution | |||||
10 November 1918[53] | 14 January 1919 | (66 days) | Luxembourg communist revolution | Luxembourg | Assorted communists, socialists, and liberals | French Army victory[53]
|
|||||
28 November 1918 | 2 February 1920[54] | (1 year, 67 days) | Estonian War of Independence | Estonia | Estonian Worker's Commune[55] RSFSR Red Latvian Riflemen |
3,988+ killed[56][57][58] | Treaty of Tartu:[54] | ||||
29 January 1919[59] | 24 May 1923 | (4 years, 116 days) | Irish soviets[60][61][62] | United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (1919–1921) Irish Free State (1921–1923) |
Irish soviets | Ireland |
|
[c] | |||
23 March 1919 | 1 August 1919 | (132 days) | Hungarian Soviet Republic[d][42] | Hungarian Republic | Hungarian Soviet Republic[63] | Hungary | 6,670 killed[64] |
|
[e] | ||
27 May 1919 | 27 May 1919 | (1 day) | Bender Uprising | Romania | Red Guards Ukrainian SSR |
Tighina | 150[66] | Romanian–French victory | |||
2 May 1920 | 3 May 1920 | (2 days) | 1920 Georgian coup attempt | Democratic Republic of Georgia | Georgian Bolsheviks | Georgia | Several killed | Government Victory[67][68][69]
|
|||
1 March 1921 | 11 July 1921 | (133 days) | Mongolian Revolution of 1921 | Bogd Khanate of Mongolia Outer Mongolia |
Mongolian People's Party[71] | Outer Mongolia | Mongolian communist victory:[72][73]
|
||||
2 February 1921 | 5 April 1921 | (63 days) | Proština rebellion | Italy | Civilians led by Ante Ciliga[74] | Istria | Unknown | Government victory:
|
[f] | ||
3 March 1921[76] | 8 April 1921[77] | (37 days) | Labin mining strike and rebellion | Italy | Labin Republic | Istria | 5[78] | Government victory:
|
[g] | ||
14 September 1923 | 29 September 1923 | (16 days) | September Uprising | Bulgaria | BCP BZNS Anarchists |
841 killed[80] | Bulgarian government victory:
|
||||
23 October 1923[81] | 24 October 1923 | (2 days) | Hamburg Uprising | Weimar Republic | Communist Party of Germany | Hamburg | 99 killed[81] | Government victory | |||
15 September 1924[82] | 18 September 1924[83] | (4 days) | Tatarbunary Uprising | Romania | Tatarbunary Revolutionary Committee[84] | Tatarbunary | 3,000 killed[83] | Revolt quelled by the Romanian government | |||
1 December 1924 | 1 December 1924 | (1 day)[85] | 1924 Estonian coup attempt | Estonia | Communist Party of Estonia[86][87] | 151 killed | Estonian government victory | ||||
1 August 1927[88][89] | 1 October 1949[90][91] | (22 years, 62 days) | China | Chinese Communist Party
|
Communist-controlled China | cca. 8 million | Communist victory:
|
[h] | |||
22 January 1932[94] | February 1932 | (11 days) | 1932 Salvadoran peasant uprising | Republic of El Salvador | Communist Party of El Salvador Pipil rebels |
Western El Salvador: | 10,000 – 40,000[95] | Revolt suppressed, ethnocide of Pipil people[96] | [i] | ||
23 November 1935 | 27 November 1935 | (5 days) | Brazilian communist uprising of 1935 | Brazil | National Liberation Alliance | Natal, Recife, and Rio de Janeiro | 150+ killed | Government victory | |||
19 July 1936 | 25 May 1937 | (311 days)[98] | Spanish Revolution of 1936 | Spain | CNT-FAI[99][100] | Various regions of Spain – primarily Madrid, Catalonia, Aragon, Andalusia, and parts of Levante, Spain. | Suppressed after ten-month period. | ||||
22 June 1941[102] | 29 November 1945 | (4 years, 161 days) | Yugoslav People's Liberation War | Yugoslavia | Yugoslav Partisans | 850,000–1,200,000[103] | Yugoslav Partisan–Allied victory:
|
||||
29 March 1942[106] | 2 September 1945 | (3 years, 158 days) | Hukbalahap Rebellion (First phase) |
Japan | Hukbalahap[107] | Central Luzon | Huk victory:
|
||||
16 September 1942[109] | August 1945 | (2 years, 320 days) | National Liberation Movement[109] | Albanian Kingdom | National Anti-Fascist Liberation Movement[110] | Albania | Establishment of the People's Socialist Republic of Albania | ||||
9 September 1944 | 9 September 1944 | (1 day) | 1944 Bulgarian coup d'état | Bulgaria | Fatherland Front | Fatherland Front victory:
|
|||||
16 August 1945 | 30 August 1945 | (15 days) | August Revolution[111] | Empire of Vietnam | Việt Minh | Northern, Central and Southern Vietnam | Việt Minh victory:
|
||||
6 September 1945[114] | 25 June 1950 | (4 years, 293 days) | Korean Revolution[j] | Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea |
|
|
[k] | ||||
May 1946 | 17 May 1954[123] | (8 years, 17 days) | Hukbalahap Rebellion (Second phase) |
Republic of the Philippines | Communist Party of the Philippines[124] | Central Luzon | Nearly 6,000 killed | Philippine government victory:
|
|||
4 July 1946[125] | 25 October 1951[126] | (5 years, 114 days) | Telangana Rebellion | Hyderabad State (1946–1948)
Union of India (1948–1951)[127][128] |
Telangana peasants Andhra Mahasabha Communist Party of India |
Withdrawal of rebellion:
|
|||||
19 December 1946 | 1 August 1954 | (7 years, 226 days) | First Indochina War | French Indochina | DR Vietnam
Lao Issara (1945–1949)
|
400,000–842,707 total killed [133][page needed] [134][page needed] [135] |
DR Vietnam-allied victory:[136]
|
[l] | |||
21 February 1948[137] | 25 February 1948[138] | (5 days) | 1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état | Czechoslovak Republic |
|
Appointment of a communist-dominated government[138] | |||||
2 April 1948[139] | 16 April 1989[140] | (41 years, 15 days) | Communist insurgency in Burma |
|
|
Shan State | 3,000+ killed | Burmese government victory[140] | |||
3 April 1948[142][143] | 13 May 1949[144] | (1 year, 41 days) | Jeju uprising[145] |
|
Workers' Party of South Korea | Jeju Island | 30,000–100,000 killed[146][144][147] | Uprising suppressed[144] | [m] | ||
16 June 1948 | 31 July 1960 | (12 years, 46 days) | Malayan Emergency | Malayan Communist Party | British Malaya | 11,107[150][151] | British-allied victory:
|
||||
18 September 1948[152] | 19 December 1948[153] | (93 days) | Madiun Affair | Indonesia | People's Democratic Front:[154] | Madiun | 1,920+ killed[155][156] | Rebellion suppressed | |||
26 July 1953[157][158] | 1 January 1959[159][158] | (5 years, 160 days) | Cuban Revolution[160] | Cuba | 26th of July Movement[161] Student Revolutionary Directorate Second National Front of Escambray |
Sierra Maestra | 3,000[162] | 26 July Movement victory:
|
[n] | ||
1 November 1955 | 30 April 1975[167] | (19 years, 181 days) | Vietnam War | South Vietnam | Viet Cong | Memot District (1966–72) Lộc Ninh (1972–75) |
1,326,494–3,447,494[168] | Communist victory | |||
23 May 1959 | 2 December 1975 | (16 years, 194 days) | Laotian Civil War | Laos | Lao People's Party | Xam Neua | 20,000–62,000 killed[169] | Pathet Lao and North Vietnamese victory:
|
[o] | ||
13 November 1960 | 29 December 1996[170] | (36 years, 47 days) | Guatemalan Civil War | Guatemala | URNG[171] (from 1982) | Guatemala | Between 140,000 and 200,000 dead and missing (estimated) [174][175][176] |
Peace accord signed in 1996 | |||
4 February 1961 | 25 April 1974 | (13 years, 81 days) | Angolan War of Independence | Portuguese Angola | MPLA | Province of Angola | 12,990+ killed[177][178] | Angolan victory:[179][180]
|
|||
19 July 1961 | 17 July 1979 | (17 years, 364 days) | Nicaraguan Revolution | Nicaragua | FSLN
MAP-ML (1978–1979) |
North Caribbean Coast Autonomous Region | 30,000+ killed | FSLN military victory in 1979:
|
[p] | ||
c. December 1962 | 3 November 1990[185][186] | (27 years, 338 days) | Communist insurgency in Sarawak | Malaysia | North Kalimantan Communist Party[186]
|
Sarawak | 400–500 killed | Government victory:
|
|||
13 August 1963[189] | 15 August 1963 | (3 days) | Trois Glorieuses | Congo | Congolese trade unions:[190]Armed Forces of the Republic of the Congo[190] | Uprising successful:
|
[q] | ||||
27 May 1964[196] | Present | (60 years, 211 days) | Colombian conflict[197][198] | Colombia |
|
Colombia with spillovers into Venezuela | 220,000+ killed[221][222][223] | Ongoing: | |||
1965 | 1983 | (18 years, 1 day) | Communist insurgency in Thailand | Thailand |
|
Nakhon Phanom Province | 6,762+ killed[227][228] | Thai government victory:
|
|||
18 May 1967 | Present | (57 years, 220 days) | India | Communist Party of India (Maoist) | Red corridor | Since 1997: 13,060–14,552[230][231] | Ongoing | [r] | |||
17 June 1968 | 2 December 1989 | (21 years, 169 days)[232][233] | Communist insurgency in Malaysia | Malaysia | Malayan Communist Party | Malay Peninsula and Sarawak[234] | 367 | Peace Agreement of Hat Yai signed: | |||
17 January 1968 | 17 April 1975 | (7 years, 91 days) | Cambodian Civil War | Cambodia | Communist Party of Kampuchea | Ratanakiri Province | 275,000–310,000 killed | Communist victory | [s] | ||
29 March 1969 | Present[238] | (55 years, 270 days) | New People's Army rebellion | Philippines | Communist Party of the Philippines[239] | Samar | 43,000+ killed (up to 2008)[240] (63,973+ killed) | Ongoing[241] | [t] | ||
22 June 1969[243] | 22 June 1969 | (1 day) | Corrective Move | South Yemen | Marxist faction of the NLF | No deaths[244] | Coup successful:[245]
|
||||
21 October 1969 | 21 October 1969 | (1 day) | 1969 Somali coup d'état | Somali Republic | Supreme Revolutionary Council | Mogadishu | Supreme Revolutionary Council victory:[246]
|
||||
19 July 1970[247] | 1 November 1970 | (106 days) | Teoponte Guerrilla | Bolivia | Guerrilla de Teoponte (Ejército de Liberación Nacional)[247] | Teoponte Municipality | Bolivian government victory | ||||
5 April 1971 | June 1971 | (62 days) | 1971 JVP insurrection | Dominion of Ceylon | JVP
|
Southern Province and Sabaragamuwa Province | Official: 1,200 Estimated: 4,000–5,000[248][249] |
Ceylonese government victory:[250][251]
|
|||
19 July 1971 | 22 July 1971 | (4 days)[252] | 1971 Sudanese coup d'état | Democratic Republic of Sudan | Revolutionary Council
|
Khartoum | Coup attempt fails:[253]
|
||||
April 1972 | October 1974 | (2 years, 214 days)[254] | Araguaia Guerrilla War | Federative Republic of Brazil | Communist Party of Brazil[254] | Goiás and Tocantins[254] | 90+ killed[255] | Military dictatorship victory:
|
|||
24 April 1972 | Present | (52 years, 244 days) | Maoist insurgency in Turkey | Turkey | Communist Party of Turkey/Marxist–Leninist
|
Tunceli Province[256] | Ongoing | ||||
25 April 1974 | 25 April 1974 | (1 day)[257] | Carnation Revolution | Estado Novo | Armed Forces Movement | 5 deaths[258] | Coup successful:
|
||||
12 September 1974 | 12 September 1974 | (1 day) | 1974 Ethiopian coup d'état | Ethiopia | Coordinating Committee of the Armed Forces, Police and Territorial Army[261] | Coup successful:[262]
|
[u] | ||||
7 November 1975[268] | 7 November 1975 | (1 day) | 7 November 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état | Bangladesh | Jatiya Samajtantrik Dal[269] Biplobi Shainik Sangstha[270] |
Successful coup:
|
[v] | ||||
27 April 1978[273] | 28 April 1978 | (2 days) | Saur Revolution | Afghanistan | People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan | Afghanistan | 2,000[274] | PDPA victory:
|
[w] | ||
13 March 1979[278] | 13 March 1979 | (1 day)[279][280] | New Jewel Movement | Grenada | New Jewel Movement[278] | Installation of the People's Revolutionary Government[279] | |||||
15 October 1979 | 16 January 1992 | (12 years, 94 days) | Salvadoran Civil War | El Salvador | FMLN[281] | 87,795+ killed[282] | Chapultepec Peace Accords[283] | [x] | |||
17 May 1980[286][287] | Present[288] | (44 years, 221 days) | Internal conflict in Peru | Peru | Communist Party of Peru–Shining Path[289]
Militarized Communist Party of Peru[290] Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement[291] (1982–1997) |
Ayacucho Region | 70,000+ killed[292][293][294] | Ongoing | [y] | ||
25 January 1982 | 25 January 1982 | (1 day) | 1982 Amol uprising | Iran | Union of Iranian Communists (Sarbedaran) | Amol County | 80–300 killed | Iranian government victory | |||
4 August 1983 | 4 August 1983 | (1 day) | Upper Voltan coup d'état[295][296] | Upper Volta | Left-wing armed forces faction led by Thomas Sankara and Blaise Compaoré | 13 killed[297] |
|
||||
15 April 1987 | 29 December 1987 | (259 days) | 1987–1989 JVP insurrection | Sri Lanka | Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna | 60,000–80,000 killed[302][303] | Sri Lankan Government victory:
|
||||
13 February 1996 | 21 November 2006 | (10 years, 282 days) | Nepalese Civil War | Nepal | Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist)[304] | Rapti Zone | 17,800 killed overall[305] | Comprehensive Peace Accord[306] | [aa] | ||
20 June 2021 | June 2023 | (2 years, 1 day) | 2021–2023 Eswatini protests | Eswatini |
|
24+[311][312] | Protests suppressed.[313] | ||||
August 2021[314][315] | Present | (3 years, 145 days) | Myanmar civil war (2021–present) | Myanmar | Myanmar | 45,264+ killed[319] | Ongoing |
See also
[edit]Notes
[edit]- ^ The Persian Socialist Soviet Republic was invaded and reincorporated into Qajar Iran in November 1921.[23]
- ^ While not explicitly Communist in Nature, the Easter Rising of 1916 was supported by Marxist groups such as the Irish Citizen Army.
- ^ The Irish soviets, declared during the revolutionary period of the Irish war of independence and the Irish civil war, which were defeated by the Irish Free State forces.
- ^
- ^ Led by Béla Kun,[65] defeated after five months.[48]
- ^ About 400 participants of the Proština rebellion were arrested and taken to the Pula remand prison. Fascists and soldiers beat and mistreated arrested the anti-fascists on the way, and several people died as a result of the beatings. Gradually, the anti-fascists were released from prison and later, in the context of the process of wider political amnesty, all were released.[75]
- ^ The anti-fascist, socialist Labin Republic uprising in modern-day Labin, Croatia, which pushed out Mussolini's fascist forces and established a socialist society in the city and surrounding towns.
- ^ The Chinese Communist Revolution was the final stage of the Chinese Civil War, that resulted in the victory of the Chinese Communist Party in China in 1949.[90][93]
- ^ The uprising, known as La matanza (the slaughter), was a Pipil and peasant rebellion led by Farabundo Martí.
- ^ The period from the end of Chōsen, through the socialist People's Republic of Korea and the foundation of Democratic People's Republic of Korea, to the beginning of the Korean War.[115]
- ^ As of 1992, the Democratic People's Republic of Korea no longer prescribes to Marxism–Leninism,[121] and as of 2009 is no longer a communist state.[122]
- ^ The defeat of the French at the Battle of Dien Bien Phu, 1954, and brought the Communist Party of Vietnam under Ho Chi Minh to power in North Vietnam. A victory followed closely by the protracted guerrilla warfare-dominated Vietnam War (1957–1975), which in turn led to the fall of Saigon and the driving-out of occupying United States military forces there, and the unification of North and South Vietnam by communist guerrilla forces into the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. The conflict drastically changed neighboring Laos and Cambodia.
- ^ The Jeju uprising was notable for its extreme violence; between 14,000 and 30,000 people (10 percent of Jeju's population) were killed (with some reports from Korean officials reporting numbers killed as high as 100,000) and 40,000 fled to Japan.[148][149]
- ^ Nationalistic revolution led by Fidel Castro and Che Guevara which overthrew former president Fulgencio Batista and instated a Marxist–Leninist socialist regime later on in Cuba.[165] Even though Batista had been elected for his first term, he achieved power for his second term through a coup d'état.[166]
- ^ The Laotian Civil War resulting in the victory of the communist Pathet Lao/Lao People's Revolutionary Party in Laos by 1975, eliminating a coalition government with anti-communists led to the establishment of the communist-administered Lao People's Democratic Republic.
- ^ The Nicaraguan Revolution that overthrew the dictator Anastasio Somoza Debayle and brought the Sandinistas to power in Nicaragua from 1979 to 1990.
- ^ Instability and the arresting of political opponents eventually led to left-wing protests[194] and Massamba-Débat relinquishing power to Marien Ngouabi, who declared the People's Republic of the Congo under the control of the Congolese Workers' Party.[195]
- ^
- The Maoist revolution of India happened in 1977. It was defeated by the Indian National Congress then led by Indira Gandhi.
- In India, various Maoist-oriented factions (generally called Naxalites) have waged armed struggles since the Naxalbari rebellion of 1967. Today, the most prominent Naxalite group is the Communist Party of India (Maoist).
- ^ The civil war in Cambodia ended with the Khmer Rouge revolution in 1975. The Communist Party of Cambodia and Pol Pot then ruled the country until 1979.
- ^ Maoist-styled "Protracted People's War" in the Philippines.[242]
- ^ The overthrow of Haile Selassie by Mengistu Haile Mariam who then set up one-party Marxist–Leninist rule in Ethiopia by the communist Workers' Party of Ethiopia, until they were defeated and expelled by the revolutionary democratic and Hoxhaist[265][266] Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front during a subsequent civil war.[267]
- ^ After the new president, Ziaur Rahman, offered pay increases for the soldiers, most soldiers lost interest in the ideals of the revolution.[272]
- ^ They were overthrown by the mujahideen in 1992.[277]
- ^ The FMLN (mainly composed of Marxist–Leninist guerrilla groups)[284] fought against the U.S. backed military government which suppressed the rebel movement by framing and mass murdering alleged Marxist–Leninist revolutionaries (El Mozote massacre).[285] The FMLN was inspired by the ideologies of Farabundo Martí and Vladimir Lenin.
- ^ The internal conflict in Peru comprised two rebellions by two different Marxist organizations. One, the Shining Path, fought a bloody war beginning in 1980 with successive Peruvian governments, both democratic and authoritarian in nature. Another organization, known as the Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement (MRTA), named after an Incan warrior Túpac Amaru began their own rebellion in 1982. The MRTA and Shining Path quickly became bitter enemies and fought one another as well as the government of Peru. Fighting goes on today with a small number of Shining Path cadres, however the movement has mostly been crushed and only operates in a very remote jungle region. The Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement was largely destroyed in 1997 after the Japanese embassy hostage crisis.
- ^ After the formation of Burkina Faso, Thomas Sanka led many socialist policy implementations. One example is the suppression of most of the powers held by tribal chiefs in Burkina Faso. The chiefs were stripped of their rights to tribute payments and forced labour as well as having their land distributed amongst the peasantry.[299] Blaise Compaoré later led the 1987 Burkina Faso coup d'état, which killed Thomas Sankara and reversed his far-left policies.[300][301]
- ^ The Maoist Unified Communist Party of Nepal fought a fairly successful revolutionary war against the autocratic King of Nepal. In 2006 peace was declared, and an agreement was reached that the Maoists would join an interim government.
References
[edit]- ^ a b Lazar 2011, p. 311.
- ^ Štromas, Alexander; Faulkner, Alexander Robert K.; Mahoney, Alexander Daniel J., eds. (2003). Totalitarianism and the Prospects for World Order: Closing the Door on the Twentieth Century. Oxford, England; Lanham, Maryland: Lexington Books. p. 18. ISBN 978-0-7391-0534-4.
- ^ Calvert, Peter (1990). "Interpretation". Revolution and Counter-Revolution. Open University Press. pp. 37–39. ISBN 0-335-15398-4.
- ^ Jessop 1972, pp. 28–29.
- ^ Engels, Friedrich (October–November 1847). The Principles of Communism. Archived from the original on January 19, 2024 – via Marxists Internet Archive.
Further, it has co-ordinated the social development of the civilized countries to such an extent that, in all of them, bourgeoisie and proletariat have become the decisive classes, and the struggle between them the great struggle of the day. It follows that the communist revolution will not merely be a national phenomenon but must take place simultaneously in all civilized countries – that is to say, at least in England, America, France, and Germany.
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