Cincinnati riots of 1884

Cincinnati Courthouse riots
Cincinnati Courthouse riots
	The Cincinnati Courthouse shortly after the riots
Date	March 28–30, 1884
Location	Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S.
Caused by	Public outrage over the decision of a jury to return a verdict of manslaughter in what was seen as a clear case of murder
Methods	Rioting, protests, looting, arson, murder, assault
Resulted in	See Aftermath
Parties
Ohio National Guard; Hamilton County Sheriff's Department; Cincinnati Police Department	Rioters
Casualties and losses
Ohio National Guard:; 2 killed, 40 wounded; Cincinnati Police:; 1 killed, unknown wounded	Unknown
	Total Casualties; 56 killed; 300+ wounded

The Cincinnati riots of 1884, also known as the Cincinnati Courthouse riots, were caused by public outrage over the decision of a jury to return a verdict of manslaughter in what was seen as a clear case of murder. A mob in Cincinnati, Ohio, United States, attempted to find and lynch the perpetrator. In the violence that followed over the next few days, more than 50 people died and the courthouse was destroyed. It was one of the most destructive riots in American history.^[1] To date, it is still considered the worst mob in United States history as it comprised a total of 10,000 persons marching from Cincinnat Music Hall to the jail and Hamilton County Courthouse. This uprising, being so violent, that then Ohio Governor, George Hoadly would eventually order all members of the Ohio National Guard as well as all state-owned ammunition immediately to Cincinnati.

Background

Cincinnati in the 1880s was an industrial city with a rising crime rate, due partly to general dissatisfaction with labor conditions.^[2] The Cincinnati police force had 300 men and 5 patrol wagons. In this period they arrested 50 people for murder, but only four were hanged.^[3] By January 1, 1884, there were 23 accused murderers in the jail.^[2]

Corruption was a serious problem in Cincinnati at that time, with local leaders notorious for controlling elections and manipulating judges and juries.^[4] In March 1884, the city was still reeling from a devastating flood the previous month when the river crested at 71.9 feet (21.9 m).^[5] A full-page article published in The Cincinnati Enquirer on March 9, 1884, said: "Laxity of laws gives the Queen City of the West its crimson record. Preeminence in art, science, and industry avail nothing where murder is rampant and the lives of citizens are unsafe even in broad daylight."^[6]

On December 24, 1883, a young white German named William Berner and his accomplice, Joe Palmer, a man of mixed African and European descent, robbed and murdered their employer, William Kirk, a livery stable owner in the West End of the city.^[7]^[8] The murderers dumped Kirk's body near the Mill Creek in the Northside district.^[6] After the men had been arrested, 500 potential jurymen were called before Berner's lawyer accepted the jury of twelve. After a prolonged trial, on March 26, 1884, the jury returned a manslaughter verdict despite the testimony of seven different people to whom Berner had admitted his premeditation and execution of the murder.^[9] The judge, who gave a sentence of 20 years in prison, called the verdict "a damned outrage". The next day, the newspapers called for a public meeting to condemn the verdict.^[4] Tried separately, Palmer was convicted and hanged.^[10] Palmer's hanging taking place in the jail-yard of Hamilton County, Ohio, this would be the last execution to be carried out in Hamilton County as a then, recently enacted law mandated that the Ohio State Penitentiary be the location of all future executions, this still being present day protocol.

An article in The New York Times, dated March 27, 1884, reported that James Bourne, one of the jurors, had spent the previous night at Bremen Street police station after being threatened by a mob. Returning home on the morning of March 27, a crowd threatened to hang him but was dispersed by the police. Later he was severely beaten and was again taken to the police station for his own safety. Another member of the jury, Charles Dollahan, was pelted with rotten eggs and dared not return home. Louis Havemeyer was told he was fired when he went to work. A crowd tore the blinds from the house of L. Phillips on Liberty Street, and threw dead cats and rotten eggs through the windows before discovering they had the wrong Phillips, not a member of the jury. The foreman of the jury, A. F. Shaw, went into hiding.^[11]

Friday March 28

Colonel C. B. Hunt, commanding the First Regiment of the Ohio Militia with 400 men, prepared for trouble, ordering sections from each company to stay on guard at their armory on Court Street, half a block from the courthouse.^[9] That evening, several thousand people attended a meeting at Music Hall in Over-the-Rhine to protest the lenient sentence. A large group of protesters then headed to the jail, apparently planning to lynch Berner.^[13] Unknown to the rioters, Berner was not there. Having been sent to Columbus, Ohio, for his own safety, he had escaped en route.^[14]

The Hamilton County Sheriff Morton Hawkins was also expecting trouble. He had thirteen deputies helping him guard the jail.^[4] The rioters managed to break into the jail through the sheriff's apartment, but left when they were shown that Berner was not present. More rioters then arrived.^[9] The sheriff had the alarms rung which had the unhelpful effect of drawing yet more people to the scene.^[4]

The mob, now 10,000 strong, pelted the jail with bricks and stones. They overcame resistance by the guards and police reinforcements and managed to break in again. They were driven out by reinforcements from the militia armory who entered the building through a tunnel from the courthouse. After one of the attackers was shot dead the violence escalated. Rioters attempted to set the jail on fire using stolen kerosene. By the time the situation became temporarily under control late on Friday night, five people had died, including one police officer,^[15] and many more were wounded.^[13]

Saturday March 29

The Cincinnati Enquirer supported the rioters in its Saturday morning edition, with a headline saying "At Last The People Are Aroused And Take The Law Into Their Own Hands, Enraged Community Rises In Its Might".^[4] The civic leaders, who had at first supported the vigilante action, became alarmed. They suspected that the mob was led by socialists and anarchists, the "dangerous classes".^[16] Although the Governor of Ohio, George Hoadly, was asked to call for reinforcements, he moved slowly and did not order the deployment of additional militia units until 5:00 pm on March 29.^[4]

Many of the guards failed to report for duty. Some of the 1st Regiment soldiers even participated in the riot.^[17] The out-of-town soldiers, who did obey orders, were unable to reach Cincinnati in time to prevent escalating violence by rioters who had been paid that day, and had spent their money in the bars.^[4]

During the day, the defenders of the jail erected barriers in the surrounding streets, improvised from vehicles, construction materials, grindstones and barrels of salt. The militia abandoned the armory and moved to the jail with all the arms and ammunition. The jail was now extremely crowded and ill-equipped to feed the occupants. Two to three hundred policemen were present, although they refused to play an active role in the fighting, as well as 117 local militiamen and the criminals resident in the jail.^[9]

In the evening, the mob gathered again in front of the courthouse and the jail. A gunfight broke out, lasting several hours. The crowd managed to set fire to the courthouse and blocked attempts by firemen to put out the blaze. The courthouse was destroyed. Rioters also started breaking into nearby stores. One store owner and his assistants shot three looters dead.^[13]

Eventually, reinforcements started to arrive by train. A force of 300 militiamen from Dayton met the crowd three blocks from the jail but then retreated back to the railway station. A more resolute force of 425 militiamen from Columbus arrived at around 11:00 pm armed with a Gatling gun, and managed to clear the streets around the jail and courthouse. However, fighting continued elsewhere in the city until 3:00 am.^[4]

The first barricade, hastily built on Court Street
A more solid barricade on Main Street using construction materials from a nearby site
Troops outside the Music Hall after peace had returned

Sunday March 30

The Cincinnati Enquirer changed its tune, and in its Sunday morning edition described "Fire and Fury, The Reign of Terror" and "Awful Scenes in Cincinnati".^[4] The riots resumed later on Sunday despite growing numbers of troops. There was one more assault on the militia before calm returned to the city.^[13] The secretary of war, Robert Todd Lincoln, had called out U.S. troops.^[14] When they arrived, there was little for them to do apart from remaining on call in case of further trouble. The rioters had returned to work and calm had been restored.^[18] In the course of the riots, 56 people died and over 300 were wounded.^[13]

Reactions

The public reaction in some quarters was sympathetic to the rioters. The Commercial Gazette published an editorial saying: "The time has come for taking an account for salvage for three days of destruction and terror. First, we have saved our jailful of murderers. We have killed 45 innocent men and wounded or maimed 45 more, all to save our jailful of murderers..." The editorial went on to describe the riots as a "just, popular impulse against the prostration of laws before criminals". On March 31, reporting on the return of calm, The New York Times said there was a general feeling that the militia was responsible for the deaths. Their presence alone had excited the mob and they had been too ready to open fire.^[11]

An editorial in the London Spectator said "For once we find ourselves sympathising with rioters". The editor of the Chautauquan said of the incident "It tortures the conscience and the self-respect of honest men". The French author Victor Hugo even compared the riot to the storming of the Bastille, calling the rioters champions of justice and heroes.^[19]

The Dayton Daily Democrat made the same comparison as Hugo, but not in a flattering sense, when it called the mob a "Commune" and Cincinnati "the Paris of America".^[17] Harper's Weekly blamed the riots on the fact that intelligent citizens had ceded politics to venal politicians. The paper called for stronger laws with "swift, sure and solemn" execution, and said that if middle-class Americans were running government instead of corrupt special interests, incidents like the riots would not occur.^[20]

Aftermath

Berner, the original cause of the trouble, was recaptured late on Saturday afternoon. He had holed up in a house in the woods near Loveland, where he was found playing a game of cards. He was taken to the penitentiary in Columbus to serve his sentence.^[11]

The riots ended the régime of political bosses John R. McLean and Thomas C. Campbell.^[21] Campbell faced disbarment proceedings, with William Howard Taft as the junior prosecutor. However, the attempt failed^[22]^[23] and Campbell left Cincinnati for New York.^[21]

A statue of John J. Desmond, a lawyer and captain of the militia who was shot dead while trying to protect the courthouse, stands in the lobby of the current courthouse.^[6]

References

^ Painter 2003.
^ ^a ^b Cooper 1983, p. 96.
^ Singer 2003, p. 9.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ OHS
^ Felix Winternitz; Sacha DeVroomen Bellman (2007). Insiders' Guide to Cincinnati. Globe Pequot. p. 34. ISBN 978-0-7627-4180-9. Retrieved 2013-05-08.
^ ^a ^b ^c Painter 2003
^ Carry 1972, pp. 16–17.
^ Stradling 2003, p. 67.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Johnson 1920
^ McNutt, Randy (September 4, 1999). "Sheriff risked neck to stop lynching". The Cincinnati Enquirer. Archived from the original on 5 July 2013.
^ ^a ^b ^c Asche
^ Faeny 1884.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Stradling 2003, pp. 67ff.
^ ^a ^b Armstrong 1991, p. 142.
^ "Patrol Wagon Driver Joseph Sturm, Cincinnati Police Department, Ohio". odmp.org. Officer Down Memorial Page. Retrieved 27 March 2020.
^ Schlup & Ryan 2003, p. 89.
^ ^a ^b Schweninger 1996
^ Norton 1884, pp. 418ff.
^ Haber 1991, p. 419.
^ Richardson 2007, p. 209.
^ ^a ^b Steffens 1906, p. 174.
^ FWP1 & 197xa, pp. 90
^ Pringle 1939, p. 88.

Sources

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Cooper, Catherine (August 1983). "Cincinnati's Super Sleuth". Cincinnati Magazine. 16 (11). Emmis Communications. ISSN 0746-8210. Retrieved 2010-10-23.
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Federal Writers' Project (1943). "Mammon and the Muses". Cincinnati: a guide to the queen city and its neighbors. American guide series. US History Publishers. ISBN 1-60354-051-2.
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Schweninger, Joseph Michael (1996). A Frightful and Shameful Story: The Cincinnati Riot of 1884 and the Search for Order (PDF) (Master of Arts thesis). Ohio State University. OCLC 655171977. Retrieved 2010-10-23.
Singer, Allen J. (2003). The Cincinnati subway: history of rapid transit. Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 0-7385-2314-3. Retrieved 2010-10-23.
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