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Religion in Latin America

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Religion in Latin America (Pew Research Center 2014)[1]

  Catholic (69%)
  Protestant (18%)
  Unaffiliated (9%)
  Other (4%)

Religion in Latin America is characterized by the historical predominance of Catholicism,[2] and growing number and influence of a large number of groups that belong to Protestantism, as well as by the presence of Irreligion. According to survey data from Statista in 2020, 57% of the Latin American population is Catholic and 19% is Protestant.[3]

Christianity

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The Basilica of the National Shrine of Our Lady of Aparecida in Brazil is the second largest in the world, after only of the Basilica of Saint Peter in Vatican City.[4]

The majority of Latin Americans are Christians (90%),[2] mostly Roman Catholics.[5][1] Membership in Protestant denominations is increasing, particularly in Brazil, Honduras, Guatemala, Nicaragua, El Salvador and Puerto Rico.[6] In particular, Pentecostalism has experienced massive growth.[7][8] This movement is increasingly attracting Latin America's middle classes.[9] Anglicanism also has a long and growing presence in Latin America.

According to the detailed Pew Research Center multi-country survey in 2014, 69% of the Latin American population is Catholic and 19% is Protestant, rising to 22% in Brazil and over 40% in much of Central America. More than half of these are converts.[10][11] According to the 2014 Pew survey, the 46 countries and territories of Latin America and the Caribbean comprised, in absolute terms, the world's second-largest Christian population (24%; including U.S., British, Dutch and French territories), after the 50 countries and territories of Europe (26%; including Russia, excluding Turkey), but just before the 51 countries and territories of Sub-Saharan Africa (24%; including Mauritania, excluding Sudan).[12] A 2024 survey by M&R Consultadores found that 36.2% of Latin Americans identified as Catholic, 31% as Nondenominational believers and 27.7% as Protestant.[13]

Arrival of Christianity

Christianity is one of the main religions in Latin America today, but it has not always been like that. Christianity was an idea that Spanish conquistadors brought with them when they came to the New World and something that they attempted to spread once they got there. Converting the native people of the Americas was one of the main objectives of the Spanish conquest of the Americas.[14] Funded by papal grants, Spanish monarchs and conquistadors were incentivized to convert the people of the Americas to Christianity.[14] This conversion of the natives allowed the Spaniards to claim the New World as theirs as they were spreading the word, and it also served to unify the new lands. This conversion and spread of Christianity is called evangelization, and the clergy felt it was their duty to carry out this task.[14]

The Spread

Within this spread, different religious orders took different approaches toward converting the natives. The first of these were the Franciscans. The Fransiciancs believed that emulating Christ would cause the natives to be drawn to Christianity.[14] They relied on the “pursuit of apostolic poverty and charity” and hoped that emulating Christ in their actions would draw the natives towards the religion.[14] The Franciscans also had a slightly different outlook on why conversion was necessary. They believed that the end times would come once Christianity had been spread to all corners of the world.[14] Because of this, they rushed through their conversion and focused more on trying to baptize as many people as possible than making sure that the natives had a deep understanding of the Christian faith. The Dominicans had a very different outlook on conversion. They believed that the people needed to have a deep connection with God before they could be baptized, so they spent more time at each location, making sure that the natives fully understood the word before baptizing them and moving on to the next area.[14] Not only did they have a different outlook on conversion themselves, but also the Natives as people. While the rest of the Spanish world saw them as savages, the Dominicans recognized that they were people and that the Spaniards were no better than them.[15] The Spaniards also sinned against their God, so in the Dominicans’ minds, this made them no different than the natives.[15] They were also the ones who saw the effects of the natives' culture on their conversion, and this was also part of why they spent time at each location, ensuring they did not blend the two religions together. These are just two of the many different religious orders that attempted to convert the Americas to Christianity. While each group had slightly different ways of converting the natives, these two orders give the two overarching ideals behind conversing: slow and focusing on understanding or fast and concentrating on the number of conversions.

Challenges with the Spread of Christianity

While each religious group went about conversion slightly differently, every group faced a similar set of problems. These challenges came in the form of cultural and language barriers. These differences came to a head in a coloquio in 1524.[14] Here, religious leaders from both sides came together and expressed their views on the religious transformation. The Spaniards voiced their views on how the conversion should go, and the natives shared their fears about it. According to one of the Mexican lords, the natives were not opposed to the idea of a new religion or learning aspects of it, but he warned of trying to do too much and to avoid angering the natives' gods.[14] He told them to proceed slowly with great deliberation if they were to continue their conversion. The language barrier was one of the biggest challenges the Spaniards had to overcome. The natives had hundreds of different languages, making it nearly impossible for missionaries to share the word with the different groups.[14] To fix this, missionaries convert parts of the Bible into Nahuatl.[14] This was the lingua franca, the language of government and trade, of most of Mexico and parts of Central America, and it gave them the best way to reach as many people as possible with the least amount of work.[14] The other challenge they faced was cultural. With the natives having such a long and deep history and culture before the Spaniards got there, it was hard to convince them to give up the religion they had been practicing for centuries. This eventually led to a distorted conversion.[15] The natives blended the two religions together and created a hybrid, some of which is still practiced today in Mexico. This blended nature of religion and the adoption of a new religion into old practices is called transculturation.[14] This was especially prevalent in Mexico and their god, Texcatlipoca. Due to the speed at which most areas of Mexico were converted, there were gaps in their knowledge. Because of this, they associated characteristics of their god with the Christian God.[14] While initially missionaries thought this was a good sign and the natives were learning, it led to a distorted view of Christianity where they agreed with certain beliefs and incorporated them into their pre-existing religion.[14] While there was some success with conversion, natives would often reject the ideals altogether or find ways to bend them to fit their old religion.[16] If neither of these things worked, then many would just run away, either to find a new home or back to their old home they had before the Spanish came.[16] This, however, was not all bad. Missionaries could use their love for festivals and rituals to entice people to worship God.[15] It allowed them to blend what they knew the natives liked with what they tried to teach them.[15] This process led to many natives accepting aspects of Christianity, known as syncretism.[15] Syncretism was the blend of both old and new. It was applying the basics they had learned from the missionaries and combining them with their religious customs to make their hybrid religions.[15] Part of the reason for this pushback against the Christian religion was caused by the Spanish. The way they conquered the lands of the Americas and then forced the natives to learn Christianity created the image of a “conquering God” rather than a God of love and peace.[17] This contrasting image caused many to become confused by the differing images the missionaries were portraying and caused the natives to push back against the conversion.[17]

Indigenous and Afro-Latin creeds

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Indigenous creeds and rituals are still practiced in countries with large percentages of Amerindians, such as Bolivia, Guatemala, Mexico, and Peru. Various Afro-Latin American traditions such as Santería, Candomblé, Umbanda, Macumba, and tribal-voodoo religions are also practiced, mainly in Cuba, Brazil, and Haiti.

Other world religions

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Argentina hosts the largest communities of both Jews (180,000-300,000)[18][19][20] and Muslims (500,000-600,000)[21][22][23] in Latin America. Brazil is the country with more practitioners in the world of Allan Kardec's Spiritism. Practitioners of Judaism, Mormonism, Jehovah's Witnesses, Buddhism, Islam, Hinduism, Bahá'í Faith, and Shinto are also present in Latin America.[24]

Statistics

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CID-Gallup 2010

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Religion in Latin America (2010)[25]
Country Christian
(%) 		Catholic
(%) 		Protestant
(%) 		Other religions
(%) 		Unaffiliated
(%)
 Argentina 85,5 74,7 10,8 3,5 11,0
 Belize 74,0 40,5 33,5 10,4 15,6
 Bolivia 94,4 76,0 18,4 2,5 3,1
 Brazil 88,7 64,6 24,1 4,3 8,0
 Chile 82,1 66,2 15,9 2,5 15,4
 Colombia 94,7 81,7 13,0 2,3 3,0
 Costa Rica 89,9 70,7 19,2 4,0 6,1
 Cuba 50,1 45,8 4,3 7,2 42,7
 Ecuador 93,1 80,9 12,2 2,3 4,6
 El Salvador 81,8 51,7 30,1 2,2 16,0
 Guatemala 86,8 47,1 39,7 1,7 11,5
 Haiti 84,3 68,8 15,5 9,8 5,9
 Honduras 88,8 49,8 39,0 3,2 8,0
 Mexico 92,0 82,9 9,1 3,4 4,6
 Nicaragua 83,5 54,4 29,1 3,8 12,7
 Panama 92,7 76,0 16,7 3,3 4,0
 Paraguay 96,1 88,2 7,9 2,3 1,6
 Peru 93,6 80,6 13,0 3,0 3,4
 Puerto Rico 92,2 61,5 30,7 1,4 6,4
 Dominican Republic 90,2 68,9 21,3 4,0 5,8
 Uruguay 52,4 42,8 9,6 4,6 43,0
 Venezuela 91,4 75,8 15,6 3,3 5,3

2014 Pew Research Center data

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Religion in Latin America (2014)[1]
Country Catholic (%) Protestant (%) Unaffiliated (%) Other (%)
Paraguay Paraguay 89 7 1 2
Mexico Mexico 81 9 7 4
Colombia Colombia 79 13 6 2
Ecuador Ecuador 79 13 5 3
Bolivia Bolivia 77 16 4 3
Peru Peru 76 17 4 3
Venezuela Venezuela 73 17 7 4
Argentina Argentina 71 15 12 3
Panama Panama 70 19 7 4
Chile Chile 64 17 16 3
Costa Rica Costa Rica 62 25 9 4
Brazil Brazil 61 26 8 5
Dominican Republic Dominican Republic 57 23 18 2
Puerto Rico Puerto Rico 56 33 8 2
El Salvador El Salvador 50 36 12 3
Guatemala Guatemala 50 41 6 3
Nicaragua Nicaragua 50 40 7 4
Honduras Honduras 46 41 10 2
Uruguay Uruguay 42 15 37 6
Latin America 69 19 8 4

Number of followers by country (2015 Pew Research Center projections for 2020)

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Countries Population Total Christians % Christian Population Unaffiliated % Unaffiliated Population Other religions % Other religions Population Source
 Argentina 44,830,000 85.4% 38,420,000 12.1% 5,320,000 2.5% 1,090,000 [26]
 Bolivia 11,830,000 94% 11,120,000 4.1% 480,000 1.9% 230,000 [27]
 Brazil 210,450,000 88.1% 185,430,000 8.4% 17,620,000 3.5% 7,400,000 [28]
 Chile 18,540,000 88.3% 16,380,000 9.7% 1,800,000 2% 360,000 [29]
 Colombia 52,160,000 92.3% 48,150,000 6.7% 3,510,000 1% 500,000 [30]
 Costa Rica 5,270,000 90.8% 4,780,000 8% 420,000 1.2% 70,000 [31]
 Cuba 11,230,000 58.9% 6,610,000 23.2% 2,600,000 17.9% 2,020,000 [32]
 Ecuador 16,480,000 94% 15,490,000 5.6% 920,000 0.4% 70,000 [33]
 El Salvador 6,670,000 88% 5,870,000 11.2% 740,000 0.8% 60,000 [34]
 Guatemala 18,210,000 95.3% 17,360,000 3.9% 720,000 0.8% 130,000 [35]
 Guyana 850,000 67.9% 580,000 2% 20,000 30.1% 250,000 [36]
 Haiti 11,550,000 87% 10,040,000 10.7% 1,230,000 2.3% 280,000 [37]
 Honduras 9,090,000 87.5% 7,950,000 10.5% 950,000 2% 190,000 [38]
 Mexico 126,010,000 94.1% 118,570,000 5.7% 7,240,000 0.2% 200,000 [39]
 Nicaragua 6,690,000 85.3% 5,710,000 13% 870,000 1.7% 110,000 [40]
 Panama 4,020,000 92.7% 3,720,000 5% 200,000 2.3% 100,000 [41]
 Paraguay 7,630,000 96.9% 7,390,000 1.1% 90,000 2% 150,000 [42]
 Peru 32,920,000 95.4% 31,420,000 3.1% 1,010,000 1.5% 490,000 [43]
 Dominican Republic 11,280,000 88% 9,930,000 10.9% 1,230,000 1.1% 120,000 [44]
 Suriname 580,000 52.3% 300,000 6.2% 40,000 41.5% 240,000 [45]
 Uruguay 3,490,000 57% 1,990,000 41.5% 1,450,000 1.5% 50,000 [46]
 Venezuela 33,010,000 89.5% 29,540,000 9.7% 3,220,000 0.8% 250,000 [47]
Latin America 653,390,000 89.7% 585,850,000 8% 52,430,000 2.3% 15,110,000 [48]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c "Religion in Latin America, Widespread Change in a Historically Catholic Region". Pew Research Center. 13 November 2014. Retrieved March 4, 2015.
  2. ^ a b Christians – Pew Research Center
  3. ^ "Religion affiliations in Latin America 2020". Statista. 2021-10-09. Retrieved 2023-08-21.
  4. ^ Facts of Basilica of Aparecida
  5. ^ "Las religiones en tiempos del Papa Francisco" (in Spanish). Latinobarómetro. April 2014. p. 7. Archived from the original (pdf) on 10 May 2015. Retrieved 4 April 2015. Alt URL
  6. ^ Religion in Latin America Widespread Change in a Historically Catholic Region
  7. ^ Allan., Anderson (2004). An introduction to Pentecostalism : global charismatic Christianity. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521825733. OCLC 53919445.
  8. ^ Pierre., Bastian, Jean (1997). La mutación religiosa de América Latina : para una sociología del cambio social en la modernidad periférica (1st ed.). México: Fondo de Cultura Económica. ISBN 9681650212. OCLC 38448929.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  9. ^ Koehrsen, Jens (2017-09-01). "When Sects Become Middle Class: Impression Management among Middle-Class Pentecostals in Argentina". Sociology of Religion. 78 (3): 318–339. doi:10.1093/socrel/srx030. ISSN 1069-4404.
  10. ^ Alec Ryrie, "The World's Local Religion" History Today (2017) online
  11. ^ "Religion in Latin America: Widespread Change in a Historically Catholic Region" Pew Research Center: Religion & Public Life Nov 13, 2014
  12. ^ "The Global Religious Landscape" (PDF). Pewforum.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 January 2017. Retrieved 7 May 2020.
  13. ^ Lazo, Valeria (2024-08-14). "AFILIACIÓN, PARTICIPACIÓN Y PRÁCTICAS RELIGIOSAS EN LATINOAMÉRICA_1RA OLA 2024". M&R_Consultores (in Spanish). Retrieved 2024-10-05.
  14. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Orique, David Thomas; Fitzpatrick-Behrens, Susan; Garrard, Virginia, eds. (2020). The Oxford handbook of Latin American Christianity. Oxford handbooks online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-998403-9.
  15. ^ a b c d e f g Garrard-Burnett, Virginia (2016). The Cambridge History of Religions in Latin America. Paul Freston, Stephen C. Dove (1st ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-139-03269-8.
  16. ^ a b González, Ondina E.; González, Justo L. (2008). Christianity in Latin America: a history. Cambridge New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-86329-2.
  17. ^ a b Prien, Hans-J̈urgen; Buckwalter, Stephen E. (2013). Christianity in Latin America. Religion in the Americas series (Rev. and expanded ed.). Leiden Boston: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-24207-4.
  18. ^ LeElef, Ner. "World Jewish Population". Retrieved 2008-01-09.
  19. ^ The Jewish People Policy Planning Institute; Annual Assessment, 2007
  20. ^ United Jewish Communities; Global Jewish Populations Archived 2008-05-31 at the Wayback Machine
  21. ^ Bureau of Western Hemisphere Affairs - Background Note: Argentina
  22. ^ International Religious Freedom Report 2008 - Argentina
  23. ^ Árabes y musulmanes en América Latina
  24. ^ LANIC religion page
  25. ^ The Latin American Socio-Religious Studies Program / Programa Latinoamericano de Estudios Sociorreligiosos (PROLADES) PROLADES Religion in America by country
  26. ^ "Religious Composition by Country, 2010-2050". www.pewforum.org. 18 May 2013. Retrieved 2020-10-18.
  27. ^ "Religious Composition by Country, 2010-2050". www.pewforum.org. 18 May 2013. Retrieved 2020-10-18.
  28. ^ "Religious Composition by Country, 2010-2050". www.pewforum.org. 18 May 2013. Retrieved 2020-10-18.
  29. ^ "Religious Composition by Country, 2010-2050". www.pewforum.org. 18 May 2013. Retrieved 2020-10-18.
  30. ^ "Religious Composition by Country, 2010-2050". www.pewforum.org. 18 May 2013. Retrieved 2020-10-18.
  31. ^ "Religious Composition by Country, 2010-2050". www.pewforum.org. 18 May 2013. Retrieved 2020-10-18.
  32. ^ "Religious Composition by Country, 2010-2050". www.pewforum.org. 18 May 2013. Retrieved 2020-10-18.
  33. ^ "Religious Composition by Country, 2010-2050". www.pewforum.org. 18 May 2013. Retrieved 2020-10-18.
  34. ^ "Religious Composition by Country, 2010-2050". www.pewforum.org. 18 May 2013. Retrieved 2020-10-18.
  35. ^ "Religious Composition by Country, 2010-2050". www.pewforum.org. 18 May 2013. Retrieved 2020-10-18.
  36. ^ "Religious Composition by Country, 2010-2050". www.pewforum.org. 18 May 2013. Retrieved 2020-10-18.
  37. ^ "Religious Composition by Country, 2010-2050". www.pewforum.org. 18 May 2013. Retrieved 2020-10-18.
  38. ^ "Religious Composition by Country, 2010-2050". www.pewforum.org. 18 May 2013. Retrieved 2020-10-18.
  39. ^ "Religious Composition by Country, 2010-2050". www.pewforum.org. 18 May 2013. Retrieved 2020-10-18.
  40. ^ "Religious Composition by Country, 2010-2050". www.pewforum.org. 18 May 2013. Retrieved 2020-10-18.
  41. ^ "Religious Composition by Country, 2010-2050". www.pewforum.org. 18 May 2013. Retrieved 2020-10-18.
  42. ^ "Religious Composition by Country, 2010-2050". www.pewforum.org. 18 May 2013. Retrieved 2020-10-18.
  43. ^ "Religious Composition by Country, 2010-2050". www.pewforum.org. 18 May 2013. Retrieved 2020-10-18.
  44. ^ "Religious Composition by Country, 2010-2050". www.pewforum.org. 18 May 2013. Retrieved 2020-10-18.
  45. ^ "Religious Composition by Country, 2010-2050". www.pewforum.org. 18 May 2013. Retrieved 2020-10-18.
  46. ^ "Religious Composition by Country, 2010-2050". www.pewforum.org. 18 May 2013. Retrieved 2020-10-18.
  47. ^ "Religious Composition by Country, 2010-2050". www.pewforum.org. 18 May 2013. Retrieved 2020-10-18.
  48. ^ "Religious Composition by Country, 2010-2050". www.pewforum.org. 18 May 2013. Retrieved 2020-10-18.

Further reading

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  • Colby, Gerard. Thy Will Be Done: The Conquest of the Amazon: Nelson Rockefeller and Evangelism in the Age of Oil. HarperCollins.
  • D'Antonio, William V., and Frederick B. Pike, jt. eds. Religion, Revolution, and Reform: New Forces for Change in Latin America. New York: F.A. Praeger, 1964
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