Antonio de Erauso
Catalina de Erauso, also known as La Monja Alférez (English The Nun Lieutenant) (1592[1], San Sebastián, Spain—1650, Cuetlaxtla, New Spain), was a semilegendary personality of Spain and Spanish America in the first half of the seventeenth century.
She was a Basque woman, daughter and sister of soldiers from the city of San Sebastian, Spain. She was expected to become a nun but abandoned the nunnery after a beating at the age of fifteen, just before she was to take her vows. She had not ever seen a street, having entered at the age of four. She dressed herself as a man, "Francisco de Loyola", and left on a long journey from San Sebastian to Valladolid. From there she visited Bilbao, where she enrolled on a ship with the assistance of other Basques. She reached Spanish America and enlisted as a soldier under the name Alonso Díaz Ramírez de Guzmán. She served under several captains, supposedly including her own brother, who never recognized her.
She served in Chile in the wars with the Araucano Indians. In the service she gained a reputation as a courageous soldier, gambler, and fighter. This eventful military career culminated in her promotion to lieutenant, which title, combined with her early days in the nunnery, led to her becoming known as The Lieutenant Nun (La Monja Alférez).
Perhaps above all she was a habitual duelist, responsible for the deaths of dozens of men. According to her autobiography, these included her own brother, whom she inadvertently killed in a late night altercation. She claims to have recognized him only when she heard his death cries in the dark.
She also participated in commerce, always for Basque businessmen. She killed many men in different walks of life, some of them soldiers, bureaucrats, or officers of the Spanish crown. To escape she took refuge many times in churches, taking sanctuary, which at that time was sacred; soldiers couldn't enter into sanctuary in pursuit of anyone. Furthermore, her Basque heritage kept her employed, even with such a lengthy criminal record. She also broke marriage promise to several women. However she was sentenced to death several times, escaping from Chile to modern Argentina, Bolivia and Peru
After one fight in Cuzco in which she killed a man and was wounded apparently fatally, she revealed her gender in a deathbed confession. She however survives after four months of convalescence and leaves to Guamanga. To escape yet another trouble, she confesses publicly her sex to the bishop . Induced by him she enters convent and her story is spreaded across the ocean. In 1620, the archbishop of Lima calls her. In 1624, she arrived to Spain, being changed of ship after another fight.
She went to Rome and the rest of Italy where she eventually achieved such a level of fame that she was granted a special dispensation by Pope Urban VIII to wear men's clothing. Her portrait by Francesco Crescenzio painted is lost.
Back in Spain, Francisco de Pacheco (Velázquez's father-in-law) paints her in 1630.
She again left Spain in 1645, this time for New Spain in the fleet of Pedro de Ursua, where she became a mule driver on the road from Veracruz. In New Spain she used the name Antonio de Erauso. She died in Cuetlaxtla in 1650.
Aspect
Pedro del Valle describes her in a 1626 letter sent from Rome to Mario Schipano as fond of conversation, tall and strong with masculine looks and childish breasts after the application of an Italian remedy. Her face is not ugly but worn by age, looking more as a eunuch than a woman. She dress as a Spanish man, with a sword, more as a soldier than a courtier.
Sexuality
She may have been a hypospadic hermaphrodite, according to a study by Dr Nicolás León, and she was considered in her time as a eunuch by some. Her autobiography uses mostly the masculine gender for herself. She fancied several women and was fancied by others.
In media
In 1625, Juan Pérez de Montalván debuts the play Comedia famosa de la monja Alférez profitting the hype. In that same year, a "True narration of the great feats..." is published in Seville, followed by a "Second narration..." and a "Last and third narration..." from Mexico.
An alleged autobiography from 1626 exists, the earliest manuscript of which dates from 1794. The 1838 edition of this book is available on-line. Her life was also the theme of various novels and of a study by Dr. Nicolás León.
Emilio Gómez Muriel in 1943 filmed her life, with María Félix playeing Erauso. A movie starring Esperanza Roy was released in Spain on June 4, 1987.
References
- Template:Es icon "Alférez, La Monja," Enciclopedia de México, v. 1. Mexico City, 1988.
- Template:Es icon Erauso y Pérez de Galarraga, Catalina de at the Auñamendi Encyclopedia.
- ^ 1592, according to the record of her baptsim; 1585, according to her supposed autobiography (Auñamendi)