Cantharellus
| Cantharellus | |
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| Cantharellus cibarius | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | |
| Division: | |
| Class: | |
| Order: | |
| Family: | |
| Genus: | Cantharellus |
| Type species | |
| Cantharellus cibarius Fr.
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| species | |
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See text | |
Cantharellus spp. | |
|---|---|
 | Ridges on hymenium |
 | Cap is infundibuliform |
 | Hymenium is decurrent |
 | Stipe is bare |
 | Spore print is yellow |
 | Ecology is mycorrhizal |
 | Edibility is choice |
Cantharellus is a genus of popular edible mushrooms, commonly known as chanterelles/ˌʃæntəˈrɛl/. They are mycorrhizal fungi, meaning they form symbiotic associations with plants, making them very difficult to cultivate. Caution must be used when identifying chanterelles for consumption due to lookalikes, such as the Jack-O-Lantern species (Omphalotus olearius and others), which can make a person very ill. Despite this, chanterelles are one of the most recognized and harvested groups of edible mushrooms.
Many species of chanterelles contain antioxidant carotenoids, such as beta-carotene in C. cibarius and C. minor, and canthaxanthin in C. cinnabarinus and C. friesii. They also contain significant amounts of vitamin D.[1]
The name comes from the Greek kantharos meaning "tankard" or "cup".[1][2]
| Phylogenetic relationships of some Cantharellus species based on ribosomal RNA sequences.[3] |
Taxonomy
The genus Cantharellus is large and has a complex taxonomic history. Index Fungorum lists over 500 scientific names that have been applied to the genus, although the number of currently valid names is less than 100.[1] In addition to synonymy, many species have been moved into other genera such as Arrhenia, Craterellus, Gomphus, Hygrophoropsis, and Pseudocraterellus. Molecular phylogenetic analyses are providing new information about relationships between chanterelle populations. The following are just a few examples of chanterelle species:
- C. afrocibarius – Africa[4]
- C. altipes — southeastern U.S.A.[5]
- C. amethysteus — Europe
- C. appalachiensis — eastern North America, China[6]
- C. aurantioconspicuus — Brazil[7]
- C. californicus — the oak chanterelle
- C. cascadensis — the Pacific Northwest of North America
- C. cibarius — The best known species of this genus is the golden chanterelle, which is orange or yellow, meaty and funnel-shaped. On the lower surface, underneath the smooth cap, it has gill-like ridges that run almost all the way down its stipe, which tapers down seamlessly from the cap. It has a fruity smell and a mildly peppery taste, and is considered an excellent food mushroom. The European girolle, a variant of C. cibarius, has a thicker stalk and stronger flavor.[8]
- C. cinereus — the ashen chanterelle
- C. cinnabarinus
- C. flavus - midwestern and southern U.S.A.[9]
- C. formosus — The Pacific golden chanterelle has recently been recognized as a separate species from the golden chanterelle. It forms a mycorrhizal association with the Douglas-fir and Sitka spruce forests of California and the Pacific Northwest of North America. This chanterelle has been designated Oregon's state mushroom, due to its economic value and abundance.
- C. friesii — the orange chanterelle
- C. gracilis – Africa
- C. humidicolus – Africa
- C. lateritius — the smooth chanterelle
- C. lewisii — southeastern U.S.A.[5]
- C. minor
- C. miomboensis – Africa
- C. pallens
- C. persicinus — the peach chanterelle
- C. phasmatis - the ghost chanterelle, midwestern U.S.A.[9]
- C. pleurotoides — Guyana[10]
- C. pseudoformosus — found with deodar cedar in India[11]
- C. quercophilus — southeastern U.S.A.[12]
- C. roseocanus
- C. spectaculus - the spectacular chanterelle, midwestern U.S.A.[9]
- C. subalbidus — The white chanterelle is also found in western North America, and looks like the golden chanterelle except for its off-white color and more robust stalk. It is found in lesser numbers than the golden chanterelle, but can otherwise be treated like its yellow cousins; some believe the flavor is superior.[13]
- C. tabernensis — southeastern U.S.A.[14]
- C. subpruinosus – Europe
- C. tanzanicus – Africa
- C. tenuithrix — southeastern U.S.A.[5]
- C. texensis — southeastern U.S.A.[15]
- C. vaginatus — China[6]
- C. zangii — China[16]
Habitat
Cantharellus species are found throughout the world in association with mycorrhizal host plants, including Africa, Europe, Asia, North America, South America, and Australia.
Chanterelles are associated with either conifers or hardwood trees, depending on species. They are often found with oaks in California[17] and Texas.[18] In Scotland, chanterelles grow in mixed forests of silver birch and Scots pine, especially when the forest has plenty of moist, mossy undergrowth. In Fife they are common under beech. They are usually (but not always) found in the same places as wild blueberries. In Spain they associate with sweet chestnut. A walk in the woods after rain should prove fruitful from late July through the Autumn. [citation needed]
Use in food
Chanterelles in general go well with eggs, curry, chicken, pork, fish, beef and veal, can be used as toppings on pizzas, be stewed, marinated, sauteed, or used as filling for stuffed crêpes. Of course these are just examples; chanterelles are versatile and can be added as an ingredient to most dishes.
In European cuisine, chanterelles are often served with venison. A traditional method of preparing these mushrooms is sauteed and then used to make scrambled eggs.
In Polish tradition chanterelles are used for making creamy sauces that top chicken.
Many mushroom enthusiasts just like chanterelles sauteed in butter, with a pinch of salt, a clove of fresh crushed garlic and some whipping cream. This recipe is said to bring out the subtle flavor of the chanterelle without masking it with other aromas. This recipe has the added benefit of retaining flavor even after being stored frozen.
It is a feature of Viennese cuisine.[19]
Preparation and storage
Since the mushrooms hold a lot of water, they are often prepared using a "dry sauté" method: after cleaning, the mushrooms are sliced and put in a covered pan over high heat with no oil or butter. The mushrooms then release much of their water, which can be allowed to boil off or be poured off and used as a stock. Many people often cook the mushrooms with butter because it "sweetens" them.
Chanterelles can also be pickled in brine. Salted water is brought to a boil and pickling spices such as peppercorns, mustard seeds, and thyme are added. The mushrooms are then cooked in this solution for 5–10 minutes before being transferred to sterilized bottles along with some of the liquid. Sliced garlic and dill can be added to the bottles for extra flavor. The remaining liquid forms an excellent stock for making soup. When pickled in this way, chanterelles can last from six to twelve months.
Another storage technique is drying. Mushrooms can be dried with gentle heat in an oven at temperatures of 65°C (149°F) or less. A vacuum process is also practical on large orders. A few hours before final preparation, put dry mushrooms in water which they absorb for returning to nearly original size. Mushrooms can then be used as fresh, and will last indefinitely as dry.
Fresh chanterelles can generally be stored up to ten days in a refrigerator.
Similar species
The False Chanterelle (Hygrophoropsis aurantiaca) has finer, more orange gills and a darker cap. It is edible, but typically a culinary disappointment. The very similar Jack O'Lantern mushroom (Omphalotus olearius) and its sister species (Omphalotus olivascens) are very poisonous, though not lethal. They have true gills (unlike chanterelles) which are thinner, have distinct crowns, and generally do not reach up to the edge. Additionally, the Jack-O-Lantern mushroom is bioluminescent. Species in the genera Craterellus, Gomphus, and Polyozellus may also have a somewhat chanterelle-like appearance.
References
- ^ a b c Pilz D, Norvell L, Danell E, Molina R. (2003). Ecology and management of commercially harvested chanterelle mushrooms. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-576 (PDF). Portland, OR: Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. Retrieved 2011-03-25.
{{cite book}}: Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ chanterelle at dictionary.com
- ^ Moncalvo, Jean-Marc; et al. (2006). "The cantharelloid clade: dealing with incongruent gene trees and phylogenetic reconstruction methods". Mycologia. 98 (6): 937–48. doi:10.3852/mycologia.98.6.937. PMID 17486970.
{{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in:|author=(help) - ^ Buyck B, Kauff F, Cruaud C, Hofstetter V. (2013). "Molecular evidence for novel Cantharellus (Cantharellales, Basidiomycota) from tropical African miombo woodland and a key to all tropical African chanterelles". Fungal Diversity. 58 (1): 281–98. doi:10.1007/s13225-012-0215-4.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b c Buyck, Bart; Hofstetter, Valérie (2011). "The contribution of tef-1 sequences to species delimitation in the Cantharellus cibarius complex in the southeastern USA". Fungal Diversity. 49 (1): 35–46. doi:10.1007/s13225-011-0095-z.
- ^ a b Shao, Shi-Cheng; Tian, Xiao-Fei; Liu, Pei-Gui (2011). "Cantharellus in southwestern China: a new species and a new record". Mycotaxon. 116: 437–446. doi:10.5248/116.437.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help) - ^ Wartchow F, Buyck B, Maia LC. (2012). "Cantharellus aurantioconspicuus (Cantharellales), a new species from Pernambuco, Brazil". Nova Hedwigia. 94 (1–2): 129–37. doi:10.1127/0029-5035/2012/0094-0129.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ California Fungi—Cantharellus cibarius
- ^ a b c Foltz, M.; Perez, K. E.; Volk, T. (2012). "Molecular phylogeny and morphology reveals three new species of Cantharellus within 20 meters of one another in western Wisconsin, USA". Mycologia. doi:10.3852/12-181.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help) - ^ Henkel TW, Aime MC, Miller SL. (2006). "Cantharellus pleurotoides, a new and unusual basidiomycete from Guyana". Mycological Research. 110 (12): 1409–12. doi:10.1016/j.mycres.2006.09.010.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Kumari, Deepika; Upadhyay, Ramesh C.; Reddy, Mondem S. (2011). "Cantharellus pseudoformosus, a new species associated with Cedrus deodara from India". Mycoscience. 52 (2): 147–151. doi:10.1007/s10267-010-0080-5.
- ^ Buyck, Bart; Lewis, David P.; Eyssartier, Guillaume; Hofstetter, Valérie (2010). "Cantharellus quercophilus sp. nov. and its comparison to other small, yellow or brown American chanterelles". Cryptogamie Mycologie. 31 (1): 17–33.
- ^ California Fungi—Cantharellus subalbidus
- ^ Feibelman, T. P.; Bennett, J. W.; Cibula, W. G. (1996). "Cantharellus Tabernensis: A New Species from the Southeastern United States". Mycologia. 88 (2): 295–301.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help) - ^ Buyck, Bart; Cruaud, Corinne; Couloux, Arnaud; Hofstetter, Valerie (2011). "Cantharellus texensis sp. nov. from Texas (USA), a southern look-alike of C. cinnabarinus revealed by tef-1 sequence data". Mycologia. 103 (5): 1037–46. doi:10.3852/10-261. PMID 21558500.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help) - ^ Tian X-F, Buyck B, Shao S-C, Liu P-G, Fang Y. (2012). "Cantharellus zangii, a new subalpine basidiomycete from southwestern China". Mycotaxon. 120: 99–103. doi:10.5248/120.99.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Arora, David (1979). Mushrooms Demystified. Ten Speed Press. ISBN 0-89815-009-4.
- ^ Metzler, Susan (1992). Texas Mushrooms: A Field Guide. 1st edition. University of Texas Press. ISBN 0-292-75125-7.
- ^ Philpot, Rosl (1965). Viennese Cookery. London: Hodder & Staughton. pp. 139–140.
External links
- Cantharellus in Index Fungorum
- Cantharellus in MycoBank.
- Recipes as of 2003-07-28
- Info on Cantharellaceae family as of 2003-07-28
- NBCI taxonomy Browser as of 2003-07-28