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2024 United Nations Biodiversity Conference

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This article is about the 16th biodiversity conference. For the 16th climate change conference, see 2010 United Nations Climate Change Conference.
United Nations Biodiversity Conference
COP16
COP16 logo depicting an Inírida flower
Date21 October - 1 November 2024
MottoPaz con la Naturaleza (Peace with Nature)
CitiesCali, Valle del Cauca, Colombia
ParticipantsConvention on Biological Diversity member countries
Follows← Kunming/Montreal 2022
Precedes→ Armenia 2026
Websitehttps://www.cbd.int/conferences/2024

The 2024 United Nations Biodiversity Conference of the Parties (COP16) to the UN Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) was a conference that was held from October 21 to November 1, 2024 in Cali, Colombia.[1][2] The monitoring framework agreed at the previous conference should allow the progress of the countries towards national goals and targets under the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework to be evaluated.[3][4]

History

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President of Colombia, Gustavo Petro, announces the city of Cali as the host for the United Nations Biodiversity COP16, by showing a small paper with the city's name printed on it in capital letters.
President of Colombia, Gustavo Petro, announces the city of Cali as the host for the United Nations Biodiversity COP16.

The UNCBD COP16 was originally set to be held in Turkey;[5] however, on July 31, 2023, the conference's organizing committee notified Parties that the country had decided to give up its right to host and preside the event, due to "a force majeure situation" caused by the impact of the nationwide earthquakes occurred in February of the same year.[6]

On December 11, 2023, the Minister of Environment and Sustainable Development of Colombia, Susana Muhamad, announced that the country had officially offered to host the COP16, which was scheduled to be held from October 21, to November 1, 2024.[7][8] On February 20, 2024, the President of Colombia, Gustavo Petro, announced that Cali had been chosen to host the event, after a month-long competition with Bogotá.[1][9] Petro said that Valle del Cauca was "the most biodiverse region in Colombia", both due its natural ecosystems and its ethnic diversity, while noting that the government had also chosen Cali in the hopes of "healing the open wounds" of the nationwide protests the city had been at the center of in 2021.[1][9]

Logo and motto

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Sculpture of the Flor de Inírida in Cali

The COP16's official logo was presented by the Minister of Environment and Sustainable Development of Colombia, Susana Muhamad, and the interim executive secretary of the UNCBD, David Cooper, on February 28, 2024, during the Sixth UN Environment Assembly in Nairobi, Kenya. Designed by Vanessa María Vergara Domínguez, the logo depicted an Inírida flower, an endemic plant in Colombia, decorated with 36 petals, 23 of which represented the targets set by the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework in 2022, whereas the remaining 13 symbolized the country's strategic ecoregions.[10][11]

The official motto of the COP16 was Paz con la Naturaleza ("Peace with Nature");[2][12] Muhamad said that one of the reasons behind the choice was the hope to turn the conference into an opportunity to further reduce the impact of the nationwide conflict with guerrilla factions, which was still ongoing despite the agreement reached as part of the peace process between the Colombian government and the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia in 2016.[2]

Development

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Context and lead-up

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Susana Muhamad served as the President of the COP16 throughout the entirety of its negotiations.
Colombia's Minister of Environment and Sustainable Development, Susana Muhamad, served as the President of the COP16 throughout the entirety of its negotiations.

Main themes of the summit

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The UNCBD COP16 mainly aimed to review progress of the countries towards the goals set by the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (GBF),[2][13] which had been approved in December 2022, having set 23 general targets to "halt and reverse biodiversity loss" by 2030.[3][4]

In the lead-up to the summit, national governments were expected to present their respective long-term strategies to meet the targets, known as National Biodiversity Strategies and Action Plans (NBSAPs);[2] however, a joint investigation by The Guardian and Carbon Brief revealed that only 25 of the 195 countries that had adhered to the Kunming-Montreal Framework had submit their NBSAPs before the start of the COP16.[14][15] According to the inquiry, only five of the 17 megadiverse countries (Australia, China, Indonesia, Malaysia and Mexico), as well as four G7 nations (Canada, France, Italy and Japan), submitted their respective NBSAPs by the deadline. Representatives for Colombia announced that the country would present its own plan during the meeting, while spokespersons for the United Kingdom, Brazil and India stated that the nations would not publish their respective NBSAPs earlier than 2025.[14][15]

The COP16 was also considered as an occasion to review other goals set at the previous conference in Montreal, including an agreement to provide developing countries with at least $20 billion to finance the implementation of conservation targets by 2025, and at least $30 billion a year by 2030.[2][16] Another target included in the Global Biodiversity Framework urged countries to identify funding to nature-damaging sources and cut them by $500 billion a year by the end of the decade.[17][18] Upon the start of the meeting, only seven developed countries had contributed to the Global Biodiversity Framework Fund (GBFF), donating a total of $244 million.[13]

Moreover, participating countries were expected to negotiate the first global agreement on digital sequence information[13] and biopiracy, a phenomenon that had been disproportionately affecting countries in the so-called Global South,[2][16] and ensure the full involvement of Indigenous peoples around the world, which had been mentioned eighteen times on the GBF,[2] in the implementation of the targets set by the Framework itself.[2][17] Finally, a draft of a global action plan on biodiversity and health was reportedly set to be negotiated at the conference.[13]

Upon being asked about the likelihood that the United States would ratify the convention,[19] having previously refused to do so,[20] the executive secretary of the Convention on Biological Diversity, Astrid Schomaker, said that while the US were "always participating at the COPs with reasonably big delegations", ratification had not been an "actively discussed" subject in the country, regardless of the outcome of the 2024 presidential election, due to a lack of support from a solid majority of the Congress.[19]

Schomaker also said that the COP16 would be "the biggest COP ever", thanks to the involvement of a higher number of stakeholders and national delegates, as well as an increase in international media coverage; she also noted how the meeting would be an opportunity for institutions to acknowledge that "we cannot solve the climate crisis without looking at the nature crisis".[19]

Killings of environmental activists

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According to a yearly Global Witness report about victims of violence and repression against environmental activism, released in September 2024, 196 environmentalists and activists around the world had been murdered throughout 2023.[21][22] Colombia topped the list for the second year in a row, with 79 killings (19 more than the year prior), followed by Brazil, with 25 killings,[22][23] Mexico and Honduras, with 18 killings per each.[23] Global Witness said that organized crime groups had been linked to around half of all environmental defender murders in Colombia in 2023, while noting that half of the activists killed in Colombia were Indigenous, with many others being either members of Afro-descendant communities or small-scale farmers.[22]

The report also raised concerns about growing repression and censorship of protests led by environmentalist associations in several countries, including the United Kingdom, France, Italy, Germany and the Netherlands.[21][23]

Security concerns

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Following the termination of a ceasefire between the Colombian government and some factions of the guerrilla movement Estado Mayor Central (EMC) in March and July 2024, due to ongoing violence in several provinces,[24] on July 16 representatives of the EMC threatened that the COP16 would "fail even if [Cali] was militarized with (US) gringos" in an X post directed to the President of Colombia, Gustavo Petro.[25] In the wake of further threats by the EMC and failed terrorist attacks in Cali and Jamundí,[26] it was reported that thousands of members of the Army and the National Police were expected to be deployed in Cali to ensure the safety of delegates and citizens.[26][27] On July 30, the leader of the EMC, Nestor Gregorio (also known by the nom de guerre Iván Mordisco), announced that the units of the group would not affect any events related to the COP16 "as a gesture of [their] will for peace".[27][28]

The executive secretary of the Convention on Biological Diversity, Astrid Schomaker, said that her staff had "worked very closely" with national, regional and local authorities to arrange effective security arrangements for the COP16.[19]

Negotiations

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The Valle del Pacifico convention center in Cali, where the negotiations for the 2024 United Nations Biodiversity COP16 were held.
The Valle del Pacifico convention center in Cali, where the negotiations for the 2024 United Nations Biodiversity COP16 were held.

The Minister of Environment and Sustainable Development of Colombia, Susana Muhamad, served as the president of the COP16 throughout the entirety of its negotiations,[29][30] which were held in the Zona Azul ("Blue Zone") at the Valle del Pacifico convention center in Cali;[12] participants from civil society were admitted to the Zona Verde ("Green Zone") at the Bulevar del Río [es], which would host several concerts, as well as a series of political and academic conferences about conservation and restoration of oceans, environmental justice and sustainable cities, among other themes.[31]

Susana Muhamad (third from left) and members of the Colombian delegation pose for a photo at the opening ceremony of the COP16.
Susana Muhamad (third from left) and members of the Colombian delegation pose for a photo at the opening ceremony of the COP16.

On October 21, 2024, the inaugural day of the meeting, Muhamad presented Colombia's own NBSAP, called Plan de Acción por la Biodiversidad 2030 ("Plan of Action for Biodiversity 2030").[30][32] The document — which was estimated to require a total investment of 76.5 billion pesos, roughly corresponding to over $17.8 billion —[30] set six national goals and 191 targets needed to fulfill the 2022 Global Biodiversity Framework by the end of the decade.[30][33] The opening ceremony included public speeches by Muhamad and Petro, as well as the major counselor of the National Indigenous Organization of Colombia (ONIC), Orlando Rayo, and a video-message from the secretary-general of the United Nations, António Guterres, who urged participating diplomats to "go from words to facts" in order to fulfill the targets set by the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework.[31]

While the COP16 was taking place, a group of researchers from the Natural History Museum in London presented an independent analysis on the effectiveness of conservation practices worldwide, which showed that, on average, biodiversity intactness had declined globally between 2000 and 2020, diminishing more quickly in considered protected areas than in critical biodiversity areas that were not protected;[34][35] the study also estimated that 17.5% of land and 8.4% of marine areas were protected for nature – an increase of about half a percentage point each since the COP15 in 2022 – with the total amount being expected to reach at least 30% by 2030, as part of one of the targets set by the GBF.[34]

During the first week of the convention, representatives of Indigenous and Afro-descendant communities, as well as civil society associations, were involved in dedicated international forums. El Colombiano reported that five "key documents" related to the targets set by the Cartagena and Nagoya Protocols were adopted in the ending session of the week, while new preliminary agreements to reform wildlife conservation and sustainable practices within the agricultural, food and financial sectors were also reached.[36]

Negotiations about a plan to provide developing countries with more resources for the implementation of conservation targets by 2030 reportedly kept stalling during the second week of the meeting, as a request by developing countries, including Brazil, to create a new fund for biodiversity, faced opposition by donating countries and the European Union.[18][37] A spokesperson for the CBD committee, David Ainsworth, said that it was "obvious" that a complete agreement on the subject would not be reached by the end of the COP16, with delegates being set to continue negotiations in the following period of time, as part of a new organization or an existent UN body.[37] Some analysts and participants also noted how the funding for developing countries required by the GBF was "a drop in the sea" in comparison to incentives paid by governments to providers of nature-damaging sources.[18]

Final outcomes

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The conference closed on Saturday, 2 November, with no agreement on a roadmap to ramp up funding for species protection. It was suspended as negotiations ran almost 12 hours longer than planned and delegates started leaving to catch flights. The exodus left the summit without a quorum for decision-making,[38][39]

Delegates did agree earlier to form a subsidiary body for recognizing Indigenous peoples' role, including traditional environmental knowledge, in future decisions on conservation. The body is led by two co-chairs, one of which is nominated by UN parties of the regional group and the other nominated by Indigenous peoples and local communities. The role of people of African descent in the protection of nature was also recognized.[40]

Agreement was reached earlier too on charging large biotechnology companies who derive genetic information from living organisms with a 0.1% fee. The fee is to recognize that many life-saving medicines and genetic resources are derived from organisms living in biodiversity hotspots such as the tropical rainforest. The collected fee is to go into a newly established fund to protect nature, with 50% allocated towards Indigenous communities.[40]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c "Colombia escoge a la ciudad de Cali como sede de la COP16, conferencia de la biodiversidad de la ONU". AP News (in Spanish). Associated Press. February 20, 2024. Retrieved February 20, 2024.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i Greenfield, Patrick (October 21, 2024). "Cop16 at a glance: the big issues that will define talks at Colombia's UN summit". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved October 21, 2024.
  3. ^ a b Mouterde, Perrine (December 19, 2022). "Historic biodiversity agreement reached at Montreal COP15". Le Monde. Retrieved December 20, 2022.
  4. ^ a b "Expert reaction to global biodiversity agreement reached at UN Biodiversity Conference COP15". Science Media Centre. Retrieved December 20, 2022.
  5. ^ "Biodiversity Day: Protecting humanity's 'life-support system'". news.un.org. United Nations. May 22, 2023. Retrieved June 5, 2023.
  6. ^ Cooper, David (July 31, 2023). "Notification to Parties on 31 July 2023" (PDF). Convention on Biological Diversity. UNCBD. Retrieved August 4, 2023.
  7. ^ "Colombia se postula para ser sede de la Cumbre de Biodiversidad más importante del mundo" (in Spanish). Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible. December 11, 2023. Retrieved December 12, 2023.
  8. ^ "Colombia will host the next United Nations Biodiversity Conference". Convention on Biological Diversity. December 11, 2023. Retrieved October 21, 2024.
  9. ^ a b ""Es la reunión del mundo en Colombia": presidente Gustavo Petro sobre el anuncio de la sede de la COP16 para Cali". El País (in Spanish). February 20, 2024. Retrieved October 23, 2024.
  10. ^ "Colombia presenta al mundo la imagen de la COP16 'Paz con la Naturaleza'". minambiente.gov.co (in Spanish). Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible. February 28, 2024. Retrieved October 23, 2024.
  11. ^ Caicedo, Edwin (February 28, 2024). "COP16: esta es la imagen oficial del evento, inspirada en una flor, y su significado". El Tiempo (in Spanish). Retrieved October 23, 2024.
  12. ^ a b Castro, Maria José (October 20, 2024). "Reviva el acto de inauguración COP16 'Paz con la Naturaleza' en Cali". Caracol Radio (in Spanish). EFE. Retrieved October 26, 2024.
  13. ^ a b c d "Interactive: Who wants what at the COP16 biodiversity summit". Carbon Brief. October 9, 2024. Retrieved October 27, 2024.
  14. ^ a b Greenfield, Patrick; Dunne, Daisy (October 15, 2024). "About 80% of countries fail to submit plans to preserve nature ahead of global summit". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved October 24, 2024.
  15. ^ a b Dunne, Daisy (October 15, 2024). "COP16: More than 85% of countries miss UN deadline to submit nature pledges". Carbon Brief. Retrieved October 24, 2024.
  16. ^ a b Piccolo, Riccardo (October 22, 2024). "Cos'è la Cop16 in Colombia e cosa deve ottenere?". Wired Italia (in Italian). Retrieved October 26, 2024.
  17. ^ a b Flor, Aline (October 21, 2024). "O que esperar da COP16 da Biodiversidade? Países chegam com muita conversa e pouca acção". Público (in Portuguese). Retrieved October 27, 2024.
  18. ^ a b c Mouterde, Perrine (October 31, 2024). "Biodiversité : les Etats peinent à s'attaquer au sujet crucial des subventions néfastes". Le Monde (in French). Retrieved October 31, 2024.
  19. ^ a b c d Dwyer, Orla (October 10, 2024). "The Carbon Brief Interview: UN biodiversity chief Astrid Schomaker". Carbon Brief. Retrieved October 31, 2024.
  20. ^ Jones, Benji (May 20, 2021). "Why the US won't join the single most important treaty to protect nature". Vox. Retrieved October 31, 2024.
  21. ^ a b "Missing voices - The violent erasure of land and environmental defenders". Global Witness. September 10, 2024. Retrieved October 26, 2024.
  22. ^ a b c Andreoni, Manuela (September 9, 2024). "Colombia Is the Deadliest Country for Environmental Activists, Report Finds". The New York Times. Retrieved October 26, 2024.
  23. ^ a b c Cotugno, Ferdinando (September 15, 2024). "Gli ecoattivisti stretti tra omicidi e repressione". Domani (in Italian). Retrieved October 26, 2024.
  24. ^ Griffin, Oliver; Acosta, Luis Jaime; Siniawski, Natalia; Symmes Cobb, Julia; Heavens, Louise (July 16, 2024). "Colombia calls off ceasefire with some units of EMC armed group". Reuters. Retrieved October 26, 2024.
  25. ^ "Disidencia de las FARC amenaza la cumbre COP16 en Colombia". Deutsche Welle (in Spanish). Agence France-Presse, El Espectador. July 16, 2024. Retrieved October 26, 2024.
  26. ^ a b Osorio, Camila (October 18, 2024). "Las amenazas de las disidencias y el despliegue militar del Estado: las demostraciones de fuerza que anteceden a la COP16". El País América Colombia (in Spanish). Retrieved October 26, 2024.
  27. ^ a b Greenfield, Patrick (July 31, 2024). "Colombian guerrillas withdraw threat to disrupt UN biodiversity summit". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved October 26, 2024.
  28. ^ Caicedo, Maria Victoria (July 30, 2024). "Iván Mordisco dice que no afectará la COP16 y anuncia creación de nuevo Estado Mayor Central". El Colombiano (in Spanish). Retrieved October 26, 2024.
  29. ^ Delcas, Marie (October 22, 2024). "COP16 in Cali: Susana Muhamad, a rising star of Colombia's environmental movement". Le Monde. Retrieved October 27, 2024.
  30. ^ a b c d Londoño Laura, Nátaly (October 21, 2024). "COP16: Colombia presentó su Plan de Acción por la Biodiversidad 2030". El Colombiano (in Spanish). Retrieved October 27, 2024.
  31. ^ a b Restrepo, María Paula (October 19, 2024). "Programación por días de la COP16: Conozca los eventos por fecha y cómo registrarse". Caracol Radio (in Spanish). Retrieved October 31, 2024.
  32. ^ "COP16: Colombia presenta oficialmente su plan de acción para proteger la biodiversidad al 2030". minambiente.gov.co (in Spanish). Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible. October 21, 2024. Retrieved October 27, 2024.
  33. ^ Piccolo, Riccardo (October 22, 2024). "Cos'è la Cop16 in Colombia e cosa deve ottenere?". Wired Italia (in Italian). Retrieved October 26, 2024.
  34. ^ a b Weston, Phoebe (October 24, 2024). "Biodiversity declining even faster in 'protected' areas, scientists warn Cop16". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved October 31, 2024.
  35. ^ "Towards 30 by 30: balancing nature and people". www.nhm.ac.uk. Natural History Museum, London. Retrieved October 31, 2024.
  36. ^ Laura, Nátaly Londoño (October 26, 2024). "Balance de la primera semana de la COP16: avances, acuerdos y desafíos". El Colombiano (in Spanish). Retrieved October 31, 2024.
  37. ^ a b "É improvável acordo sobre financiamento da conservação da biodiversidade na COP16". Público (in Portuguese). Reuters. October 31, 2024. Retrieved October 31, 2024.
  38. ^ "COP16 biodiversity ends without agreement on funding roadmap to rescue nature". 2024-11-02. Retrieved 2024-11-11.
  39. ^ "Biodiversity COP 16: Important Agreement Reached Towards Goal of "Making Peace with Nature"". United Nations Sustainable Development. 2024-11-04. Retrieved 2024-11-11.
  40. ^ a b Grattan, Steven (2024-11-02). "At U.N. summit, historic agreement to give Indigenous groups voice on nature conservation decisions". Toronto Star. The Associated Press. Retrieved 2024-11-04.
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