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Romani people in Bulgaria

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Romani people in Bulgaria
Ромите в България
Roma andi Bulgariya
Total population
325,343 (2011 Census; 4.4%)[1]


European Commission's average estimate: 750,000[2][3] (last updated 14 September 2010)[4]
unofficial estimates: 800,000[5]
Regions with significant populations
Nationwide, rural and urban. Centered in cities with the largest concentrations in Sliven, Sofia, and Pazardzhik.[6]
Languages
Religion
Part of a series on
Romani people
Flag of the Romani people
Romani people by sub-group
Romani diaspora by country
Romani wedding in Sofia, 1936
A Romani in wagon (Dolna Banya)
Romani ghetto in Filipovtsi, Sofia
Roma people in Sliven
Roma dancers

Romani people in Bulgaria (Bulgarian: Ромите в България, romanized: Romite v Bǎlgariya; Romani: Romane ando Bulgariya) constitute Europe's densest Roma minority. The Romani people in Bulgaria may speak Bulgarian, Turkish or Romani, depending on the region.[8]

According to the latest census in 2011, the number of the Romani is 325,343, constituting 4.4% of the total population, in which only one ethnic group could be opted as an answer and 10% of the total population did not respond to the question on ethnic group.[1] In a conclusive report of the census sent to Eurostat, the authors of the census (the National Statistical Institute of Bulgaria) identified the census results on ethnicity as a "gross manipulation".[9] The former head of the National Statistical Institute of Bulgaria, Reneta Indzhova claims to have been fired by the Bulgarian Prime Minister in 2014 for attempting to check the actual number of the Romani and implied that neither the census did enumerate the Romani, nor its statistics did provide the "real data".[10]

The previous 2001 census recorded 370,908 Romani (4.7% of the population). The preceding 1992 census recorded 313,396 Romani (3.7% of the population), while a secret backstage 1992 census ordered by the Ministry of Interior recorded a figure of 550,000 Romani (6.5% of the population); the Ministry of Interior ordered at least two other secret censuses to enumerate the Romani in denial, the one in 1980 recorded 523,519 Romani, while the one in 1989 recorded that the number of the Romani was 576,927 (6.5% of the population) and that over half of the Romani identified as Turks.[11] The majority of the estimated 200,000-400,000 Muslim Romani tend to identify themselves as ethnic Turks,[12] some deny their origin, or identify as Bulgarians.

The demographic collapse in Bulgaria that has affected most ethnic groups in the country has not had the same effect on the Romani.[13] According to data of the European Commission, to which Eurostat belongs, the Romani in Bulgaria number 750,000 and they constitute 10.33% of the population.[2][3] An NGO disputes this claim and estimates that the number of the Romani in Bulgaria is twice as high, stating their population grows by 35,000 a year.[14][15]

Overview

[edit]

In Bulgaria, Romani are most commonly referred as Tsigani (цигани, pronounced [tsiɡəni]), an exonym that some Romani resent as derogatory and others embrace. The form of the endonym Roma in Bulgarian is romi (роми). They are generally younger, according to the 2011 census they make up 10.2% of the population aged up to 9 years, on a note 14.9% of the total age group being non-respondants.[16][17]

In Bulgaria Roma are discriminated: 59% to 80% of non-Roma have negative feelings towards Roma.[18] Roma constitute the majority of prison population according to self-identification of inmates, with 7000 prisoners (70%) out of 10,000 in total.[19] According to 2002 data, the poverty rate among Romani is 61.8%, in contrast to a rate of 5.6% among Bulgarians.[20] In 1997, 84% of Bulgarian Romani lived under the poverty line, compared with 32% of ethnic Bulgarians.[21] In 1994, the poverty rate of Romani was estimated at 71.4%, compared with 15% for Bulgarians.[22] The unemployment rate of non-Romani in Bulgaria was 25%, while of the Romani it was 65% in 2008, for instance in neighbouring Romania and Hungary the Romani had much lower unemployment rates - 14% and 21% respectively.[23][24] In 2016 23% of the Romani in Bulgaria are employed.[25] The unemployed receive more financial aid than other citizens, especially for children, which may have prompted the higher birth rates of the Romani.[26]

In 2011 the share of Romani with university degree reached 0.3%, while 6.9% have secondary education; the same share was 22.8%/47.6% for Bulgarians.[27]

The Bulgarians are more negative towards the Romani than the Turks, with 30-50% rejecting various interactions and friendship with Romani. Although only 25% of Romani parents object to their children to be married with a Bulgarian and a Turk, only 4% of the Bulgarians and 6% of the Turks would marry a Romani person.[28][29] Romani are avoided by the majority traditionally, especially for marriage, however, there are ethnically mixed people with Gypsy and Bulgarian or Turk parents who are called жоревци "zhorevtsi" (from the common name George). It is more common for a Roma Man to marry a Bulgarian or Turk woman, than for a Roma woman to marry a non-Romani Man.[30]

Bulgaria participates in the Decade of Roma Inclusion, an international initiative to improve the socio-economic status and social inclusion of Roma, with eight other governments committing themselves to "work toward eliminating discrimination and closing the unacceptable gaps between Roma and the rest of society".[31] The rights of the Romani people in the country are also represented by political parties and cultural organizations, most notably the Civil Union "Roma". Noted Roma from Bulgaria include musicians Azis, Sofi Marinova and Ivo Papazov, surgeon Aleksandar Chirkov, politicians Toma Tomov and Tsvetelin Kanchev, footballer Marian Ognyanov, and 1988 Olympic boxing champion Ismail Mustafov.

History

[edit]

Origin

[edit]

The Romani people originate from Northern India,[32][33][34][35][36][37] presumably from the northwestern Indian states Rajasthan[36][37] and Punjab.[36]

The linguistic evidence has indisputably shown that roots of Romani language lie in India: the language has grammatical characteristics of Indian languages and shares with them a big part of the basic lexicon, for example, body parts or daily routines.[38]

More exactly, Romani shares the basic lexicon with Hindi and Punjabi. It shares many phonetic features with Marwari, while its grammar is closest to Bengali.[39]

Genetic findings in 2012 suggest the Romani originated in northwestern India and migrated as a group.[33][34][40] According to a genetic study in 2012, the ancestors of present Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes populations of Northern India, traditionally referred to collectively as the Ḍoma, are the likely ancestral populations of the modern European Roma.[41]

In February 2016, during the International Roma Conference, the Indian Minister of External Affairs stated that the people of the Roma community were children of India. The conference ended with a recommendation to the Government of India to recognize the Roma community spread across 30 countries as a part of the Indian diaspora.[8]

Migration to Bulgaria

[edit]
The migration of the Romani people through the Middle East and North Africa to Europe. The key shows the century of arrival in that area, e.g., S.XII is the 12th century

The Romani people emigrated from Northern India,[36][37] presumably from the northwestern Indian states of Rajasthan[36][37] and Punjab,[36] possibly as early as 600 A.D. They emigrated to the Middle East and then reached the European continent.[42] Moreover, "the Roma (the name is the plural form of the word "Rom") moved from India at the beginning of the 12th century, reached Europe in the 14th century and Central Europe in the 15th century."[43] The language of the Romani people is called Romani [romaňi čhib] or Romany. It is an Indic (or Indo-Aryan) language – like Sanskrit, Hindi, and Bengali — which belongs to the Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-European family. The language retains much of the Indic morphology, phonology and lexicon, while its syntax has been heavily influenced by contact with other languages.

Bulgarian ethnologists Elena Marushiakova and Veselin Popov assert that no direct evidence indicates when precisely the Romani first appeared in Bulgaria. While they mention that other Bulgarian and international scholars have associated the 1387 Charter of Rila term Agoupovi Kleti with the Romani, they hold that the term refers to seasonal lodgings for mountain herdsmen. Instead, they delimit the mass settlement of Romani in Bulgarian territory between the 13th and 14th centuries, supporting this time frame with 13th- and 14th-century documents referring to Romani presence in the surrounding Balkan states.[44] According to Bulgarian sociologist Ilona Tomova, Ottoman fiscal reports between the 15th and 17th centuries indirectly indicate Romani settlement in Bulgaria since the 13th century, as most registered Romani possessed Slavonic names and were Christians.[45]

"Although the largest Roma migration wave to the Bulgarian lands seems to have occurred in the 13th and 14th centuries, many Roma arrived with the Ottoman troops, accompanying army craftsmen and complementary military units."

In addition, during the 14th and 15th centuries, Muslim Romani arrived in Bulgaria with the Ottoman rule, serving as auxiliaries, craftsmen, musicians and other professions.[45][46] Unlike the Ottoman Empire's other subjects in the millet system, Romani were governed based on their ethnicity, not their religious affiliation.[47] Ottoman tax records first mention Romani in the Nikopol region, where 3.5% of the registered households were Romani. Under Mehmed II's reign, all Romani – Christian and Muslim – paid a poll-tax that was otherwise imposed only on non-Muslims.[48]

During the 16th century, Suleiman I enacted laws to prohibit the mingling of Muslim and Christian Romani and to administer taxes collected from the Romani: the 1530 Gypsies in the Rumelia Region Act and a 1541 law for the Romani sancak.[45][49] Muslim Romani were taxed less than Christian Romani,[47] yet they were taxed more than other Muslims for not adhering to Islamic laws and customs.[50] Ottoman imperial assembly registers from 1558 to 1569 characterize the Romani as ehl-i fesad (people of malice), charging them with crimes such as prostitution, murder, theft, vagrancy and counterfeiting.[51]

Groups

[edit]
Mother tongue with largest population of the Romani according to the 1946 census
Religion with largest population of the Romani according to the 1946 census before most converted to Christianity

Roma in Bulgaria are not a unified community in culture and lifestyle. The most widespread group of the Romani in the country are the yerli or the 'local Roma', who are in turn divided into Bulgarian Gypsies (Dasikane Roma) and Turkish Gypsies (Horahane Roma). The former are Christian (Eastern Orthodox and some few are believe in Evangelicalism), while the latter are Cultural Muslims. Many of the Muslim Romani or the so-called Turkish Roma (Turkish Gypsies) are usually well integrated in the ethnic Turkish society in Bulgaria.[52] Many possess Turkish ethnic identity and speak Turkish in addition to Romani.[53][54][43] According to the latest census in 2021, of Romani 17.2% are Muslims.[7] Muslim Romani can be divided into several linguistic groups: for example the Horahane Roma, who speak only Romani (although they know Turkish or Bulgarian) and identify themselves as Horahane Roma; Horahane Roma whose language is a mix between Balkan Romani and Turkish; Horahane Roma who use only Turkish (rarely Bulgarian and Romani); and Horahane Roma who can only speak Turkish, identifying themselves as Turks.[54][43]

The Futadžides Romani dialect or Futadžiite,[55] is spoken by the Muslim Romani Futacı (Fouta towel/Peshtemal maker, from Haskovo and Haskovo Municipality but also some of them live in Stara Zagora and Plovdiv and East Thrace in Turkey too. It is a very strong Turkish influenced Romani dialect.[56]

In Ottoman archives from the 18th and 19th centuries, a special sub-group of 4 clans of Turkish-speaking Nomads of Alevism faith, who did not speak Romany was mentioned, namely the Turkmen Kiptileri. In the past, this group had strong contact with Turkmen tribes, it is suspected that they are the same as Abdal of Turkey.[57]

A subgroup of the Bulgarian Gypsies in southern Bulgaria, the Asparuhovi bâlgari ("Asparuh Bulgarians") — that is known also as stari bâlgari ("Old Bulgarians"), sivi gâlâbi ("Grey Doves", "Grey Pigeons"), or demirdzhii — self-identify as the descendants of blacksmiths for Khan Asparuh's army.[58][59][60] Some deny any connection with the Romani and most do not speak Romani.[60]

Demographics

[edit]
Romani minority in Bulgaria (census 2001)
Romani minority in Bulgaria (census 2001)
Distribution of the Romani in Bulgaria according to the 2001 census
Distribution of the Roma ethnic groups by municipalities in Bulgaria according to the 2011 census (represented as percentage of the municipality population)
Distribution of ethnic groups according to the 2011 census

According to the 2011 census of the population of Bulgaria, there are 325,343 Romani in Bulgaria,[1] or 4.4 percent. 180,266 of these are urban residents and 145,077 rural.[61]

Most of the Roma, 66%, are young children and adults up to 29 years old, the same group constitutes 37% among ethnic Bulgarians, while 5% of Roma are 60 years and over, Bulgarians are 22%.[62]

From the 1992 census to the 2001 census, the number of Romani in the country has increased by 57,512, or 18.4%. The Romani were only 2.8% in 1910 and 2.0% in 1920.[63]

While the Romani are present in all provinces of Bulgaria, their highest percentages are in Montana Province (12.5%) and Sliven Province (12.3%) and their smallest percentage is in Smolyan Province, where they number 686[64] — about 0.05% of the population.

Varbitsa is possibly the only urban settlement where the Romani are the most numerous group. The largest Romani quarters are Stolipinovo in Plovdiv and Fakulteta in Sofia. The number of places where Romani constitute more than 50% of the population has doubled from the 1992 to the 2001 census. The largest village with a Romani majority is Gradets in Kotel Municipality.

Province Roma population (census 2011) %
Blagoevgrad Province 9,739 3.43%
Burgas Province 18,424 4.97%
Dobrich Province 15,323 8.81%
Gabrovo Province 1,305 1.13%
Haskovo Province 15,889 6.99%
Kardzhali Province 1,296 0.99%
Kyustendil Province 8,305 6.36%
Lovech Province 5,705 4.38%
Montana Province 18,228 12.71%
Pazardzhik Province 20,350 8.27%
Pernik Province 3,560 2.84%
Pleven Province 9,961 4.15%
Plovdiv Province 30,202 4.87%
Razgrad Province 5,719 5.00%
Ruse Province 8,615 3.98%
Shumen Province 13,847 8.24%
Silistra Province 5,697 5.11%
Sliven Province 20,478 11.82%
Smolyan Province 448 0.47%
Sofia City Province 18,284 1.55%
Sofia Province 17,079 7.40%
Stara Zagora Province 24,018 7.80%
Targovishte Province 7,767 7.27%
Varna Province 13,432 3.16%
Veliko Tarnovo Province 3,875 1.66%
Vidin Province 7,282 7.66%
Vratsa Province 10,082 6.18%
Yambol Province 10,433 8.48%
Total[65] 325,343 4.87%[66]
unofficial estimates
Province RSC 2021[67] PROUD ROMA 2021[68]
Number % Number %
Blagoevgrad Province 18,900 6.78% 19,950 7.16%
Burgas Province 30,000 8.32%
Dobrich Province 5,000 6.30% 7,000 8.83%
Gabrovo Province 5,000 5.04%
Haskovo Province 20,000 9.96%
Kardzhali Province 12,000 9.25%
Kyustendil Province 14,000 12.75% 15,000 13.66%
Lovech Province 7,000 5.97%
Montana Province 5,700 5.08% 30,000 26.71%
Pazardzhik Province 22,244 10.34% 49,000 22.77%
Pernik Province 5,000 4.42%
Pleven Province 3,506 1.65% 35,000 16.45%
Plovdiv Province 18,900 3.02% 87,000 13.89%
Razgrad Province 5,400 5.59% 12,000 12.43%
Ruse Province 11,000 6.06%
Shumen Province 9,500 6.58% 18,000 12.46%
Silistra Province 10,000 10.92%
Sliven Province 42,900 27.31% 44,000 28.01%
Smolyan Province 3,000 3.14%
Sofia City Province 64,081 3.76% 79,000 4.64%
Sofia Province
Stara Zagora Province 40,000 13.98%
Targovishte Province 10,000 10.67%
Varna Province 7,000 1.64% 20,000 4.68%
Veliko Tarnovo Province 20,000 10.03%
Vidin Province 20,000 26.85%
Vratsa Province 12,000 8.01% 23,000 15.36%
Yambol Province 15,000 14.47%
Total 229,131 3.51% 646,950 9.92%

Age structure

[edit]

Although Roma constitute only 4.4 percent of the Bulgarian population, they constitute around 12 percent of all children aged between 0 and 9 years old according to the 2011 census.[69] In some municipalities, like Valchedram and Ruzhintsi in northwestern Bulgaria, more than the half of all children belong to the Roma ethnicity.[70]

Roma population by age group and share of total Bulgarian population as of 2011
Ethnic group Total 0 – 9 10 – 19 20 – 29 30 – 39 40 – 49 50 – 59 60 – 69 70 – 79 80+
Roma 325,343 67,568 59,511 59,442 49,572 37,723 28,411 15,833 6,031 1,252
Percentage of Bulgarian population 4.9 12.0 9.7 6.8 5.1 4.1 3.0 1.8 1.0 0.4
Historical population
YearPop.±%
190089,549—    
190599,004+10.6%
1910122,296+23.5%
192098,451−19.5%
1926134,844+37.0%
1934149,385+10.8%
1946170,011+13.8%
1956197,865+16.4%
1965148,928−24.7%
197518,323−87.7%
1992313,396+1610.4%
2001370,908+18.4%
2011325,343−12.3%
2021266,720−18.0%

Problems of exclusion and discrimination

[edit]

In a UNDP/ILO survey, Bulgarian Romani identified unemployment, economic hardship and discrimination in access to employment as major problems.

The Council of Europe body ECRI stated in its June 2003 third report on Bulgaria that Romani encounter "serious difficulties in many spheres of life", elaborating that:

"The main problems stem from the fact that the Roma districts are turning into ghettos. [...] Most Roma neighbourhoods consist of slums, precariously built without planning permission on land that often belongs to the municipalities [...]. As the Bulgarian authorities have not taken steps to address the situation, the people living in these districts have no access to basic public services, whether health care, public transport, waste collection or sanitation."[71]

To which the Bulgarian government answered officially in the same document:

ECRI has correctly observed that members of the Roma community encounter "serious difficulties" "in many spheres of life". The rest of this paragraph, however, regrettably contains sweeping, grossly inaccurate generalizations ... Due to various objective and subjective factors, many (but by no means all!) members of the Roma community found it particularly difficult to adapt to the new realities of the market economy. “…Romani mahala-dwellers are still captives of the past, holding onto and behaving according to preconceptions about the socialist welfare state that clash with the modern realities of a market economy and privatisation". (Skopje Report, p.6)[72]

More concretely, the allegation that the people living in these districts "have no access to basic public services" is largely inaccurate. Certain difficulties (though not remotely on the scale suggested) do exist in this regard, and the authorities are taking concrete measures to address them (see above). However, as the Advisor on Roma and Sinti issues at the OSCE, N. Gheorghe remarked during the Skopje meeting: “…many of the Roma confuse public services with rights to which they are entitled and which are guaranteed by the welfare state" (Skopje Report, p.16). ...

Concerning the issue of the electricity supply it should be noted that dwellers of such neighbourhoods sometimes refuse to pay their electricity bills. This attitude could at least in part be explained by the fact that “…Romani mahala-dwellers believe they have rights as citizens to electricity and other services, and that the state has an obligation to provide and to a large extent to subsidize them" (Skopje Report, p. 7). In these circumstances electricity suppliers may find themselves with no other option but to "sometimes cut off" the electricity supply in order to incite the consumers to commence honouring their debts. Such cut-offs are part of standard practice and the ethnic origin of the consumers is irrelevant in these cases.

With respect to welfare benefits, which allegedly "in some cases, moreover, Roma do not receive" while "they are entitled" to them, it should be underscored that Bulgaria’s social welfare legislation sets uniform objective criteria for access to welfare benefits for all citizens, irrespective of their ethnic origin (furthermore, any discrimination, including on ethnic grounds is expressly prohibited by law). The question of who is entitled or not entitled to welfare benefits is determined by the relevant services on the basis of a means test. Every single decision of these services must be (and is) in written form and clearly motivated. If a claimant is not satisfied with a decision, he/she is entitled to appeal it before the regional welfare office. Consequently, this allegation of ECRI is also erroneous."[71]

A monitoring report by the Open Society Institute found that Romani children and teenagers are less likely to enroll in primary and secondary schools than the majority population and less likely to complete their education if they do. Between 60% and 77% of Romani children enroll in primary education (ages 6–15), compared to 90-94% of ethnic Bulgarians. Only 6%-12% of Romani teenagers enroll in secondary education (ages 16–19). The drop-out rate is significant, but hard to measure, as many are formally enrolled but rarely attend classes.[73]

The report also indicates that Romani children and teenagers attend de facto segregated "Roma schools" in majority-Romani neighbourhoods and villages. These "Roma schools" offer inferior quality education; many are in bad physical condition and lack necessary facilities such as computers. As a result, Romani literacy rates, already below those for ethnic Bulgarians, are much lower still for Romani who have attended segregated schools.[74]

The official position of the Bulgarian government to such segregation is:

"There had never been a policy of "segregation" of Roma children in the national education system. The fact that in some neighbourhoods in certain towns particular schools were attended predominantly by pupils of Roma origin was an unintended consequence of the administrative division of the school system. According to the rules valid for all children irrespective of their ethnic origin, admittance to any public school was linked administratively to the domicile of the family. In neighbourhoods where the population was predominantly of Roma origin, this system produced schools, attended predominantly by pupils of Roma origin. It is precisely this situation that the authorities are taking special measures to rectify. Therefore, the word "segregation" with respect to Roma children is inaccurate."[71]

Romani children are often sent to special schools for children with intellectual disabilities or boarding schools for children with "deviant behavior" (so-called "delinquent schools"). According to reports of the Bulgarian Helsinki Committee (BHC), Romani made up half the number of students in schools for children with intellectual disabilities and about two-thirds of the students of the boarding schools, where the BHC found a variety of human rights abuses, including physical violence. In both sets of special schools, the quality of teaching is very poor and essential things such as desks, textbooks and teaching materials are inadequate or altogether lacking.[75]

On two occasions, the European Committee of Social Rights has found violations of the European Social Charter in situations with Bulgaria's Romani population: in 2006, concerning right to housing,[76] and in 2008, concerning right to health[77] — in both cases on complaints from the European Roma Rights Centre.

Political representation

[edit]

According to a report of POLITEA, "For the most of the 1990s the only representation the Romani got was through the mainstream political parties. This was a very limited form of representation in which one or two Romani had a symbolic presence in Parliament during each term." The Bulgarian Constitution does not allow political parties based on ethnic, religious, or racist principles or ideology. However, "Twenty one Roma political organizations were founded between 1997 and 2003 in Bulgaria [...]".[78]

In the 2005 Bulgarian parliamentary election, three Romani parties took part: Euroroma, Movement for an Equal Public Model (as part of a coalition led by the Union of Democratic Forces) and the Civil Union "Roma" (as part of a coalition led by the Bulgarian Socialist Party).[79] Currently, the Movement for Rights and Freedoms represents[80] Muslim Romani. The party relies on the biggest share of Romani people, 44%[81] of the total Romani vote, including non-Muslims.

Romani integration programmes funded by the European Union have had mixed success.[82]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c "2011 POPULATION CENSUS – MAIN RESULTS" (PDF). Nsi.bg. Retrieved 21 May 2016.
  2. ^ a b "Roma integration in Bulgaria". European Commission - European Commission. 13 December 2016.
  3. ^ a b "COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT, THE COUNCIL, THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMITTEE AND THE COMMITTEE OF THE REGIONS". Brussels: EUROPEAN COMMISSION. April 2011. p. 15.
  4. ^ "Roma and Travellers Team. TOOLS AND TEXTS OF REFERENCE. Estimates on Roma population in European countries". Council of Europe Roma and Travellers Division.
  5. ^ Silverman, Carol (2011). Romani Routes: Cultural Politics and Balkan Music in Diaspora. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199913350.
  6. ^ "Bulgarian Gypsies | Encyclopedia.com". www.encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 4 December 2023.
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  8. ^ a b "Can Romas be part of Indian diaspora?". khaleejtimes.com. 29 February 2016. Retrieved 4 March 2016.
  9. ^ Критичен доклад относно Преброяването на населението и жилищния фонд, проведено към 1 февруари 2011 година. Archived from the original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 8 August 2018.
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  11. ^ Ilieva, Nadezhda (2012). NUMBER OF ROMA ETHNIC GROUP IN BULGARIA FROM THE LIBERATION TO THE BEGINNING OF THE 21ST CENTURY (BASED ON REGULAR CENSUSES) (Part 1) (PDF). Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. p. 75.
  12. ^ "WikiLeaks: Islam and Islamic Extremism in Bulgaria - Novinite.com - Sofia News Agency". Novinite.com. 14 July 2011. Retrieved 21 May 2016.
  13. ^ Roberts, Lance W.; Ferguson, Barry; Bös, Mathias (1 February 2013). Multicultural Variations: Social Incorporation in Europe and North America. McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP. ISBN 9780773589056.
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  15. ^ "Акад. Петър Иванов: Циганите у нас са 1,5 млн. души и главоломно се увеличават". Bulgarian Times (in Bulgarian). 16 August 2017. Archived from the original on 21 August 2017. Retrieved 8 August 2018.
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  18. ^ Carol Silverman (24 May 2012). Romani Routes: Cultural Politics and Balkan Music in Diaspora. Oup USA. p. 12. ISBN 9780195300949. Retrieved 21 May 2016.
  19. ^ "Само 10 000 в затвора, 7000 от тях са цигани". 24chasa.bg. Retrieved 21 May 2016.
  20. ^ Nations, United (2003). World Economic and Social Survey 2003: Trends and Policies in the World Economy - United Nations. ISBN 9789211091434. Retrieved 21 May 2016.
  21. ^ The Roma in Central and Eastern Europe: Avoiding the Dependency Trap, pp. 31, 39.
  22. ^ Rebecca Jean Emigh; Iván Szelényi (2001). Poverty, Ethnicity, and Gender in Eastern Europe During the Market Transition. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 47. ISBN 9780275968816. Retrieved 21 May 2016.
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  24. ^ Silverman, Carol (2011). Romani Routes: Cultural Politics and Balkan Music in Diaspora. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199913350.
  25. ^ "EU agency study: Situation of Bulgarian Roma is appalling". The Sofia Globe. 29 November 2016.
  26. ^ "Bulgaria social briefing: BULGARIAN GOVERNMENTAL PARTY ISSUED A NEW "CONCEPT FOR THE INTEGRATION OF THE UNSOCIALISED GYPSY (ROMA) ETHNICITY" – China-CEE Institute". 9 May 2019. Retrieved 4 December 2023.
  27. ^ Salverda, Wiemer; Checchi, Daniele; Marx, Ive; McKnight, Abigail (2014). Changing Inequalities and Societal Impacts in Rich Countries. OUP Oxford. ISBN 9780199687428.
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  30. ^ "Refworld | Bulgaria: Frequency of intermarriage between Roma and non-Romani Bulgarians; whether it is more common for a Romani man to marry outside the Romani community than it is for a Romani woman (1999 - March 2005)".
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Sources

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