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Bergen County, New Jersey

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Bergen County
County
Official seal of Bergen County
Seal
Map of New Jersey highlighting Bergen County
Location within the U.S. state of New Jersey
Map of the United States highlighting New Jersey
New Jersey's location within the U.S.
Coordinates: 40°58′N 74°04′W / 40.96°N 74.07°W / 40.96; -74.07
Country United States
State New Jersey
Founded1683
SeatHackensack
Largest cityHackensack
Population
 (2000)
 • Total
884,118
Time zoneUTC−5 (Eastern)
 • Summer (DST)UTC−4 (EDT)
Websitewww.co.bergen.nj.us

Bergen County is the most populous county of the state of New Jersey, United States. As of the 2000 Census, the population is 884,118. It is part of the New York Metropolitan Area. Its county seat is Hackensack6. Bergen County ranks as the 21st among the highest-income counties in the United States, with a per capita income of $33,638.

History

Bergen and Passaic counties, 1872

In 1675, Bergen was included in a judicial district with Essex, Monmouth and Middlesex counties, while the territory was called East Jersey, a proprietary colony (as opposed to a royal colony). In 1683, Bergen (along with the three other counties) was officially recognized as an independent county by the Provincial Assembly.[1] At the time of its creation, Bergen County's territory also included the current territory of Hudson County (formed in 1840), and portions of Passaic County (formed in 1837).

Bergen saw several battles and troop movements during the American Revolutionary War. Fort Lee's location atop the New Jersey Palisades, opposite Fort Washington in Manhattan, made it a strategic position during the war. In November, 1776 the Battle of Fort Lee took place as part of the Continental Army's attempts to keep British forces from sailing up the Hudson River. After these defensive positions were hastily abandoned, the American forces staged a retreat through present-day Englewood and Teaneck, and across the Hackensack River at New Bridge Landing, one of the few sites where the river was crossed by a bridge. With the British in pursuit, this retreat allowed American forces to escape capture and regroup for subsequent successes against the British elsewhere in New Jersey later that winter.[2] The Baylor Massacre took place in 1778 in River Vale, resulting in severe losses for the Continentals.[3]

In 1852, the Erie Railroad began operating major rail services from Jersey City on the Hudson River to points north and west via leased right-of-way in the county. This became known as the Erie Main Line, and is still in use for passenger service today.[4]

In the late 19th century, state law was changed to allow easy formation of municipalities with the Borough form of government. This led to the Boroughitis phenomenon where many new municipalities were created in a span of a few years.[5]

Camp Merritt was created in eastern Bergen County for troop staging in World War I.

In 1931, the George Washington Bridge was completed, linking Fort Lee to Manhattan. This connection would spur development in the post-World War II era, developing much of the county to suburban levels. A second deck of traffic on the bridge was completed in 1962, expanding its capacity to 14 lanes.[6]

In 1955, the U.S. Army created a Nike Missile station at Campgaw Mountain (in the west of the county) for the defense of the New York Metropolitan Area from strategic bombers. In 1959, the site was upgraded to house Nike-Hercules Missiles with increased range, speed and payload characteristics. The missile site closed in June 1971.[7]

Bergen County is one of the last remaining areas of the country in which blue laws are still in effect. This means that nearly all businesses in the county are closed on Sundays.

In 2005, Bergen County, along with neighboring Passaic County, was listed by Forbes.com as the sixth most overpriced place in the nation. In 2004, the two counties were ranked second.

As of 2005, Bergen had the fourth-highest median property tax of any county in the nation at $6,846, the second highest in New Jersey behind Hunterdon.[8][9]

Geography

Bergen County, 1896

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 639 km² (247 mi²). 606 km² (234 mi²) of it is land and 33 km² (13 mi²) of it (5.12%) is water.

The highest elevation is Bald Mountain near the New York state line in Mahwah, at 1,164 feet (355 m) above sea level. The lowest point is sea level, along the Hudson River, which in this region is more of a tidal estuary than a river.

The sharp cliffs of the New Jersey Palisades lift much the county up from the river along the eastern boundary with the Hudson River, but then relief remains relatively minimal across the county as much of it is in the Hackensack River valley. Only in the northwestern portion of the county are any serious hills found, leading to the Ramapo Mountains

The damming of the Hackensack River and a tributary, the Pascack Brook, produced three reservoirs in the county, Woodcliff Lake Reservoir, Lake Tappan and Oradell Reservoir, which provide drinking water to much of northern New Jersey. The Hackensack River drains the eastern portion of the county through the New Jersey Meadowlands, a wetlands area in the southern portion of the county. The central portion is drained by the Saddle River and the western portion is drained by the Ramapo River. Both of these are tributaries of the Passaic River, which forms a section the southwestern border of the county.

Bergen County is bordered by Rockland County, New York to the north, by Westchester County, The Bronx, and Manhattan in New York, across the Hudson River to the east, Hudson County to the south, a small border with Essex County also to the south and Passaic County to the west.

Law and government

County Government

The Bergen County Court House

Bergen has had a County Executive form of government since 1986. The current County Executive is Democrat Dennis McNerney. The executive, along with the Board of Chosen Freeholders administer all county business. As of 2007, Bergen County's Freeholders are:[10]

Bergen also elects three countywide officials, separately from the County Executive and Freeholder Board, who are (as of January 2007) Sheriff Leo McGuire (D), Surrogate Court Judge Michael Dressler (D-Cresskill), and County Clerk Kathleen Donovan (R-Lyndhurst).

State representatives

The seventy municipalities of Bergen County are represented by seven separate state legislative districts. Three of these districts (the 37th, 38th and 39th) are situated entirely within the county, the others cross county boundaries.

District Senator Assembly 2002
Pop. 		Municipalities
32nd Nicholas Sacco (D) Vincent Prieto (D)
Joan M. Quigley (D) 		13,363 Fairview. The remainder of the district covers Hudson County.
35th John Girgenti (D) Nellie Pou (D)
Alfred E. Steele (D) 		11,527 Glen Rock. The remainder of the district covers Passaic County.
36th Paul Sarlo (D) Frederick Scalera (D)
Gary Schaer (D) 		119,146 Carlstadt, East Rutherford, Garfield, Lyndhurst, Moonachie, North Arlington, Rutherford, Wallington, Wood-Ridge. The district also includes Nutley (in Essex County) and Passaic (in Passaic County).
37th Loretta Weinberg (D) Valerie Huttle (D)
Gordon M. Johnson (D) 		217,255 Bergenfield, Bogota, Englewood, Englewood Cliffs, Hackensack, Leonia, Maywood, Palisades Park, Ridgefield Park, Rochelle Park, Teaneck, Tenafly
38th Joseph Coniglio (D) Robert M. Gordon (D)
Joan Voss (D) 		218,991 Cliffside Park, Edgewater, Elmwood Park, Fair Lawn, Fort Lee, Hasbrouck Heights, Little Ferry, Lodi, Paramus, Ridgefield, Saddle Brook, South Hackensack, Teterboro
39th Gerald Cardinale (R) John E. Rooney (R)
Charlotte Vandervalk (R) 		217,434 Allendale, Alpine, Closter, Cresskill, Demarest, Dumont, Emerson, Harrington Park, Haworth, Hillsdale, Ho-Ho-Kus, Montvale, New Milford, Northvale, Norwood, Old Tappan, Oradell, Park Ridge, Ramsey, River Edge, River Vale, Rockleigh, Saddle River, Upper Saddle River, Waldwick, Washington Township, Westwood, Woodcliff Lake
40th Henry McNamara (R) Kevin J. O'Toole (R)
David C. Russo (R) 		97,375 Franklin Lakes, Mahwah, Midland Park, Oakland, Ridgewood, Wyckoff. The district also includes Cedar Grove (in Essex County) and Little Falls, Ringwood and Wanaque (in Passaic County).

Congressional representatives

Two federal Congressional Districts cover the county, with the northern portion of the county in New Jersey's 5th district, represented by Scott Garrett (R) and the southern portion of the county in New Jersey's 9th district, represented by Steve Rothman (D).

Blue laws

One of the last remaining blue laws in the United States that covers virtually all selling is found in Bergen County. It has produced the ironic situation that one of the largest and most popular commercial shopping cores of the New York metropolitan area[11] is almost completely closed on Sunday (grocery stores are allowed to operate). Furthermore, Bergen County has significant populations of Jewish (2000 estimate of 83,700) and Muslim (2000 estimate of 6,473) residents whose observant members would not be celebrating their Sabbath on Sunday with most of their Christian neighbors.[12] The substantial Orthodox Jewish minority is placed in the position of being unable to shop either on Sunday (due to the blue laws) or on Saturday (due to religious observance).[13][14]

However, repeated attempts to lift the law have failed as voters either see keeping the law on the books as a protest against the growing trend toward increasing hours and days of commercial activity in American society or enjoy the sharply reduced traffic on major roads and highways on Sunday that is normally seen the other days of the week. In fact, a large part of the reason for maintaining the laws has been a desire for relative peace and quiet one day of the week by many Bergen County residents.[15]

This desire for relative peace is most apparent in Paramus, where most of the county's largest shopping malls are located, along the intersecting highways of Route 4 and Route 17, which are jam-packed on many Saturdays. Paramus has enacted blue laws of its own that are even more restrictive than those enforced by Bergen County,[16] banning all forms of "worldly employment" on Sundays, including white collar workers in office buildings.Cite error: A <ref> tag is missing the closing </ref> (see the help page).

The Bergen County court system consists of a number of municipal courts handling traffic court and other minor matters, plus the Bergen County Superior Court which handles the more serious offenses.

Highlands protection

In 2004, the New Jersey Legislature passed the Highlands Water Protection and Planning Act, which regulates the New Jersey Highlands region. A portion of the northwestern area of the county, comprised of the municipalities of Oakland and Mahwah, was included in the highlands preservation area and is subject to the rules of the act and the Highlands Water Protection and Planning Council, a division of the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection.[17] Some of the territory in the protected region is classified as being in the highlands preservation area, and thus subject to additional rules.[18]

Transportation

Bergen County, 1909

Bergen County has a well-developed road network, including the northern termini of the New Jersey Turnpike (a portion of Interstate 95) and the Garden State Parkway, the eastern terminus of Interstate 80 and a portion of Interstate 287. US Highways 46, 202, 9, 9W, and New Jersey state highways 4, 17, 3, 120, 208, and the Palisades Interstate Parkway also serve the region.

Access to New York City is primarily available for motorists through the George Washington Bridge in Fort Lee and the Lincoln Tunnel in Hudson County. Train service is available on three lines from New Jersey Transit: the Bergen County Line, the Erie Main Line and the Pascack Valley Line. They run north-south to Hoboken Terminal with connections to the PATH train. New Jersey Transit also offers connecting one-stop service to New York Penn Station via the Secaucus Junction transfer station. Connections are also available at the Hoboken Terminal to the Hudson-Bergen Light Rail and New York Waterways ferry service to the World Financial Center and other destinations. Although the Hudson-Bergen Light Rail bears the "Bergen" name, it has not yet expanded to run into the county; this is planned for the future. There is also bus service, available from New Jersey Transit and private companies such as Red and Tan Lines and DeCamp Bus Lines, offering transport within Bergen County, elsewhere in New Jersey and to the Port Authority Bus Terminal and George Washington Bridge Bus Terminal in New York City.

The only airport in the county is Teterboro Airport in Teterboro, which is operated by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. Most commercial air traffic is handled by nearby Newark Liberty International Airport in Essex County, which also serves as a major airport for the City of New York.

For the main surface-street routes through the county, see List of county routes in Bergen County, New Jersey.

Demographics

Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
179012,601—
180015,15620.3%
181016,6039.5%
182018,1789.5%
183022,41223.3%
184013,223*−41.0%
185014,72511.4%
186021,61846.8%
187030,12239.3%
188036,78622.1%
189047,22628.4%
190078,44166.1%
1910138,00275.9%
1920210,70352.7%
1930364,97773.2%
1940409,64612.2%
1950539,13931.6%
1960780,25544.7%
1970897,14815.0%
1980845,385−5.8%
1990825,380−2.4%
2000884,1187.1%
2005 (est.)902,561[19]
* lost territory
historical census data source:[20][21]

As of the census² of 2000, there were 884,118 people, 330,817 households, and 235,210 families residing in the county. The population density was 1,458/km² (3,776/mi²). There were 339,820 housing units at an average density of 560/km² (1,451/mi²). The racial makeup of the county was 78.41% White, 5.27% Black or African American, 0.15% Native American, 10.67% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 3.22% from other races, and 2.26% from two or more races. 10.34% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 330,817 households out of which 32.10% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 57.90% were married couples living together, 9.70% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.90% were non-families. 24.70% of all households were made up of individuals and 10.20% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.64 and the average family size was 3.17.

In the county the population was spread out with 23.00% under the age of 18, 6.60% from 18 to 24, 30.60% from 25 to 44, 24.50% from 45 to 64, and 15.20% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females there were 92.80 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.40 males.

The median income for a household in the county was $65,241, and the median income for a family was $78,079. Males had a median income of $51,346 versus $37,295 for females. The per capita income for the county was $33,638. About 3.40% of families and 5.00% of the population were below the poverty line, including 4.90% of those under age 18 and 5.90% of those age 65 or over.

Bergen County, 1918

Bergen is the most populous county in New Jersey, with approximately 90,000 more residents than Essex County. It is also fairly diverse in terms of race, ethnicity, and religion. One of the largest immigrant groups in Bergen County is the Korean American community, which is concentrated along the Hudson River - especially in the area near the George Washington Bridge - and represents over half of the state's entire Korean population[22][23] Palisades Park boasts the highest percentage (36.38%) and total number (6,065) of Koreans among all municipalities in the state[24][25], while neighboring Fort Lee has the second largest cluster (5,978) and third highest proportion (17.18%, trailing Leonia's 17.24%).[26][25] Eight of the nation's top ten municipalities by percentage of Korean population are located in Bergen County, including Palisades Park, Leonia, Fort Lee, Ridgefield, Closter, Norwood, Edgewater, and Englewood Cliffs.[25] Overall, sixteen of the top twenty communities on that list are located in Bergen; virtually all are in the eastern third of the county near the Hudson River.

In addition, the commercial districts of several communities — including Palisades Park, Fort Lee, Cliffside Park, Ridgefield, Leonia, and to a lesser extent Englewood Cliffs, Edgewater, and Fairview — collectively function as a sprawling suburban Koreatown for northern New Jersey, drawing shoppers from throughout the region.[27] There is also an entrenched Korean population in the Northern Valley, especially in Tenafly, Cresskill, Demarest, Closter, Norwood, and Old Tappan, as well as in several inland boroughs, including Paramus, Rutherford, and Little Ferry.[25]

Indian Americans represent the second largest Asian ethnic group in Bergen County, with slightly larger numbers than the Filipino and Chinese communities[28]. Although the Indian American population in the area is widely dispersed, its biggest clusters are located in Bergenfield[29], Lodi[30], Paramus[31], and Elmwood Park[32]. Bergenfield and, to a lesser extent New Milford, Dumont, and Teaneck, have become a hub for Filipino American immigrants, with Bergenfield becoming the first municipality on the East Coast of the United States to elect a mayor of Filipino descent in November 1999.[33] Taken as a whole, these four adjacent municipalities contain over 40% of Bergen's entire Filipino population[34][35][36][37], although there are small numbers of Filipinos in many of the county's communities.

The Chinese American population is also spread out, with fairly sizable populations in Fort Lee, Paramus, and Englewood Cliffs.[38] Fort Lee and Paramus have the highest total number of Chinese among Bergen municipalities while Englewood Cliffs has the highest percentage (8.42%). And the small Japanese community, which mainly consists of foreign businessmen and their families, has long had a presence in Fort Lee, with over a quarter of the county's total Japanese population living in that borough alone. The remainder of Bergen's Japanese residents are concentrated in the towns surrounding Fort Lee as well as in a few northern communities such as Ridgewood. [39]

Meanwhile, Italian Americans have long had a dominant presence in Bergen County; in fact, Italian is the most commonly identified first ancestry among Bergen residents (21.0%).[40] Overall, 194,614 Bergen residents were recorded as being of Italian heritage in the most recent census.[41] To this day, many residents of the Meadowlands towns in the south are of Italian descent, most notably in South Hackensack, Lyndhurst, Carlstadt, Wood-Ridge, and Hasbrouck Heights; in all of these municipalities, between 30.8% and 36.3% of the population is of Italian heritage.[42] Garfield, Lodi, Hackensack, and the southeastern Bergen towns were Italian American strongholds for decades, but their numbers have diminished in recent years as immigrants have taken their place; in spite of this, Italians have managed to retain a considerable presence, especially in Lodi.[43] At the same time, Italian Americans have gained prominence in many of the affluent communities in the northern half of the county, including Franklin Lakes[44], Ramsey[45], Montvale[46], and Woodcliff Lake.[47]

Irish Americans and German Americans are the next largest ethnic groups in Bergen County, numbering 133,351 (12.8% of the county's total population)[48] and 98,929 (11.2%)[49], respectively. As is the case with Italian Americans, these two groups established sizable enclaves long ago and are now firmly entrenched in all areas of the county. Polish Americans are also well-represented throughout Bergen, with 65,232 residents of Polish descent as of the last census.[50] The community's cultural and commercial heart has long been centered in Wallington, where 45.5% of the population is of Polish descent; this is the largest concentration among New Jersey municipalities and the seventh-highest in the United States.[51] In recent years, the adjacent city of Garfield has also become a magnet for Polish immigrants, with 22.9% of the population identifying themeselves as being of Polish ancestry, the third highest concentration in the state.[51] And while Polish Americans are the fourth-largest ethnic group in Bergen County, Poland is also the second most common place of birth (after South Korea) for foreign-born county residents.[52]

Many towns in the county have a significant number of Jewish Americans, including Fair Lawn, Teaneck, Tenafly, Englewood, Englewood Cliffs, Fort Lee, Woodcliff Lake, Paramus, and Franklin Lakes.[53] Teaneck, Fair Lawn and Englewood in particular have become havens for the Conservative and Orthodox Jewish communities[54], while Fair Lawn, Tenafly, Alpine and Fort Lee are well-known as hubs for Russian Americans, including a substantial proportion of Russian Jews.[55] Fair Lawn, Closter, and Tenafly also have the largest Israeli communities in Bergen County and three of the four largest in the state.[56] Altogether, 83,700 Bergen residents identified themselves as being of Jewish heritage in the most recent study.[57]

Greek Americans have had a fairly sizable presence in Bergen for several decades, and according to census data the Greek community currently numbers 13,247 county-wide.[58] The largest concentrations by percentage are in Englewood Cliffs (7.2%), Alpine (5.2%), Fort Lee (3.7%), and Palisades Park (3.5%).[59] Similarly, the Armenian American population in Bergen (8,305 according to the 2000 Census) is dispersed throughout the county, but its most significant concentration is in the southeastern towns near the George Washington Bridge.[60] Cliffside Park (3.6%), Englewood Cliffs (3.4%), Oradell (3.1%), Ridgefield (2.4%), Fairview (2.4%), Demarest (2.3%), and Emerson (2.2%) have the highest percentage of Armenians among all municipalities in the state, and in fact are all in the top 20 nationwide. Furthermore, the top 25 New Jersey communities on that list are all Bergen County communities.[61][62]

Bergen also has a moderately sized Muslim population, which numbered 6,473 as of the last census.[57] Its most notable Muslim enclaves are centered in Teaneck and Hackensack, two of the most diverse communities in the entire county.[63] Bergen's Muslim population primarily consists of Arab Americans, South Asians, and African Americans, although it should be noted that many members of these groups practice other faiths.[64] While Arab Americans have not established a significant presence in any particular municipality, in total there are 11,755 county residents who indicated Arab ancestry in the most recent survey.[65]. The overwhelming majority of Bergen's Arab American population (64.3%) is constituted by persons of Lebanese (2,576)[66], Syrian (2,568)[67], and Egyptian (2,417)[68] descent.

The county's African American community is almost entirely concentrated in three municipalities: Englewood (10,215 residents, accounting for 38.98% of the city's total population), Teaneck (11,298; 28.78%), and Hackensack (10,518; 24.65%). Collectively, these three areas account for nearly 70% of the county's total African American population of 46,568, and in fact blacks have had a presence in these towns since the earliest days of the county. In sharp contrast, African-Americans comprise less than 2% of the total in most of Bergen's other municipalities.[69] In Englewood, the African American population is concentrated in the Third and Fourth wards of the western half of the city, while the northeastern section of Teaneck has been an African American enclave for several decades.[70] Hackensack's long-established African American community is primarily located in the central part of the city, especially in the area near Central Avenue and First Street.[71]

The diverse Latino population in Bergen is growing in many areas of the county, but is especially concentrated in a handful of municipalities, including Fairview (37.1%), Hackensack (25.9%), Ridgefield Park (22.2%), Englewood (21.8%), Bogota (21.3%), Garfield (20.1%), Cliffside Park (18.2%), Lodi (18.0%), and Bergenfield (17.0%).[72] Traditionally, many of the Latino residents were of Colombian and Cuban ancestry, although that has been changing in recent years. Currently, Englewood's Colombian community is the largest in Bergen County and among the top ten in the United States (7.17%); Hackensack, Fairview, Bergenfield, and Lodi also have notable populations.[73] The Cuban population is largest in Fairview, Ridgefield Park, Ridgefield, and Bogota, although the Cuban community is much bigger in Hudson County to the south.[74] Since 1990 an increasing number of immigrants from other countries have entered the region, including people from Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, the Dominican Republic, Peru, and Ecuador. The diverse backgrounds of the local Latino community are best exemplified in Fairview, where 10% of the overall population hails from Central America, 7% from South America and 9% from other Latin American countries, mainly the Caribbean.[75]

In the Forbes magazine 2006 ranking of the Most Expensive ZIP Codes in the United States, Alpine was ranked as the 15th most expensive in the country, with a median home sale price in 2005 of $1,790,000. In all, twelve Bergen County municipalities were represented on the list, including Englewood Cliffs (ranked #78; median sale price of $1,112,500), Saddle River (107; $997,000), Franklin Lakes (111; $985,000), Woodcliff Lake (266; $786,000), Haworth (342; $747,500), Demarest (350; $742,000), Ho-Ho-Kus (353; $740,000), Wyckoff (405; $700,000), Closter (452; $684,000) and Ridgewood (470; $675,000).[76]

Education

Bergen has several colleges and universities:

Bergen has some 45 public high schools, see this list. It also has at least 21 private high schools, see this list.

Municipalities

In the last decades of the 19th century, Bergen County, to a far greater extent than any other county in the state, began divvying its townships up into incorporated boroughs; this was chiefly due to the Boroughitis phenomenon, triggered by a number of loopholes in state laws that allowed boroughs to levy lower taxes and send more members to the county's board of freeholders. There was a 10-year period in which many of Bergen County's townships disappeared into the patchwork of boroughs that exist today, before the state laws governing municipal incorporation were changed.

labeled outline map of municipalities

Historical municipalities

Over the history of the county, there have been various municipality secessions, annexations, and renamings. The following is a partial list of former municipalities, ordered by year of incorporation.

Points of interest

Educational/Cultural

Commercial/Entertainment

County parks

Scarlet Oak Pond, Ramapo Mountain Reservation

County-owned historical sites

State parks

File:Palisades Sill from Palisades Parkway.JPG
Part of the Palisades Interstate Park, the New Jersey Palisades overlook the Hudson River

State-owned historical sites

Other historical sites

see List of Registered Historic Places in Bergen County, New Jersey

References

  1. ^ History of Bergen County, accessed August 23, 2006
  2. ^ Kevin W. Wright. "Steuben House History - New Bridge in the Revolution". Bergen County Historical Society. Retrieved 2006-12-27.
  3. ^ Kevin Wright. "OVERKILL: Revolutionary War Reminiscences of River Vale". Bergen County Historical Society. Retrieved 2006-12-27.
  4. ^ "Erie History". Erie Lackawanna Historical Society, Inc. Retrieved 2006-12-28. In 1833 the Paterson & Hudson River Rail Road was chartered to build between Paterson, N. J., and Jersey City, and the Paterson & Ramapo Railroad north to the New York state line at Suffern. The two lines provided a shortcut between New York City and the New York & Erie at Suffern, even though they did not connect directly - passengers walked the mile between the two. The New York & Erie fought the situation until 1852, when it leased the two railroads, built a connecting track, and made that the main route, supplanting the original line to Piermont.
  5. ^ Kevin Wright. "A Centennial Review of Bergen County Borough Fever 1894-95". Bergen County Historical Society. Retrieved 2007-01-15.
  6. ^ "George Washington Bridge". The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. Retrieved 2007-01-13.
  7. ^ Donald E. Bender. "Cold War at Campgaw Mountain: Mike Missile Battery NY-93/94". Bergen County Historical Society. Retrieved 2006-12-27.
  8. ^ Suburbs Near NYC Have Highest Tax Bills, Newsday, October 4, 2006
  9. ^ Property Taxes on Owner Occupied Housing by County, 2005, Tax Foundation, accessed October 4, 2006
  10. ^ Hispanic to lead Bergen freeholders, The Record (Bergen County) December 27, 2006
  11. ^ Paramus 07652, GlobeSt. Retail, October 3, 2005
  12. ^ Bergen County, New Jersey: Religious Affiliations, 2000, Association of Religion Data Archives, accessed December 14, 2006
  13. ^ Teaneck considers a blue move, Jewish Standard, August 17, 2006
  14. ^ Teaneck drops blue laws effort, The Record (Bergen County), August 19, 2006
  15. ^ IN NEW JERSEY; PARAMUS BLUE LAWS CRIMP OFFICE LEASING, The New York Times, November 4, 1984. "Officials tried to regulate the effects of the tremendous growth on the borough by insisting that at least one day a week, Paramus be allowed to enjoy some of its former peace and quiet. In 1957, a law was passed banning all worldly employment on Sundays, forcing all the new stores and malls built in the celery fields to close for the day."
  16. ^ Paramus mayor faces challenge, The Record (Bergen County), October 31, 2006. "Both candidates said they would stand strong against any weakening of the blue laws, which keep most stores closed on Sunday, and would work to keep Paramus' laws the most restrictive in the state."
  17. ^ Assembly Committee Substitute for Assembly, No. 2635, New Jersey Legislature, June 7, 2004. Accessed October 31, 2014.
  18. ^ DEP Guidance for the Highlands Water Protection and Planning Act-Highlands Region Counties and Municipalities; Highlands Municipalities, New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, updated July 8, 2014. Accessed October 31, 2014.
  19. ^ "QuickFacts: Bergen County, New Jersey". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved 2007-02-28.
  20. ^ "New Jersey Resident Population by County: 1880 - 1930".
  21. ^ "Geostat Center: Historical Census Browser". University of Virginia Library. Retrieved 2007-03-02.
  22. ^ Profile of General Demographic Characteristics for Bergen County, New Jersey: 2000. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved on March 17, 2007.
  23. ^ Profile of General Demographic Characteristics for New Jersey: 2000. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved on March 17, 2007
  24. ^ Profile of General Demographic Characteristics for Palisades Park borough, New Jersey: 2000, U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved on March 17, 2007.
  25. ^ a b c d Korean Ancestry by City. Retrieved on March 17, 2007.
  26. ^ Profile of General Demographic Characteristics for Fort Lee borough, New Jersey: 2000, U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved on March 17, 2007.
  27. ^ Korean store chains move to Palisades Park, The Record (Bergen County), March 4, 2007
  28. ^ Profile of General Demographic Characteristics for Bergen County, New Jersey: 2000. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved on March 17, 2007.
  29. ^ Profile of General Demographic Characteristics for Bergenfield borough, New Jersey: 2000, U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved on March 17, 2007.
  30. ^ Profile of General Demographic Characteristics for Lodi borough, New Jersey: 2000, U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved on March 17, 2007.
  31. ^ Profile of General Demographic Characteristics for Paramus borough, New Jersey: 2000, U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved on March 17, 2007.
  32. ^ Profile of General Demographic Characteristics for Elmwood Park borough, New Jersey: 2000, U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved on March 17, 2007.
  33. ^ From Philippines, With Scrubs; How One Ethnic Group Came to Dominate the Nursing Field, The New York Times, November 24, 2003
  34. ^ Profile of General Demographic Characteristics for Bergenfield borough, New Jersey: 2000, U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved on March 17, 2007.
  35. ^ Profile of General Demographic Characteristics for New Milford borough, New Jersey: 2000, U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved on March 17, 2007.
  36. ^ Profile of General Demographic Characteristics for Dumont borough, New Jersey: 2000, U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved on March 17, 2007.
  37. ^ Profile of General Demographic Characteristics for Teaneck township, New Jersey: 2000, U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved on March 17, 2007.
  38. ^ Profile of General Demographic Characteristics for Englewood Cliffs borough, New Jersey: 2000, U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved on March 17, 2007.
  39. ^ North Jersey's Japanese population dips, disperses, The Record (Bergen County), March 26, 2007
  40. ^ Bergen County, New Jersey Data Retrieved on April 6, 2007.
  41. ^ Census 2000 Demographic Profile Highlights - Selected Population Group: Italian, U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved on April 9, 2007.
  42. ^ Italian Ancestry by City. Retrieved on April 6, 2007.
  43. ^ Lodi, NJ Ancestry & Family History. Retrieved on April 6, 2007.
  44. ^ Franklin Lakes, NJ Ancestry & Family History. Retrieved on April 6, 2007.
  45. ^ Ramsey, NJ Ancestry & Family History. Retrieved on April 6, 2007.
  46. ^ Montvale, NJ Ancestry & Family History. Retrieved on April 6, 2007.
  47. ^ Woodcliff Lake, NJ Ancestry & Family History. Retrieved on April 6, 2007.
  48. ^ Census 2000 Demographic Profile Highlights - Selected Population Group: Irish, U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved on April 9, 2007.
  49. ^ Census 2000 Demographic Profile Highlights - Selected Population Group: German, U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved on April 9, 2007.
  50. ^ Census 2000 Demographic Profile Highlights - Selected Population Group: Polish, U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved on April 9, 2007.
  51. ^ a b Polish Ancestry by City, Epodunk, accessed April 5, 2007
  52. ^ Bergen County, New Jersey Data Retrieved on April 6, 2007.
  53. ^ The Association of Religion Data Archives, County Membership Report for Bergen County, New Jersey Retrieved on April 6, 2007.
  54. ^ A classic oasis and easy commute, The Record (Bergen County), April 7, 2007
  55. ^ Russian Ancestry by City. Retrieved on April 6, 2007.
  56. ^ Israeli Ancestry by City. Retrieved on April 6, 2007.
  57. ^ a b The Association of Religion Data Archives, County Membership Report for Bergen County, New Jersey Retrieved on April 6, 2007.
  58. ^ Census 2000 Demographic Profile Highlights - Selected Population Group: Greek, U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved on April 9, 2007.
  59. ^ Greek Ancestry by City. Retrieved on April 6, 2007.
  60. ^ Census 2000 Demographic Profile Highlights - Selected Population Group: Armenian, U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved on April 9, 2007.
  61. ^ Armenian Ancestry by City. Retrieved on April 6, 2007.
  62. ^ Armenian genocide sears survivors' memories, The Record (Bergen County), April 13, 2007
  63. ^ A passion for politics, The Record (Bergen County), September 27, 2004
  64. ^ Arab American Demographics, Allied Media Corp. Retrieved on April 9, 2007.
  65. ^ Census 2000 Demographic Profile Highlights - Selected Population Group: Arab, U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved on April 9, 2007.
  66. ^ Census 2000 Demographic Profile Highlights - Selected Population Group: Lebanese, U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved on April 9, 2007.
  67. ^ Census 2000 Demographic Profile Highlights - Selected Population Group: Syrian, U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved on April 9, 2007.
  68. ^ Census 2000 Demographic Profile Highlights - Selected Population Group: Egyptian, U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved on April 9, 2007.
  69. ^ "TROUBLING ENCOUNTERS ALONG SUBURBAN BYWAYS; MINORITIES FEEL TARGETED BY LOCAL POLICE.", The Record (Bergen County) by Debra Lynn Vial, May 9, 1999. "About 70 percent of Bergen County's African-American residents live in Hackensack, Teaneck, and Englewood, according to current population estimates. In some 20 of the other towns, from River Vale to Ho-Ho-Kus, black residents make up less than 1 percent of the population. In 27 others, they are less than 2 percent."
  70. ^ Making elections fair to minorities, The Record (Bergen County), February 21, 2005
  71. ^ Picture this: Black History Store, The Record (Bergen County), February 21, 2005
  72. ^ Census data for Fairview borough, United States Census Bureau, accessed march 29, 2007
  73. ^ Colombian Ancestry by City. Retrieved on April 6, 2007.
  74. ^ Cuban Ancestry by City. Retrieved on April 6, 2007.
  75. ^ Fairview, NJ Ancestry & Family History. Retrieved on April 6, 2007.
  76. ^ Most expensive ZIP codes: New Jersey, Forbes magazine, April 24, 2006
  77. ^ "Bergen County Department of Parks - listing of parks". Retrieved 2006-12-28.
  78. ^ "Bergen County Department of Parks - County-owned historical sites". Retrieved 2006-12-28.
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