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Belarusian involvement in the Russian invasion of Ukraine

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Map of Russian military activities in Belarus during 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine (as of 15 March 2022)
Russian helicopter Mil Mi-8AMTSh (Mi-171Sh) in Minsk, 23 February 2022

Belarus, a close ally of Russia, has supported its eastern neighbour in the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine. Before the start of the war, Belarus allowed the Russian Armed Forces to perform weeks-long military drills on its territory, which the Russians did not leave after they were supposed to finish. The country did not oppose it being used as a launching pad for the invasion of Russian troops that started on 24 February, which they actively used as Belarus's border was close to Kyiv, Ukraine's capital.[1][2][3][4]

Belarus initially denied having anything in common with the conflict, but has since admitted to allowing Russian missile launchers stationed on its territory to shoot at Ukrainian targets. Several reports have emerged in Belarus opposition media and among the Ukrainian military that Belarusian troops are on Ukrainian soil fighting together with Russians, but Belarus's leader Aleksander Lukashenko dismissed them and said that the Belarusian Armed Forces would not participate directly in the conflict.

The involvement of Belarus was condemned in Western countries, with the European Union, the United States, and Japan imposing sanctions against Belarus. According to Chatham House, Belarus's participation in the military conflict is unpopular among the general population;[5] protests were held on 27 February, the day of the constitutional referendum which asked to revoke Belarus's non-nuclear country status, but were quickly dispersed. Several hackers affiliated with the Ukrainian military or with Anonymous have targeted Belarusian government agencies as well as the country's critical infrastructure.

Background

Ukrainian border guardsmen at the international border with Belarus in December 2021.

Belarus is located to the north of Ukraine, with which it shares a 1,084 km (674 mi)-long border. Its proximity to the Ukrainian capital Kyiv is considered to be of major strategic value.[4] Both modern states were created in the aftermath of the October Revolution in 1917 in a form of the Belarusian Democratic Republic and the Ukrainian People's Republic which then evolved into Byelorussian and Ukrainian SSRs in 1919 before unifying with Soviet Russia to form the Soviet Union in 1922. The current borders were established after World War II when the Soviet Union acquired western parts from interwar Poland and Hungary and has remained the same since even with the two republics became independent countries in 1991 with the dissolution of the Soviet Union.[6]

In January and February 2022, Russian troops came into Belarus to participate in military drills. On 16 February, Minister of Foreign Affairs Vladimir Makei claimed that Russian soldiers will leave Belarus after training ends,[5] statement rejected later on by the Ministry of Defense, who claimed that they would remain "for an unknown period of time".[5] The number of Russian troops that would remain in Belarus was estimated to be at around 30,000.[7] Additionally, it was also speculated that Belarus could host Russian nuclear weaponry.[4]

The former version of the Constitution of Belarus demanded the country to be neutral.[5] Belarus, however, held a constitutional referendum on 27 February, which was declared to have passed with 65% support.[8] As one of the changes, Belarus revoked its non-nuclear status. Lukashenko later clarified that he would request Russia to bring nuclear weapons if NATO moves to bring them to Poland or Lithuania, the country's western neighbours.[9]

Russian invasion

In the initial stages of the military conflict, Belarus lent its territory to Russians for them to attack, but did not seem to have sent its own soldiers into the conflict. On the day of invasion, the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine reported about Russian troops trying to break through the Belarus-Ukraine border at the Vilcha border crossing,[10] and a helicopter without identification marks attacking a bridge near Slavutych.[11] CNN published a video showing tanks entering Ukraine through the Senkivka border crossing, on the tripoint with Russia.[12] Also on that day, Chernobyl, together with the nearby former nuclear power plant, was seized after Russian troops entered Ukraine from Belarus via the unpopulated Chernobyl Exclusion Zone.[3]

Belarus also allowed military installations to shoot from its territory towards its southern neighbour, or to cross its border southbound. Already on 24 February, the Ukrainian commander-in-chief reported that four ballistic missiles were launched from Belarus towards the southwest.[13] Two days later, Maxar Technologies published satellite images with 150 helicopters and hundreds of ground vehicles stationed near Khoyniki, some 50 km (31 mi) from the Ukrainian border,[14] with 90 helicopters using a local straight road as a temporary airbase.[14] Belarusian media and Telegram channels also circulated numerous videos and photos showing movement of Russian armored vehicles and helicopters in southern Belarus.[2][5][15] Three days later, the Ukrainian Centre for Strategic Communication reported that Zhytomyr Airport was bombed by the missiles launched from the territory of Belarus.[16] On 8 March, ImageSat International published satellite images of three missile launchers (possibly Russian 9K720 Iskander) in the field near Kalinkavichy (southeastern Belarus), and new planes (Russian A-50 or A-100) and Mi-26 heavy helicopters at Baranavichy air base.[17][18]

Eventually, reports of Belarusian troops in Ukraine started to appear. On 25 February, the Ukrainian media published a video with a Russian POW who claimed to have entered Ukraine via Homyel' Region of Belarus and said that the Belarusian military did not stop him.[19] On 28 February, Belarusian opposition media outlet Charter 97 claimed that some Belarusian soldiers were among the wounded and killed invasion troops in Ukraine, citing anonymous Belarusian and Ukrainian sources.[20] A Ukrainian senior military official later said to the public broadcaster Suspilne that Belarusian soldiers have been spotted on the ground in Chernihiv Oblast since 27 February and that they were moving from Horodnia towards Chernihiv, the capital of the northernmost region of Ukraine;[21] however, the Office of the President could not confirm the reports.[22] On 6 March, a Ukrainian presidential adviser, Oleksiy Arestovych, said that the Belarusian army had not taken part in the invasion thus far, claiming that they were Russian attempts to involve it in military operations. There was no independent confirmation[23]

Russian troops wounded in Ukraine are reportedly treated by Belarusian and Russian doctors in Homiel and in other cities of Homiel Region.[24][25][26] Russian soldiers killed in Ukraine are reported to be placed in morgues in the Homiel Region.[26] On 13 March, Ukrainian media reported that treatment of wounded Russian soldiers in Belarusian hospitals led to exhaustion of all blood reserves made for this purpose, and the doctors started to use blood reserves for civil population of Belarus. It was also reported that Belarusians were encouraged to donate blood.[27][28]

According to the Charter 97 news channel, reporting on 5 and 6 March 2022, most low-ranked Belarusian soldiers were opposed to participating in the invasion of Ukraine. Charter 97 and its chief editor, Natalya Radina, also stated that Belarusian officers reported to their seniors that they would risk mutiny or mass surrender if they took their units into Ukraine.[29][30]

On 10 March, Secretary of the National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine Oleksiy Danilov claimed that the invasion from Belarus was a "backstab", unlike other directions of Russian invasion which were foreseen.[31]

On 10 March, two Belarusian truck drivers were killed or got fatal injuries in Korosten in northern Ukraine during an aerial bombardment (the planes were presumably based in Belarus).[32] On the same day, an unidentified Russian plane crashed near Luninets Air Base in Belarus (the pilots ejected successfully). The Ukrainian media outlet Obozrevatel claimed that the plane was shot over Ukraine and failed to reach the airbase in Belarus.[33]

On 11 March, Ukrainian officials accused Russia of conducting airstrikes on Belarusian settlements from Ukrainian airspace in an attempt to force Belarus more directly into the hostilities.[34]

On 17 March, the open-source investigators MotolkoHelp reported that more Russian Iskander missiles were deployed at the Machulishchy air base and air-defense systems were seen on the territory of Belarus, such as Pantsir-S1 in the Minsk region and near the town of Mazyr and S-400 at Baranavichy. According to MotolkoHelp, Belarusian soldiers were ordered to do the "dirty job" for the Russian forces, such as repairing damaged hardware and cleaning vehicles of dirt and human remains.[35]

Belarusian opposition to the invasion

Public opinion in Belarus

According to Chatham House, 79% of Belarusians think that the death of Belarusian soldiers during the war between Russia and Ukraine is unacceptable, and more than 50% thought that Belarus should remain neutral.[5]

It is believed that “a deployment of Belarusian soldiers in a fully-fledged war would represent a radical break with Lukashenka's cornerstone ideology of peace and stability [and raise] the question of Lukashenka's support from a critical part of Belarusian society that thus far had been hesitant to openly oppose the regime.”[36]

According to Rosemary Thomas OBE (former British Ambassador in Minsk between 2009 and 2012) "Belarusian territory had highest level of slaughter during WW2. They know what's it's about. Ordinary Belarusians see Ukraine as brother nation. They don't want war at all but ESPECIALLY not with Ukraine. "[37]

Condemnation of war by opposition leaders

Belarusian exiled opposition leader Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya condemned Lukashenka for participating in the invasion[5] and expressed her belief that “Ukraine will win this war”.[38] She also suggested that Lukashenka is no longer in control of the Belarusian military.[39] Tsikhanouskaya supports Volodymyr Zelensky's calls to close the skies over Ukraine.[40]

Another opposition leader, Pavel Latushka called for similar sanctions and restrictions to be introduced against Lukashenko as against Putin: “Rockets were also fired at Ukraine from the territory of Belarus, and Lukashenka is the same aggressor as Putin”.[41] He also called for recognising Belarus as a territory temporarily occupied by Russia because the Belarusian regime had lost its independence in decision making and had no control over the territory of Belarus anymore.[42]

Invonka Survilla, President of the Rada of the Belarusian Democratic Republic sent a public letter to the President of Ukraine Volodymyr Zelensky, in which she expressed support for the Ukrainian people in their struggle for democracy, independence and European future. She also asked Zelensky not to identify Belarusians with the illegitimate regime of Lukashenka and to request Ukrainian officials and media “to cease the unjustified harassment and insults of Belarusians, direct association of the Belarusian people with the dictator and disparaging of the efforts of Belarusians in their long struggle against Lukashenka's regime" because “there can be no collective responsibility and collective guilt in [the current political] situation [in Belarus]”.[43][44]

Condemnation of war by journalists and celebrities

Belarusian opposition journalists claimed that the actions of the Belarusian government could be treated as aggression according to article 3 (section "f") of the United Nations General Assembly Resolution 3314 ("The action of a State in allowing its territory, which it has placed at the disposal of another State, to be used by that other State for perpetration an act of aggression against a third State <...> ...qualify as an act of aggression").[45]

Belarusian Nobel Laureate Svetlana Alexievich called Lukashenka's actions over Ukraine a 'crime'. She added that if Belarusian troops are sent to Ukraine by Lukashenka to assist Russia to fight against Ukrainian forces "heroism for them will be not to shoot."[46] She also said that Russia's war against Ukraine is a worse evil than World War II and that Ukrainians and Belarusians fighting against Putin in this war for freedom are heroes.[47]

Another Belarusian writer, Alhierd Baharevich declared that “we have the same enemy: the Belarusians, the Ukrainians, the Lithuanians, and even the Russians. And this enemy is Putin's empire, Putinism, Putin's fascism!”[48]

More than 80 representatives of the Belarusian film industry publicly condemned Russia's military aggression against Ukraine.[49]

Belarusian tennis star Victoria Azarenka “declare[d] her dismay and great sadness at the events” in Ukraine.[50]

Anti-war public protests and acts of sabotage in Belarus

Despite very tight security measures imposed by Lukashenka's regime, protests against the invasion were held in cities across Belarus on 27 February, the day of voting on the changes to the Belarusian constitution,[51] during which 800 people were detained, according to Ministry of Internal Affairs of Belarus.[52][53]

Belarusian activists disrupted work of the Belarusian Railway (transports Russian military trains) destroying two control points of semaphore signals and railroad switches, organizing a short circuit of the signaling system near Mahilioŭ.[54] Ministry of internal affairs of Belarus called these acts "terrorist attacks" and accused opposition figures Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya and Pavel Latushko of inspiring them.[55] On 2 March, hacktivists damaged network infrastructure of the Belarusian Railway.[56] On 3 March The Jerusalem Post reported that the General prosecutor had opened an investigation on sabotage.[57]

By 9 March, at least eight people were arrested on suspicion of disrupting the movement of Russian military trains in Belarus.[58] The acts of sabotage prompted the Belarusian authorities to instruct a special military division to patrol the railways in plain clothes.[59]

Belarusian volunteers serving in Ukrainian Armed Forces

In Ukraine, Belarusians have created a separate battalion named after Kastuś Kalinoŭski to defend Kyiv.[60]

It is reported that more than 200 Belarusian citizens have joined the Armed Forces of Ukraine to defend Ukraine from the Russian invasion, with another 300 volunteers from Belarus are now en route through Poland.[61][62]

Pavel Shurmei, a former Belarusian Olympic rower and world record holder, declared his intention to fight for Ukraine as a volunteer.[63]

On 4 March 2022, the first Belarusian volunteer Illia “Licvin” was reportedly killed in action during heavy fighting near the Ukrainian city of Bucha.[64] On 13 March 2022 it was reported that a member of Kastuś Kalinoŭski Battalion nicknamed “Tur” (real name Aliaksiej Skoblia) was killed in action near Kyiv when his unit was ambushed.[65][66]

Anti-war actions by the Belarusian diaspora

Belarusians living outside Belarus and Ukraine express their solidarity with the Ukrainian people by attending anti-war rallies, helping organisations dealing with Ukrainian refugees, collecting and delivering financial and humanitarian aid[67][68][69] as well as helping Belarusian volunteers fighting for Ukraine.[70] Several organisations in the UK established the Belarusians in Britain for Ukraine, an umbrella initiative to co-ordinate their response.[71]

Reactions

Belarus

Letter from head of State Border Guard Service of Ukraine Serhii Deyneko to head of State Border Committee of Belarus Anatoly Lappo, 26 February 2022

Government

Belarusian President Alexander Lukashenko initially denied involvement of the Belarusian military in the conflict at the time,[72] and the Belarusian Ministry of Defense did not comment on the reports of missiles launched from Belarus hitting any Ukrainian targets.[73] On 27 February, however, Alexander Lukashenko acknowledged that projectiles were launched by Russia from Belarus against Ukraine, but commented this was a "forced step".[74] Lukashenko also announced that he would not order Belarus's troops to join the Russians to Ukraine,[75] despite reports they already were in Ukraine, nevertheless he decided to move more forces to the Ukrainian border on 1 March.[45]

Opposition

Belarusian exiled opposition leader Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya condemned Lukashenko for participating in the invasion.[5] Belarusian opposition journalists claimed that the actions of the Belarusian government could be treated as aggression according to article 3 (section "f") of the United Nations General Assembly Resolution 3314 ("The action of a State in allowing its territory, which it has placed at the disposal of another State, to be used by that other State for perpetration an act of aggression against a third State <...> ...qualify as an act of aggression").[51] Protests against the invasion were held in cities across Belarus on 27 February, the day of voting on the changes to the Belarusian constitution,[52] during which 800 people were detained, according to Ministry of Internal Affairs of Belarus.[54]

According to Chatham House, 79% of Belarusians think that the death of Belarusian soldiers during the war between Russia and Ukraine is unacceptable, and more than 50% thought that Belarus should remain neutral.[5]

Belarusian activists disrupted work of the Belarusian Railway (transports Russian military trains) destroying two control points of semaphore signals and railroad switches, organizing a short circuit of the signaling system near Mahilioŭ.[55] Ministry of internal affairs of Belarus called these acts "terrorist attacks" and accused opposition figures Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya and Pavel Latushko of inspiring them.[56] On 2 March, hacktivists damaged network infrastructure of the Belarusian Railway.[57] On 3 March The Jerusalem Post reported that the General prosecutor had opened an investigation on sabotage.[76]

Churches and religious organisations

The clampdown of the 2020–2021 protests severely reduced the Christian communities' ability to express their position independently of the government. By 2022, the pro-democratic public activity of Belarusian Christians had concentrated around the Christian Vision group most members of which were based abroad.[77] On the day of the invasion, the group issued a statement condemning the aggression and the use of the Belarusian territory by the Russian army, expressing solidarity with Ukraine and calling on Belarusian soldiers to not participate in the war.[78]

Initially, the leadership of all main Belarusian Christian denomination avoided referring to those events as an invasion or war.[77] The head of the Belarusian Orthodox Church, Metropolitan Veniyamin [Wikidata], did not condemn the invasion but called the sides "to make steps to each other".[79] An Orthodox theologian Natallia Vasilevich criticised his stance.[80] Other Orthodox bishops remained silent.[81]

The initial announcement of the Conference of the Catholic Bishops in Belarus, published on 26 February, referred to the "conflict in Ukraine".[82] In response to the laity's strong criticism, the Conference gathered for an extraordinary meeting on 3 March. In its statement, the bishops expressed a concern about the political conflict becoming a war and called not to allow Belarus to take part in it.[83] On 9 March, the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church thanked Belarusian bishops for their "fraternal solidarity".[84]

On 2 March, four bishops of Evangelical denominations called on their believers for a three-day fasting and prayer for stopping the war in Ukraine. They mentioned that Belarus was also involved in it.[85]

On 9 March, the Ukrainian Council of Churches and Religious Organizations petitioned Belarusian religious leaders "to use their authority to prevent the involvement of the Belarusian army in the war against Ukraine".[86]

Prayers for Ukraine and peace in Ukraine took place is some Roman Catholic parishes and convents.[87][88][89] Several Orthodox, Catholic and Protestant priests and pastors publicly protested against the war.[90][91][92] An Orthodox priest, Mikhail Maruha, was detained during a rally against the Russian invasion of Ukraine near the Minsk railway station on 28 February and sentenced to a 13-day arrest.[93]

On 3 March, the Mothers’ Union called mothers of soldiers to come to the Orthodox Cathedral church in Minsk to pray for an end to Russia's aggression and Belarus abstaining from taking part. Nearly 100 mothers joined the action, at least four women and two journalists were detained.[94]

Churches in diaspora

On 27 February, a Greek Catholic parish in London addressed Ukrainian brethren expressing solidarity with the people of Ukraine and the wish for their victory to inspire Belarusians to end the Russian occupation of their country.[95]

Ukraine

On 26 February, the head of State Border Guard Service of Ukraine Serhii Deyneko wrote an official letter to chief of the State Border Committee of Belarus Anatoly Lappo, accusing his organization of helping Russia to invade Ukraine from the north.[96] Some MPs of Verkhovna Rada, Ukraine's parliament, have called to break diplomatic ties with its northerly neighbour.[97]

A large number of internet hackers, in particular connected to a decentralised collective called Anonymous and the Ukrainian IT Army, launched numerous cyberattacks against Belarusian government agencies[98][99] and the state railway.[100] In response to the invasion, Anonymous leaked some 200 gigabytes of correspondence of Belarusian private defence contractor Tetraedr.[98]

Western countries

See also: International sanctions during the Russo-Ukrainian War

Belarus's assistance of Russia's invasion drew condemnation from Western powers. On the day of invasion, the US Treasury issued sanctions against Belarus for its involvement in the Russian invasion. Several military industrial companies and generals were sanctioned.[101] On 26 February, Japan considered issuing similar sanctions, which it introduced two days later.[102][103]

The European Union issued the first set of sanctions against Belarus - the first was introduced on 27 February, which banned certain categories of Belarusian items in the EU, including timber, steel, mineral fuels and tobacco.[104] After the Lithuanian prime minister proposed disconnecting Belarus from SWIFT,[105] the European Union, which does not recognise Lukashenko as the legitimate President of Belarus, started to plan an extension of the sanctions already issued against Russian entities and top officials to its ally.[106]

United Nations

On 2 March 2022, the United Nations General Assembly overwhelmingly voted to reprimand Russia over its invasion of Ukraine and demanded that Moscow stop fighting and withdraw its military forces, an action that aims to diplomatically isolate Russia at the world body. 141 of the Assembly's 193 members voted for the resolution, 35 including China abstained and 5 countries including Russia and Belarus voted against the document.[107] The paragraph 10 of the United Nations General Assembly Resolution of 2 March 2022 confirmed the involvement of Belarus in unlawful use of force against Ukraine.[108]

See also

References

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