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Voice of God

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(Redirected from Bat kol)
For other uses, see Voice of God (disambiguation).
Ezekiel hears the voice, represented by the Hand of God, Dura-Europos synagogue, 3rd century CE.

In the Abrahamic religions, the voice of God is a communication from God to human beings through sound with no known physical source.

In rabbinic Judaism, such a voice was known as a bat kol (Hebrew: בַּת⁠ קוֹל baṯ qōl, literally "daughter of voice"), and was a "heavenly or divine voice which proclaims God's will or judgment".[1] It differed from prophecy in that God had a close relationship with the prophet, while the bat kol could be heard by any individual or group regardless of their level of connection to God.

Hebrew Bible

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God calls Samuel at night in this 1860 woodcut by Julius Schnorr von Karolsfeld

In the Hebrew Bible, the characteristic attributes of the voice of God are the invisibility of the speaker and a certain remarkable quality in the sound, regardless of its strength or weakness.[1]

A sound proceeding from some invisible source was considered a heavenly voice, since the mass revelation on Sinai was given in that way: "Ye heard the voice of the words, but saw no similitude; only ye heard a voice" (Deuteronomy 4:12, Ps 50:6). In this account, God reveals himself to man through the organs of hearing, not through those of sight. Even the prophet Ezekiel, who saw many visions, "heard a voice of one that spoke";[2] similarly, Elijah recognized God by a "still, small voice", and a voice addressed him.[3] Sometimes God's voice rang from the heights, from Jerusalem, or from Zion;[4] and God's voice was heard in the thunder and in the roar of the sea.[1]

In later Jewish sources

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Image of Divine Voice in Lightfoot, John (1675) Horae Hebraicae et Talmudicae In Qvatuor Evangelistas

The phrase bat kol appears in many Talmudic stories to represent a heavenly or divine voice to human beings. It proclaims God's will or judgment, his deeds and his commandments to individuals or to a number of persons, to rulers, communities, and even to whole nations.

Origin of the name

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The phrase bat kol literally means "daughter of voice" – that is, a small voice – in order to distinguish it from the usual voice. The meaning of the word is "sound" or "resonance". In this sense it appears in a secular context: "As oil has no bat kol [that is, gives no sound], so Israel is not heard of in this world..."[5] Similarly, in one passage Divine revelation is said to lack a bat kol or echo:

Johanan said, 'When God revealed the Torah, no sparrow chirped, no bird flew, no ox lowed;'... 'These words,' says Simeon ben Lakish, as follows: If one man calls to another, his voice has a bat kol; but the voice proceeding from God has no bat kol... For if a sound had been heard, the priests would have said: 'Baal has answered us.' On Sinai God caused the whole world to be silent, in order that mankind might know there is none besides Him.[6]

Such divine communication was also in the Hebrew called kol (voice) as is shown by the Biblical phrase "There fell a voice from heaven" (Daniel 4:28 [A. V. 31]); and occasionally in the Talmud it is briefly given as kol (voice).[7] In the Aramaic versions of the Bible, in the Midrash and Talmud, heavenly revelation is usually introduced with the formula: "A voice fell from heaven", "came from heaven", "was heard" or "proceeded from heaven".

Its nature

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The bat kol was considered to be divine in origin. In the course of the narrative in Berachot 3a, "God" is put instead of "bat kol"; and not infrequently God, when using the bat kol, is represented as speaking in the first person. Sometimes bat kol is identified with the Holy Spirit.[8]

Despite being identified with the Holy Spirit or even with God, the bat kol differed essentially from prophecy. The Holy Spirit rested upon the prophets, and the conversations between them were personal and intimate; while those that heard the bat kol had no relation whatever to the Holy Spirit.[1] The Prophets possessed the Holy Spirit; but the bat kol could not be possessed: God spoke through it as He did through the Prophets. For this reason, the bat kol addressed not only righteous individuals, but sinners, common people, or multitudes, both in the Holy Land and abroad.[9] Prophecy was a gift of which not only the prophet but his generation had to be worthy. From this point of view the bat kol was explained as a lesser gift to Israel than prophecy, but not, as some said, as a lower degree of prophecy.[10]

Content and examples

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The bat kol revealed the divine will in perfectly intelligible words, usually in the form of a passage from the Bible.

According to rabbinical tradition, the bat kol coexisted with prophecy; that is, at a time when the Holy Spirit rested upon Israel, as well as at other times. Thus the bat kol spoke to Abraham,[11] Esau,[12] the Israelites at the Sea of Reeds,[13] Moses and Aaron,[14] Saul,[15] David,[16] Solomon,[17] King Manasseh,[18] Nebuchadnezzar,[19] the inhabitants of Sheol,[20] the Rechabites,[21] Haman,[22] and those feasting with Ahasuerus.[23] The bat kol is frequently connected with Moses' death.[24]

Rabbinic sources state that "after the death of the last three prophets – Haggai, Zechariah, and Malachi – the Holy Spirit departed from Israel; but the bat kol was still heard".[25] Many stories of its later appearance appear in rabbinic literature. A bat kol decided between the Houses of Hillel and Shammai in favor of the House of Hillel, according to a Talmudic sugya in which the bat kol said, Elu ve-elu, these and those are the words of the living God (Eruvin 13b). Shimon bar Yochai emerged from his stay in a cave only after receiving permission from a bat kol.[26] In the Oven of Akhnai story, a bat kol declared that the halakha was in accordance with Rabbi Eliezer, yet the other rabbis rejected this declaration on the grounds that the Torah is Not in Heaven.[27] It was said that whenever there is no law, no high-priesthood, and no Sanhedrin,[28] a bat kol cries: "Strengthen ye the weak hands".[29]

It is noteworthy that the rabbinical conception of bat kol sprang up in the period of the decline of Jewish prophecy and flourished in the period of extreme traditionalism. Where the gift of prophecy was believed to be lacking – perhaps even because of this lack – there grew up an inordinate desire for special divine manifestations. Often a voice from heaven was looked for to clear up matters of doubt and even to decide between conflicting interpretations of the law. So strong had this tendency become that Rabbi Joshua (c. 100 CE) felt it to be necessary to oppose it and to insist upon the supremacy and the sufficiency of the written law.

Josephus relates that John Hyrcanus (135–104 BCE) heard a voice while offering a burnt sacrifice in the temple, which Josephus expressly interprets as the voice of God.[30]

In Christianity

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In the New Testament mention of “a voice from heaven” occurs in the following passages: Matt 3:17; Mark 1:11;[31] Luke 3:22 (at the baptism of Jesus); Matt 17:5; Mark 9:7; Luke 9:35 (at the transfiguration); John 12:28 (shortly before the Passion); Acts 9:4; Acts 22:7; Acts 26:14 (conversion of Paul), and Acts 10:13, Acts 10:15 (instruction of Peter concerning the clean and unclean).

These passages show a conception of the nature and means of divine revelation that is distinctly different from the Old Testament descriptions, for even in the Old Testament passages where mention is made of the voice from heaven, all that is really essential to the revelation is already present, at least in principle, without the audible voice.[32]

Christian scholars interpreted Bath Kol as the Jews' replacement for the great prophets when, "after the death of Malachi, the spirit of prophecy wholly ceased in Israel" (taking the name to refer to its being "the daughter" of the main prophetic "voice").[33]

Other media

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The generic term "voice of God" is commonly used in theatrical productions and staging, and refers to any anonymous, disembodied voice used to deliver general messages to the audience. Examples may include speaker introductions, audience directions and performer substitutions.

The origin of the "Voice of God" narration style was most probably in Time Inc's "March of Time"[34] news-radio and news-film series, for which Orson Welles was an occasional voice-over actor, and was subsequently duplicated in Welles' "Citizen Kane"[35] News On The March sequence (the first reel of the film), much to the delight of Henry R. Luce, Time's president.

Psychiatrist Thomas Szasz wrote in The Second Sin (1973): "If you talk to God, you are praying; if God talks to you, you have schizophrenia. If the dead talk to you, you are a spiritualist; if God talks to you, you are a schizophrenic."[36]

Nicknames

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References

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  1. ^ a b c d The Jewish Encyclopedia: BAT ḲOL: Kohler, Kaufmann; Blau, Ludwig. "BAT ḲOL". JewishEncyclopedia.com – The unedited full-text of the 1906 Jewish Encyclopedia. JewishEncyclopedia.com. Retrieved 10 February 2016.
  2. ^ Ezekiel 1:28
  3. ^ I Kings 19:12–13; compare Job 4:16
  4. ^ Ezekiel 1:25; Jeremiah 25:30; Joel 3:16–17; Amos 1:2, etc.
  5. ^ Shir haShirim Rabbah 1:3
  6. ^ Exodus Rabbah 29, end (compare 28, end)
  7. ^ Sanhedrin 96b; compare Ta'anit 21b; Bava Metzia 85b, Rashi
  8. ^ In Sifra, Leviticus 10:5 (ed. Weiss, 46a), it is the Holy Spirit which speaks; while in Keritot 5b and Horayot 12a (which give the same account), it is the bat kol. Also: "At three courts of justice the Holy Spirit beamed forth ... At the first a bat kol cried out... " (Makkot 23b; Genesis Rabbah 12, 85 et seq.)
  9. ^ Bava Metzia 86a; Bava Batra 73b, 74b
  10. ^ Yoma 9b; Pes. R. 160a
  11. ^ Leviticus Rabbah 20:2
  12. ^ Genesis Rabbah 67:8
  13. ^ Targum to Song of Songs 2:14
  14. ^ Sifra Leviticus 10:5, etc.
  15. ^ Yoma 22b
  16. ^ Shabbat 56b; see also Moed Kattan 16b
  17. ^ Rosh Hashana 21b; see also Moed Kattan 9a; Genesis Rabbah 35:3, Targum to Shir Hashirim 4:1; Shabbat 14b
  18. ^ Sanhedrin 99b
  19. ^ Shir HaShirim Rabbah 2:13; Pesachim 94a; Sanhedrin 96b
  20. ^ Shabbat 149b
  21. ^ Mekhilta, Yitro, 2
  22. ^ Targum on Esther 5:14; Esther Rabbah 5:3
  23. ^ Megillah 12a
  24. ^ Targum Yerushalmi on Deuteronomy 34:5; Sifre, Deuteronomy 357; Sotah 13b; Numbers Rabbah 14:10; Midrash Yelamdenu, in "Likkutim", v. 104b
  25. ^ Tosefta, Sotah 13:2, where is nearer the original than Sotah 48b; Bavli Sanhedrin 11a
  26. ^ Shabbat 33b
  27. ^ Bava Metzia 59b
  28. ^ Cf. 2 Chronicles 15:3
  29. ^ Leviticus Rabbah 19:5, following Isaiah 35:3
  30. ^ Antiquities, 13,10,3
  31. ^ And a voice came from heaven: "You are my Son, whom I love; with you I am well pleased."Mark 1:11
  32. ^ This article incorporates text from the International Standard Bible Encyclopedia article "Bath Kol", a publication now in the public domain.
  33. ^ The Old and New Testament connected in the history of the Jews
  34. ^ Fielding, Raymond. The March of Time, 1935–1951. New York: Oxford University Press, 1978
  35. ^ Mary Wood. "Citizen Kane and other imitators". University of Virginia. Archived from the original on August 28, 2006. Retrieved 2010-02-27.
  36. ^ "Thomas Szasz 1920–2012 Hungarian-born psychiatrist".
  37. ^ "'Voice of God' Bob Sheppard dies at 99".
  38. ^ Hevesi, Dennis (3 September 2008). "Don LaFontaine, Voice of Trailers and TV Spots, is Dead at 68". The New York Times.
  39. ^ Schaffer, Peter (2009-04-14). "The League Panelists: John Facenda voice of God better than Harry Kalas in NFL history - Peter Schaffer". Views.washingtonpost.com. Retrieved 2022-06-11.
  40. ^ Chozick, Amy (19 February 2016). "Morgan Freeman, Hollywood's 'Voice of God,' Narrates Ad for Hillary Clinton". The New York Times.
  41. ^ Nadia, Soraya (2014-08-19). "Celebrities react to the death of Don Pardo, voice of 'Saturday Night Live'". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2022-06-11.

Sources

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This article incorporates text from the International Standard Bible Encyclopedia article "Bath Kol", a publication now in the public domain.

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