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Ayyathan Gopalan

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Rao Sahib
Ayyathan Gopalan
Born
Ayyathan Gopalan

(1861-03-03)3 March 1861
Tellicherry, Malabar District, Madras Presidency, British India
(present day Kannur, Kerala, India)
Died2 May 1948(1948-05-02) (aged 87)
Calicut Shanthi Ashram, Malabar District, Province of Madras, Dominion of India
(present day Kozhikode, Kerala, India)
Resting placeSanthi Gardens (Ayyathan family cemetery, Calicut)
Other namesDarsarji, Darsar Sahib
Alma materMadras Medical College
Occupations
  • Doctor
  • professor
  • social reformer
Notable workBhramodarma Malayalam (the Bible of Brahmo Samaj)
Saranjiniparinayam
Susheeladukham (musical dramas)
MovementSugunavardhini movement (1900), Depressed classes mission (1909)
Spouse
Kallat Kausallya Ammal
​
​
(m. 1878⁠–⁠1930)​
Children5
RelativesAyyathan Janaki Ammal (sister)
AwardsRao Sahib
This article is part of a series on
Reformation in Kerala
Narayana Guru, the most prominent face of the movement
Background
Notable people
Others

Rao Sahib Ayyathan Gopalan (3 March 1861 – 2 May 1948), popularly known as Darsarji and Darsar Sahib ("Darsar" means "doctor", derived from Latin word "docere" for doctor), was an Indian doctor, surgeon, professor, writer, philanthropist, social reformer, and Renaissance leader from Kerala. He is the founder of the Sugunavardhini movement (1900) and Depressed classes mission (1909) and also the leader and propagandist of Brahmo Samaj (1893) in Kerala.[1] He denounced idol worship and fought to end those social practices in Kerala that he thought were unethical. Among his followers were Brahmananda Swami Sivayogi,[2][3][4][5][6][7][8] Vaghbatananda,[9][10][11][12][13] and Brahmavadhi P. Kunhiraman. Gopalan titled P. Kunhiraman as "Brahmavadhi" and Sivayogi as "Brahmananda Swami".

He was awarded and honoured by the British government with the highest civilian award and title, the "Rao Sahib",[14][15][16][17][18][19] for his services. The formation of the Sugunavardhini movement, Depressed classes mission and Brahmosamaj played a significant role in the Kerala reformation movement.

Life

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Gopalan was born at Anjarakkandy, Tellicherry (now Thalassery), as the first son of Ayyathan Chandhan and Kallatt Chirutha Ammal. His youngest sister, Ayyathan Janaki Ammal[20] was the first women doctor and surgeon of Kerala.

He studied at Anjarakkandy Elementary School, Brennen School, Mission High School and later joined Madras Medical College[21] on 19 September 1884. He read about the Raja Ram Mohan Roy's Brahmo Samaj.[22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29] Joined Brahmo Samaj and engaged in its social reform activities and became an active executive member of the General Committee of Calcutta Brahmo Samaj. He participated in the committee's annual conferences at various locations across India, along with Brahmo leaders such as Keshub Chandra Sen, Debendranath Tagore, Sivanath Sastri, Rabindranath Tagore, and R. G. Bhandarkar. In 1888, he obtained a medical degree with honours and entered into government service as the first doctor of Kerala.

Gopalan married Kallat Kausallyaammal on 30 December 1894. Ramakrishna Gobal Bhandhakar, a Brahmo leader and social reformer at that time, conducted the wedding at the Madras Brahmo Samaj. Several Brahmo leaders presided over the wedding. This was the first Brahmo wedding to be conducted at Madras Brahmosamaj, and also the first Brahmo wedding of South India. Kausallyaammal was a strong supporter of Gopalan and assisted his social reform activities.

Social reform activities

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Establishment of Brahmosamaj branches in Kerala

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Gopalan worked as a doctor, chief surgeon, and superintendent at several hospitals in South India. He returned to Kerala in 1897 and joined the Calicut Lunatic asylum (now the Kuthiravattom Mental Hospital) as its first Indian superintendent. Meanwhile, caste and racial discrimination, malicious practices, and social injustices were prevalent in Kerala, and atrocities against women and children were at their peak. He instituted Brahmosamaj in Kerala for the first time in 1893.

Gopalan extended his reform ideologies and propagated his reform activities by establishing the first branch of Brahmo Samaj[30][31][32][33][34] on 17 January 1898 at Calicut. To conduct Samaj's meetings and prayers, a separate brahmomandir (lit. "hall")— was opened to the public on 1 October 1900. The brahmomandir was inaugurated by Mana Vikraman Ettan Thampuran, the Zamorin King of Calicut.[35] This is situated in Jail road, Chinthavalap at Calicut. Now Dr.Ayathan Gopalan Memorial school is being run in the premises of Calicut Brahmosamaj. This is the only school left in Kerala which run under the patronage of Brahmosamaj under Brahmosamaj trust.[36] Branches of Brahmosamaj at Thalassery and Palakkad was formed subsequently. In 1924 a branch of Brahmosamaj was established at Alappuzha and a separate Brahmomandir was constructed in 1928 at Kommadi, Poonthoppu.

Sugunavardhini Movement and Depressed Classes Mission

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In the year 1900, Gopalan and wife Kausallyaammal initiated the Sugunavardhini Movement and extended his social reform activities. Through this movement, he worked to foster human values in children, attract children to his social activities, protect the rights of women, and provide free education to girls and marginalised sections of society. He established the Lady Chandhawarkar Elementary School at Calicut with the intention to educate girls and the Dalit (Harijan) communities.

In 1909 he established the Depressed Classes Mission for the upliftment of Harijan (Dalit) communities in Kerala, under which he established schools and provided free education for downtrodden sections of the society. He established a boarding school at Kallai, Kozhikode, One day and night school at Palakkad, and a day school at Thalassery under the Depressed Classes Mission. The Brahmosamajists of Palakkad and Telicherry took care of the day to day activities of these schools.

He founded "Ayathan Weaving mill's" for giving secure jobs to the underprivileged section's and also the "Ayathan Clinic and Dispensary" where free treatment's were given for the poor and the underprivileged. Around 1920's a Medical school started by the British Government named the Medical School, Mananchira (Now training institute function here) This was a branch of Madras Medical College and Dr. Ayathan Gopalan was appointed as the Professor of this Medical School. He also served as the registrar of Special Marriage act and was given the rank and adored as the honorary Magistrate by the British Indian Government.

Impact of Sugunavardhini, Depressed Classes Mission and Brahmosamaj at Malabar

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In addition to supporting and educating women and the underprivileged, their movement led reforms to oppose idolatry; promote and conduct Misra Vivaham (inter-caste marriages) and Misra Bhojanam (inter-dining); spread women's education; maintain gender equality; eradicate untouchability, caste and racial discrimination; and conduct mass prayers and communion debates. He lead many strikes such as the Chevayur road samaram, Parayanchery paraya colony samaram, Puthiyara road samaram to name a few. Gopalan also participated in the Thali Road strike (Samaram at Calicut).

The hymns for prayers sung at Brahmo Samaj were composed by Gopalan and are compiled in his book Keerthanaratnamala. He conducted several inter-caste marriages at Brahmo Samaj and worked to promote non-idol worship. "Brahmodharma", better known as the Brahmosamaj Bible, was written in Bengali by Maharshi Debendranath Tagore and was translated by him into Malayalam. He promoted his reformist ideologies by conducting dramas, public awareness campaign, and writings. The Sugunavardhini Movement and Brahmo Samaj were composed mostly of professionals and intellectuals, including Brahmananda Swamisivayogi, Vagbhatananda Guru, and Brahmavadi P. Kunhiraman, all with a more secular approach to reform. He raised his children, grandchildren, and all his followers as a good man, without raising them to live under a particular race, religion, or creed. It is for this reason that their name has been retained as "Brahmo" without a caste name. All of his children are intermarried (Intercaste marriage) and were married according to Brahmasamaj rituals.

Rabindranath Tagore described Ayyathan Gopalan as the "Raja Ram Mohan Roy of Kerala" during the annual general conference of the Brahmo Samaj.

On 4 June 1917, Gopalan was honoured by the British Government with the highest civilian award and title, Rao Sahib,[14][15][16][17][18][19] for his social and humanitarian services.

He died on 2 May 1948.

Works

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Gopalan translated the Bible of Brahmo Samaj, Brahmodharma,[37][38] which was initially written in Bengali by Maharshi Debendranath Tagore, to Malayalam in 1904. He wrote the first Biography book of Raja Ram Mohan Roy in Malayalam and also wrote songs and keerthanams to be sung during Brahmo Samaj prayer meetings. He propagated his reform ideologies through drama, public awareness, and his writings. Saranjiniparinayam(1899)(musical drama), Susheeladukham(1903) (musical drama), and Plaguefarse(drama) were among his famous dramas performed throughout by PSV Natya sangam in Kerala for many years. His other literary contributions are listed below:

  • Raagamaalika(1894) first book
  • Brahmadharmam
  • Saranjiniparinayam (musical drama)(1899)
  • Susheeladukham (musical drama)(1903)
  • Plague Farse (drama)
  • Gaanamaalika
  • Grihadharma Geethamrutham
  • Keerthanaratnamala
  • Brahmamatham
  • Rammohunroy (Harikatha) (Biography of Raja Ram Mohan Roy)
  • Madhaaikyam
  • Madhavum Guruvum
  • Madhavan
  • Aaradhanayude Randu Padikal
  • Brahma Madhavum Ithara Madhangalum
  • Jaathi
  • Vivaahageethangal
  • Jai Britannia
  • Yeshu Daivamayirunnuvo!
  • British Bharana Mahathmyam
  • Ente Amma (memoir of mother Kallat Chiruthammal)

Books about Ayyathan Gopalan

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  • First authoritative biography book of Ayathan Gopalan "Appan, oru ormapusthakam" in Malayalam written by Ayathan Alok.
  • First authenticative biography book of Rao Sahib Dr. Ayathan Gopalan, "Darsar, The untold story of an unsung hero" in English (author Ayathan Alok).

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Bose, Ram Chandra. (1884). Brahmoism; or, History of reformed Hinduism from its origin in 1830,. Funk & Wagnalls. OCLC 1032604831.
  2. ^ Biography of Brahmananda swami Sivayogy by A K Nair.
  3. ^ Brahmananda Swami Sivayogi by Pavanan.
  4. ^ Biography of Brahmanada Sivayogi written by K Bheeman Nair "Asathyathil ninnu sathyathilekku"(അസത്യത്തിൽ നിന്ന് സത്യത്തിലേക്ക്).
  5. ^ Brahmananda Swami Sivayogi and His Selected Works by P.V. Gopalakrishnan.
  6. ^ "sivayogi". 29 April 2013. Archived from the original on 22 March 2015. Retrieved 10 September 2019.
  7. ^ Kerala Navothanam - Oru Marxist Veekshanam - P. Govindappilla (Chintha Publishers, Thiruvananthapuram-695001).
  8. ^ Gopalakrishnan, P. V. (2002). Brahmananda Swami Sivayogi and his selected works. Kalpaz Publications. ISBN 8178351013. OCLC 52726748.
  9. ^ Kurup, K. K. N. (1988), Modern Kerala: Studies in Social and Agrarian Relations. Mittal Publications. 1988. ISBN 9788170990949.
  10. ^ Shepherds' Chalet, Shepherds' Chalet, Shepherdschalet.com, retrieved 19 March 2014.
  11. ^ Kurup, K. K. N. (1988). "Kurup, K. K. N. (September 1988). "Peasantry and the Anti-Imperialist Struggles in Kerala"". Social Scientist. 16 (9): 35–45. doi:10.2307/3517171. JSTOR 3517171.
  12. ^ "Vagbhatananda". Archived from the original on 27 September 2019. Retrieved 10 September 2019.
  13. ^ Brahmavrathan, Swami. (1971). Maharṣi Vāgbaṭānanda Gurudēvar. OCLC 978079481.
  14. ^ a b "British India: INDIAN TITLE BADGE (MYB # 327), RAO BAHADUR & RAO SAHIB MEDALS". worldofcoins.eu. Retrieved 18 October 2014.
  15. ^ a b "rai sahib". Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 10 September 2019.
  16. ^ a b "medal". Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 10 September 2019.
  17. ^ a b "rao sahib". 30 May 2023. Archived from the original on 24 October 2014. Retrieved 10 September 2019.
  18. ^ a b Introduction to the Constitution of India By Sharma, Sharma B.k.. 2007. p. 83.
  19. ^ a b Kaur, Madanjit (2008). Maharaja Ranjit Singh. Unistar Books. 2008. ISBN 9788189899547.
  20. ^ Modern Kerala, Studies in social and agrarian relations (1988). Modern Kerala:Studies in social and agrarian relations. by K.K.N.Kurup. mittal publications 1988: K.K.N.Kurup. 1988. p. 86.
  21. ^ Madras Medical College. (1856–1877). Annual Report of the Madras Medical College. Session 1855-56( -1876-77). OCLC 562478204.
  22. ^ Nazir, Parwez (2011). "Raja Ram Mohan Roy: Social Reform and Empowerment of Women". Journal of Exclusion Studies. 1 (2): 1. doi:10.5958/j.2231-4547.1.2.013. ISSN 2231-4547.
  23. ^ Rammohun Roy, Raja, 1772?-1833. (1996). Sati, a writeup of Raja Ram Mohan Roy about burning of widows alive. B.R. Pub. Corp. ISBN 8170188989. OCLC 38110572.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  24. ^ Hatcher, Brian A. (1 January 2008), "Debendranath Tagore and the Tattvabodhinī Sabhā", Bourgeouis Hinduism, or Faith of the Modern Vedantists, Oxford University Press, pp. 33–48, doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195326086.003.0003, ISBN 9780195326086
  25. ^ Śāstrī, Śibanātha, 1847-1919. (1948). Men I have seen; personal reminiscences of seven great Bengalis. Sadharan Brahmo Samaj. OCLC 11057931.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  26. ^ Killingley, Dermot (27 June 2019), "Rammohun Roy and the Bengal Renaissance", The Oxford History of Hinduism: Modern Hinduism, Oxford University Press, pp. 36–53, doi:10.1093/oso/9780198790839.003.0003, ISBN 9780198790839
  27. ^ Seminar on Perspectives of the Bengal Renaissance (1976 : Rajshahi University) (1977). Reflections on the Bengal renaissance : [papers read at a seminar, "Perspectives of the Bengal Renaissance"]. Institute of Bangladesh Studies, Rajshahi University. OCLC 557887410.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  28. ^ "Rabindranath Tagore: His Life and Thought", The Philosophy of Rabindranath Tagore, Routledge, 24 February 2016, pp. 1–17, doi:10.4324/9781315554709-1, ISBN 9781315554709
  29. ^ Bose, Ram Chandra. (1884). Brahmoism; or, History of reformed Hinduism from its origin in 1830,. Funk & Wagnalls. OCLC 1032604831.
  30. ^ Bose, Ram Chandra. (1884). Brahmoism; or, History of reformed Hinduism from its origin in 1830. Funk & Wagnalls. OCLC 1032604831.
  31. ^ "brahmosamaj". 29 May 2023. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 31 October 2019.
  32. ^ "brahmosamajnet".
  33. ^ "brahmosamaj".
  34. ^ "brahmosamaj".
  35. ^ Krishna Ayyar, K. V., 1894- (1999). The zamorins of Calicut: from the earliest times down to A.D. 1806. Publication Division, University of Calicut. OCLC 607834506.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  36. ^ "Ayathan school runs under the patronage of Brahmosamaj". Archived from the original on 6 August 2013. Retrieved 4 April 2020.
  37. ^ Ṭhākura, Debendranātha, 1817-1905. (c. 1943). The offering. [Reprinted on the occasion of the centenary celebration of Maharshideva's initiation into the Brahma Dharma]. OCLC 910095.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  38. ^ Hatcher, Brian A. (1 January 2008), "Debendranath Tagore and the Tattvabodhinī Sabhā", Bourgeouis Hinduism, or Faith of the Modern Vedantists, Oxford University Press, pp. 33–48, doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195326086.003.0003, ISBN 9780195326086

Bibliography

[edit]
  • Appan oru ormapusthakam First authoritative biography book and memoir of Ayathan Gopalan written by Ayathan Alok (2021).
  • Darsar,"The Untold story of an Unsung hero", first biography of Rao Sahib Dr. Ayathan Gopalan written in English by Ayathan Alok.
  • Dr. Ayyathan Gopalan Malayalam Memoir (2013) edited by V.R.Govindhanunni published by Mathrubhumi books, Kozhikode
  • Maharshi Vaghbhatananda Gurudevar, by Swami Brahmavrithan
  • A Survey of Kerala History Prof. Sreedharan Menon .A. (1967). Kottayam: Sahitya Pravarthaka Co-operative Society [Sales Dept.]; National Book Stall.
  • Prof.Sreedharamenon .A. (1987) Kerala History and its Makers, Kottayam; National bookstall
  • Kurup, K. K. N. (1988), Modern Kerala: Studies in Social and Agrarian Relations, Mittal Publications, ISBN 9788170990949
  • Kurup (1988), p. 94
  • Kurup, K. K. N. (September 1988). "Peasantry and the Anti-Imperialist Struggles in Kerala". Social Scientist. 16 (9): 35–45. doi:10.2307/3517171. JSTOR 3517171.
  • Biography of Brahmanada Sivayogi written by K Bheeman Nair Asathyathil ninnu sathyathilekku(അസത്യത്തിൽ നിന്ന് സത്യത്തിലേക്ക്)
  • Biography of Brahmananda Swami Sivayogy by A K Nair
  • Brahmananda Swami Sivayogi by Pavana
  • Journal of Indian history, University of Kerela Press, 2001 p270
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