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{{ For|the biblical location|Ataroth}} |
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[[Image:Atarot.jpg|300px|thumb|right|The village in 1944]] |
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'''Atarot''' ({{lang-he|עטרות}}) was a [[moshav]] in the [[British Mandate of Palestine]], north of [[Jerusalem]] along the [[Highway 60 (Israel)|highway to Ramallah]]. The village was captured and destroyed by the [[Jordanian]] [[Arab Legion]] during the [[1948 Arab-Israeli War]], and is now the site of [[Atarot Airport]] and Jerusalem's largest [[industrial park]]. |
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== History == |
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=== Early years === |
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Land was purchased by the [[Palestine Land Development Corporation]] (PLDC) as early as 1912 in the hills north of Jerusalem from the neighbouring Arab village of [[Kalandia]]. By 1914 the tract was settled by [[Zionist]] youth of the [[Second Aliyah]] who worked to prepare the rocky soil for agriculture. Among the settlers was [[Levi Eshkol]], a future [[Prime Minister of Israel]].<ref name=orennordheim-kark>{{cite book| title=Jerusalem and Its Environs: Quarters, Neighborhoods, Villages, 1800-1948| author=Michael Oren-Nordheim, Ruth Kark| year=2001| publisher=Wayne State University Press| isbn=0814329098}}</ref><ref name=JVLperiphery>[https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Society_&_Culture/geo/Motza.html Motza, Atarot, and Neveh Yaacov] at the [[Jewish Virtual Library]]</ref> |
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The land was abandoned due to the outbreak of [[World War I]] until the 1922 return of a free workers' group which continued field reclamation and initiated planting.<ref name=JVLperiphery/> This group was also tasked with defining the land's boundaries, leasing parts to local Arabs, and acquiring more land. The group was supposed to prepare for settlement by individuals and groups that would purchase plots from the PLDC, however the sale was unsuccessful and the [[Jewish National Fund]] bought 375 [[dunam]]s of the best land. It was on this land that a village was organised as a [[moshav|cooperative agricultural community]], known in Hebrew as a workers' ''moshav''. The village was named for the biblical town of [[Ataroth]] believed to be located nearby.<ref name=orennordheim-kark/> |
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In 1925, Atarot was was joined by [[Neve Yaakov]], the two villages constituting the whole of Jewish presence in the area.<ref name=JVLperiphery/> |
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In 1931 the British Mandatory government expropriated 200 of the 375 dunam to construct a small airfield, in the process demolishing homes and uprooting fruit orchards, and harming the village's growth. The PLDC sold more of the land such that the moshav members were left with only 14 dunam per plot, while 30 dunam was considered to be the minimum necessary for sufficient income. Water shortages also plagued the village, as the locally constructed reservoir could not satisfy the needs, and so it was necessary to purchase water from neighbouring Arab villages as well as from the expensive British-built Jerusalem municipal pipes.<ref name=orennordheim-kark/> |
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Some of the moshav's fields were located at a distance, which created a security problem during the [[1929 Palestine riots]] and [[1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine]] when it residents were shot at, robbed, and besieged.<!--contradictory accounts of the rest - verify--><ref name=orennordheim-kark/> |
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Concentrating on [[dairy farming]] and supplying Jerusalem's produce and dairy needs, by the 1940s Atarot was home to 150 residents.<ref name=JVLperiphery/> |
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=== 1948 War === |
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Following the [[Declaration of Independence (Israel)|Israeli Declaration of Independence]] and attack of five Arab armies, the villages withstood repeated attacks and acted as a bulwark during the [[Jordanian]] [[Arab Legion]]'s 1948 [[Siege of Jerusalem (1948)|Siege of Jerusalem]]. The [[Haganah]] command for the Jerusalem area finally decided to evacuate the remaining defenders; they left on [[17 May]], [[1948]]. The Jordanian forces looted and burned the village, and ultimately constructed an expanded [[Atarot Airport|Kalandia Airport]] on the village's site.<ref name=JVL1948war>[http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/History/battle47.html The Battle For Jerusalem in the War of Independence] at the [[Jewish Virtual Library]]</ref><ref name=Michaeli>בן-ציון מיכאלי, ישובים שניטשו בשלושה משטרים מדיניים: בשילהי המשטר הטורקי, בשנות המנדט הבריטי, במדינת ישראל, הוצאת מלוא, תש"ם. (''Settlements evacuated during three governments: Ottoman, British Mandatory, and Israeli rule'', Ben-Zion Michaeli. Melo Publishers, 2000.)</ref><ref name=Hananel>משה חננאל, הירושלמים, הוצאת ארץ הצבי, תשס"ז (''The Jerusalemites'', Moshe Hananel. Eretz HaTzvi Publishers, 2004.)</ref> |
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The refugees maintained their desire to remain organised as an agricultural cooperative, and in August of that year they were resettled in the former [[Templer]] village of [[Wilhelma (village)|Wilhelma]], which they named [[Bnei Atarot]] in remembrance of their original home.<ref name=Michaeli/><ref name=Hananel/> |
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=== After 1967 === |
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Following the 1967 [[Six Day War]], the airport and site of the former village were captured by Israel along with the rest of the [[West Bank]]. The area was [[Jerusalem Law|annexed into the expanded Jerusalem Municipality]], and an [[industrial park]] was developed alongside the airport, renamed for the former village.<ref name=Michaeli/><ref name=Hananel/> |
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The park was home to over 200 companies including [[Coca-Cola]], [[Mercedes-Benz]], [[Israel Aircraft Industries]], and many Arab-owned and joint enterprises. Some 4,000 people were employed prior to 2000, Arabs from Jerusalem and the West Bank comprising about two-thirds.<ref name=Derfner>{{cite news| url=http://www.jewishjournal.com/home/preview.php?id=6648| title=An Intifada Casualty Named Atarot| author=Larry Derfner| publisher=[[The Jewish Journal of Greater Los Angeles]]| date=[[January 23]], [[2001]]| accessdate=2007-11-07}}</ref> |
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During the violence of the [[Second Intifada]], the park and airport suffered Palestinian attacks due to their proximity to [[Ramallah]], leading the airport to be temporarily closed.<ref name=Hananel/><ref name=Derfner/><ref>{{cite news| url=http://info.jpost.com/C002/Supplements/CasualtiesOfWar/2001_02_26.html| title=Three shot in attack near Atarot| author=Arieh O'Sullivan| publisher=[[The Jerusalem Post]]| date=[[February 28]], [[2001]]| accessdate=2007-11-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.kokhavivpublications.com/2001/israel/jul/27/0107272234s.html| title=Jerusalem's Atarot Airport handed over to the IDF| author=Zohar Blumenkrantz| publisher=[[Haaretz]]| date=[[27 July]], [[2001]]| accessdate=2007-11-07}}</ref> |
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With the ebbing of violence, the Atarot industrial park has seen renewed activity, and several new companies have begun to move in, aided by the new [[Highway 45 (Israel)|Highway 45]]'s linking the park to the nearby [[Route 443 (Israel)|Route 443]] expressway to the [[Gush Dan|Tel Aviv metropolitan area]] and [[Route 404 (Israel)|Begin Expressway]] to central Jerusalem. The park, which has surpassed [[Har Hotzvim]] to become the largest industrial park in Jerusalem, now houses 160 factories in a variety of industries.<ref name=JDA>[http://www.jda.gov.il/english_new/atarot.asp The Atarot Industrial Area] at [[Jerusalem Development Authority]]</ref> |
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The industrial park is managed by a [[non profit organisation]], which among other achievements successfully lobbied the [[Jerusalem Municipality]] to take over security from private firms, a move which contributed to solving an ongoing problem.<ref name=JDA/> |
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Israeli author Esther Streit-Wertzel was commissioned in 2005 by the original families to write a [[chronicle]] of the village; she ultimately produced a novel on the topic.<ref>[http://www.ester.co.il/index.asp?mainpage=shbk&id=22 עטרות] - Esther Streit-Wertzel</ref> |
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== See also == |
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*[[List of villages depopulated during the Arab-Israeli conflict]] |
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== References == |
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{{reflist}} |
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{{Neighborhoods of Jerusalem}} |
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[[Category:Industrial parks]] |
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[[Category:Moshavim]] |
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[[Category:Settlements established in 1912]] |
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[[Category:Villages depopulated during the 1948 Arab-Israeli war]] |
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[[he:עטרות]] |
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