Angelica archangelica
| Angelica archangelica | |
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Scientific classification 
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| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Asterids |
| Order: | Apiales |
| Family: | Apiaceae |
| Genus: | Angelica |
| Species: | A. archangelica
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| Binomial name | |
| Angelica archangelica | |
| Synonyms[2] | |
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Synonyms list
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Angelica archangelica, commonly known as angelica,[3] garden angelica, wild celery, and Norwegian angelica, is a biennial plant from the family Apiaceae, a subspecies of which is cultivated for its sweetly scented edible stems and roots. Like several other species in Apiaceae, its appearance is similar to several poisonous species (Conium, Heracleum, and others), and should not be consumed unless it has been identified with absolute certainty. Synonyms include Archangelica officinalis Hoffm. and Angelica officinalis Moench.[4]
Description and distribution
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During its first year, it grows only leaves, but during its second year, its fluted stem can reach a height of 2.5 meters (just over 8 feet), and the root is used in flavoring preparations. Its leaves consist of numerous small leaflets divided into three principal groups, each of which is again subdivided into three lesser groups. The edges of the leaflets are finely toothed or serrated. The flowers, which blossom in July, are small and numerous, yellowish or greenish, are grouped into large, globular umbels that bear pale yellow, oblong fruits. Angelica grows only in damp soil, preferably near rivers or deposits of water.
Angelica archangelica grows wild in Russia, Finland, Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Greenland, the Faroe Islands, and Iceland, mostly in the northern parts of the countries. It is cultivated in France, mainly in the Marais Poitevin, a marsh region close to Niort in the department Deux-Sèvres. Commercially available angelica is often sourced from Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Germany and Poland.[5]
Use and history
[edit]From the 10th century on, angelica was cultivated as a vegetable and medicinal plant,[6] and became popular in Scandinavia in the 12th century and is used especially in Sámi culture. It was once used as an herb in Sámi cooking, and known as kvanne.[7]
It is used to flavor liqueurs or aquavits, (e.g., Chartreuse, Bénédictine, Vermouth, and Dubonnet), omelettes and trout, and as jam. The long bright-green stems are also candied and used as food decoration. Angelica is unique among the Umbelliferae for its pervading aromatic odor, a pleasant perfume entirely different from fennel, parsley, anise, caraway, or chervil.[6] It has been compared to musk and to juniper. Angelica archangelica roots are among the most common botanicals used in gin distillation, often used in concert with juniper berries and coriander as a chief aromatic characteristic for gin.[8] They are also used in absinthes, aquavits, and bitters.[9] The hollow stems of Angelica archangelica may be eaten. The stems are picked clean of their leaves, crystallized in sugar syrup and colored green as cake decoration or as candy.[10]
Chemical composition
[edit]The essential oil content of angelica root varies based on the age of the roots. Generally, the roots have high levels of terpenes, including α-pinene and β-phellandrene.[11] Studies have found upwards of over eighty different aroma compounds present in samples. Of particular interest to perfumers and aroma chemists is cyclopentadecanolide, which although present in small quantities (< 1% in roots, <.5% in seeds), gives angelica root a distinctive musky aroma.[9][12] The roots are generally preferred for culinary and aroma uses.[9]
Angelica seeds have a similar chemical composition to the roots, including α-pinene, β-pinene, camphene, myrcene, β-phellandrene, limonene, caryophyllene, borneol, carvone and others.[11]
Both the seeds and roots contain coumarins and furocoumarins. Among these are 2′-angeloyl-3′-isovaleryl vaginate, archangelicin, oxypeucedanin hydrate, bergapten, byakangelicin angelate, imperatorin, isoimperatorin, isopimpinellin, 8-[2-(3-methylbutroxy)-3-hydroxy-3-methylbutoxy]psoralen, osthol, ostruthol, oxypeucedanin, phellopterin, psoralen and xanthotoxin, can be isolated from a chloroform extract of the roots of A. archangelica[13] as well as several heraclenol derivatives.[14] The water root extract of A. archangelica subsp. litoralis contains adenosine, coniferin, the two dihydrofurocoumarin glycosides apterin and 1′-O-β-d-glycopyranosyl-(S)-marmesin (marmesinin), 1′-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(2S, 3R)-3-hydroxymarmesin and 2′-β-d-glucopyranosyloxymarmesin.[15]
Etymology
[edit]Angelica is the Latin feminine name implying "angel-like" from the mid-16th century, probably named for the plant due to its scent.[16] Archangelica derives from "an angel of the highest order," an Old French term in the late (12th century), or from the Greek word "arkhangelos" ("chief angel").[16]
See also
[edit]- Heracleum persicum (golpar)
- Angelicin
References
[edit]- ^ "Angelica archangelica". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2008-03-03.
- ^ "Angelica archangelica L." Plants of the World Online. Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 2017. Retrieved 11 July 2020.
- ^ "Angelica archangelica". RHS. Retrieved 2 September 2023.
- ^ "Angelica archangelica L. | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 2018-07-30.
- ^ Chauhan, Dr Meenakshi (2019-08-06). "What are the Medicinal Properties of Wild Celery ( Angelica Archangelica)?". Planet Ayurveda. Retrieved 2022-04-28.
- ^ a b M. Grieve. "Angelica". A Modern Herbal. Botanical.com.
- ^ Nilsson, Lena Maria; Dahlgren, Lars; Johansson, Ingegerd; et al. (18 February 2011). "Diet and lifestyle of the Sámi of southern Lapland in the 1930s–1950s and today". International Journal of Circumpolar Health. 70 (3): 301–318. doi:10.3402/ijch.v70i3.17831. hdl:10037/4081. ISSN 2242-3982. PMID 21631968.
- ^ Gualtiero Simonetti (1990). Stanley Schuler (ed.). Simon & Schuster's Guide to Herbs and Spices. Simon & Schuster, Inc. ISBN 978-0-671-73489-3.
- ^ a b c Jelen, Henryk (2011-10-25). Food Flavors: Chemical, Sensory and Technological Properties. CRC Press. ISBN 9781439814918.
- ^ Reineccius, Gary (1995). Reineccius, Gary (ed.). Source Book of Flavors - Springer. doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-7889-5. ISBN 978-1-4615-7891-8.
- ^ a b Burdock, George A. (2016-04-19). Fenaroli's Handbook of Flavor Ingredients, Sixth Edition. CRC Press. ISBN 9781420090864.
- ^ Burdock, George A. (1997). Encyclopedia of Food and Color Additives. CRC Press. ISBN 9780849394140.
- ^ Härmälä P, Vuorela H, Hiltunen R, et al. (1992). "Strategy for the isolation and identification of coumarins with calcium antagonistic properties from the roots of Angelica archangelica". Phytochemical Analysis. 3 (1): 42–48. Bibcode:1992PChAn...3...42H. doi:10.1002/pca.2800030108.
- ^ Sun H, Jakupovic J (1986). "Further heraclenol derivatives from Angelica archangelica". Pharmazie. 41 (12): 888-889 INIST 7473899.
- ^ Lemmich, John; Havelund, Svend; Thastrup, Ole (1983). "Dihydrofurocoumarin glucosides from Angelica archangelica and Angelica silvestris". Phytochemistry. 22 (2): 553–555. Bibcode:1983PChem..22..553L. doi:10.1016/0031-9422(83)83044-1. ISSN 0031-9422.
- ^ a b "Archangel". Online Etymology Dictionary. 2021. Retrieved 29 July 2021.
Further reading
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