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Arab states of the Persian Gulf

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"Arab states of the Persian Gulf" or "Gulf Arab states" are terms that refer to the Arab states bordering the Persian Gulf, namely Kuwait, Iraq,[1][2][3] Bahrain, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates (UAE). Most of these nations are part of the Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf.

Geographically, the Arabic-speaking Gulf is solely Eastern Arabia.[4] The borders of the Gulf do not extend beyond Eastern Arabia.[4] Hejaz, Najd and South Arabia are not part of the Gulf.[4] The Arabs of Eastern Arabia speak a dialect known as Gulf Arabic. Most Saudis do not speak Gulf Arabic because most Saudis do not live in Eastern Arabia.[5] There are only 200,000 Gulf Arabic speakers in Saudi Arabia,[5] mostly in the coastal eastern region.[5][6]

Cultures

Main article: Culture of Eastern Arabia

The inhabitants of Eastern Arabia's Gulf coast share similar cultures and music styles such as fijiri, sawt and liwa. The most unique cultural trait of Eastern Arabia's Gulf Arabs is their orientation and focus towards the sea.[7] Maritime-focused life in the small Gulf Arab states has resulted in a sea-oriented society where livelihoods have traditionally been earned in marine industries.[7]

Gulf Arabic is spoken in Eastern Arabia's Gulf coast. Only Arabs of Eastern Arabia speak Gulf Arabic. Most Saudis do not speak Gulf Arabic because most Saudis do not live in Eastern Arabia.[5][6] There are only 200,000 Gulf Arabic speakers in Saudi Arabia,[5] mostly in the coastal eastern region.[5][6] Gulf Arabic is distinct from Saudi Arabic.[5][6]

Before the GCC was formed in 1981, the term "Khaleeji" was solely used to refer to the inhabitants of Eastern Arabia.[4]

Politics

Some of the states are constitutional monarchies with elected parliaments. Bahrain (Majlis al Watani) and Kuwait (Majlis al Ummah) have legislatures with members elected by the population.

The Sultanate of Oman also has an advisory council (Majlis ash-Shura) that is popularly elected. In the UAE, a federation of seven monarchical emirates, the Federal National Council functions only as an advisory body, but some of its members are now chosen via a small electoral college nominated by the seven rulers. Saudi Arabia remains a hereditary monarchy with limited political representation. In Qatar, an elected national parliament has been mooted and is written into the new constitution, but elections are yet to be held.[8]

Economy

Map of the Gulf Cooperation Council's members (excluding Iraq).

All of these Arab states have significant revenues from petroleum. The United Arab Emirates has been successfully diversifying the economy. 71% of UAE's total GDP comes from non-oil sectors.[9] Oil accounts for only 2% of Dubai's GDP.[10] Bahrain has the Gulf's first "post-oil" economy because the Bahraini economy does not rely on oil.[11] Since the late 20th century, Bahrain has heavily invested in the banking and tourism sectors.[12] The country's capital, Manama is home to many large financial structures. Bahrain has a high Human Development Index (ranked 48th in the world) and was recognised by the World Bank as a high income economy.

In addition, the small coastal states (especially Bahrain and Kuwait) were successful centers of trade and commerce prior to oil. Eastern Arabia also had significant pearl banks, the pearling industry collapsed in the 1930s after the development of cultured pearl methods by Japanese scientists.

According to the World Bank, most of these Arab states have been the world's most generous donors of aid as a share of GDP.[13]

See also


Further reading

  • Madawi Al-Rasheed, ed. (2005). Transnational Connections and the Arab Gulf.
  • Lawrence G. Potter, ed. (2009). The Persian Gulf in History.
  • "The Gulf's ancient Ethnic Diversity: An Evolutionary History" in Security in the Persian Gulf: Origins, Obstacles and the Search for Consensus, Edited by G. Sick and L. Potter, pp. 284.
  • Lawrence G. Potter, ed. (2014). Sectarian Politics in the Gulf (PDF).

References

  1. ^ Mary Ann Tétreault, Gwenn Okruhlik, Andrzej Kapiszewski (2011). Political Change in the Arab Gulf States: Stuck in Transition. The authors first focus on the politics of seven Gulf states: Bahrain, Iraq, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the UAE.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  2. ^ World Migration 2005 Costs and Benefits of International Migration. International Organization for Migration. 2005. p. 53.
  3. ^ "U.S. Official to Tour Persian Gulf Arab Lands". The New York Times. 1987. A leading American diplomat will start a trip to Iraq and six other Arab countries of the Persian Gulf region this week to discuss the Iran-Iraq war, Administration officials said today.
  4. ^ a b c d "Eastern Arabia Historic Photographs: Kuwait, 1900-1936". Ahmad Mustafa Abu-Hakima. 1986.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g "International Encyclopedia of Linguistics, Volume 1". William Frawley. 2003. p. 38.
  6. ^ a b c d Languages of Saudi Arabia Ethnologue
  7. ^ a b "Iranians in Bahrain and the United Arab Emirates". Eric Andrew McCoy. pp. 67–68.
  8. ^ Gerd Nonneman, "Political Reform in the Gulf Monarchies: From Liberalisation to Democratisation? A Comparative Perspective", in Anoushiravan Ehteshami and Steven Wright (eds.)(2007), Reform in the Middle East Oil Monarchies, ISBN 978-0-86372-323-0, pp. 3-45.
  9. ^ "Diversification raises non-oil share of UAE's GDP to 71%".
  10. ^ "Oil Makes Up 2% of Dubai GDP Post-Diversification".
  11. ^ "Bahrain: Reform-Promise and Reality" (PDF). J.E. Peterson. p. 157.
  12. ^ "Bahrain's economy praised for diversity and sustainability". Bahrain Economic Development Board. Retrieved 24 June 2012.
  13. ^ http://www.economist.com/news/special-report/21580630-even-rich-arab-countries-cannot-squander-their-resources-indefinitely-haves-and The economy: The haves and the have-nots
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