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Ancient North Eurasian

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In archaeogenetics, the term Ancient North Eurasian (ANE) is the name given to an ancestral component that represents descent from the people similar to the Mal'ta–Buret' culture or a population closely related to them.[1] The genetic component ANE descends from Ancient South Eurasian.[2][note 1]

The ANE lineage is defined by association with MA-1, or "Mal'ta boy", the remains of an individual who lived during the Last Glacial Maximum, 24,000 years ago, discovered in the 1920s. Populations genetically similar to MA-1 were an important genetic contributor to Native Americans, Central Asians, Europeans, South Asians, and East Asians, in order of significance. [2] Lazaridis et al. (2016:10) note "a cline of ANE ancestry across the east-west extent of Eurasia."[2] Flegontov et al. (2015) found that the global maximum of ANE ancestry occurs in modern-day Kets, Mansi, Native Americans, Nganasans and Yukaghirs.[1] Additionally it has been reported in ancient Bronze-age-steppe Yamnaya and Afanasevo cultures.[3] 42 percent of South American Native American ancestry originates from ANE peoples [4], while between 14 and 38 percent of North American Native American ancestry may originate from gene flow from the Mal'ta Buret people. This difference is caused by the penetration of posterior Siberian migrations into the Americas, with the lowest percentages of ANE ancestry found in Eskimos and Alaskan Natives, as these groups are the result of migrations into the Americas roughly 5000 years ago.[5] The other gene flow in Native Americans appears to have an Eastern Eurasian origin. [6] Gene sequencing of another south-central Siberian people (Afontova Gora-2) dating to approximately 17,000 years ago, revealed similar autosomal genetic signatures to that of Mal'ta boy-1, suggesting that the region was continuously occupied by humans throughout the Last Glacial Maximum. [6]

Genomic studies also indicate that ANE was introduced to Europe by way of the Yamna/Yamnaya culture, long after the Paleolithic.[3][1] The ANE genetic component is visible in tests of the Yamnaya people, and seems to make up 50% of their ancestry indirectly.[3][1] It is also reported in modern-day Europeans (7%–25% ANE admixture), but not of Europeans predating the Bronze Age.[3][1]

Eastern European Hunter-Gatherer (EHG) is a lineage derived predominantly (75%) from ANE.[2] It is represented by two individuals from Karelia, one of Y-haplogroup R1a-M417, dated c. 8.4 kya, the other of Y-haplogroup J, dated c. 7.2 kya; and one individual from Samara, of Y-haplogroup R1b-P297, dated c. 7.6 kya. This lineage is closely related to the ANE sample from Afontova Gora, dated c. 18 kya. After the end of the Last Glacial Maximum, the WHG and EHG lineages merged in Eastern Europe, accounting for early presence of ANE-derived ancestry in Mesolithic Europe.[7] An Afontova Gora 3 female individual dated to c. 14.7 kya, is the earliest known individual with the derived allele of KITLG responsible for blond hair in modern Europeans, and is recorded in Mesolithic Eastern Europe as associated with the EHG lineage.[7]

Caucasus Hunter-Gatherer (CHG) is represented by the Satsurblia individual dated ~13 kya (from the Satsurblia cave), and carried 36% ANE-derived admixture.[8] while the rest of their ancestry is derived from Dzudzuana dated ~26 kya, which lacked ANE-admixture, [8] Dzudzuana affinity in Caucasus decreased with the arrival of ANE at ~13 kya Satsurblia.[8]

Iran Neolithic (Iran_N) individuals dated ~ 8.5 kya carried 50% ANE-derived admixture and 50% Dzudzuana-related admixture,[8] marking them as different from other Near-Eastern and Anatolian Neolithics who didn't have ANE admixture.[8] Iran Neolithics were later replaced by Iran Chalcolithics, who were a mixture of Iran Neolithic and Near Eastern Levant Neolithic.[2]

Notes

  1. ^ "Ancient South Eurasian" (ASE) is also known as Eastern Non-Africans (ENA) in genetic literature. Lazaridis et al. (2016) describes ANE as "a population on the Onge→Han cline." (p.23; cf. Figure 3, A and Figure S11.3, Table S11.6)

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e Flegontov & Changmai et al. 2015.
  2. ^ a b c d e Lazaridis et al. 2016.
  3. ^ a b c d Haak & Lazaridis et al. 2015.
  4. ^ https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Geographical-dispersion-model-The-approximate-model-of-gene-flows-reflecting-divergence_fig6_311621354
  5. ^ http://xn--c1acc6aafa1c.xn--p1ai/wp-content/uploads/Moreno-Mayar_Willerslev_2018_Early-human-dispersals-within-the-Americas.pdf
  6. ^ a b Raghavan & Skoglund et al. 2014.
  7. ^ a b Mathieson et al. 2018.
  8. ^ a b c d e Lazaridis et al. 2018.

Bibliography

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