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American Women's War Relief Fund

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The executive committee of the American Women's War Relief Fund, circa 1914.
The executive committee of the American Women's War Relief Fund, circa 1914.

American Women's War Relief Fund was an expatriate organization in the United Kingdom started by American women to fund and aid World War I support efforts. The group was made up of wealthy socialites, politicians' wives and humanitarians. Many famous and well-connected women were involved, including Lou Hoover, Consuelo Vanderbilt and Lady Randolph Churchill. Leila Paget served as president and Ava Lowle Willing was the fund's vice-president. The group, started almost immediately after the declaration of war, funded a fleet of ambulances, two hospitals, one field hospital and several employment opportunities for unemployed women in Britain.

History

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American Women's War Relief Fund was founded on August 5, 1914.[1] Members of the organization were women from the United States who were married to Englishmen and who wanted to help in the effort to support soldiers fighting in World War I.[2] The president of the group was Leila Paget and Ava Lowle Willing served as vice-president.[1][3] Many of the members of the group had husbands who were commanding troops during the war.[4] Paget told journalist Hayden Church that she had thought up the idea for the Relief Fund merely three days after the start of the war.[4] Winnaretta Singer and the Countess of Starfford were major donors of money to the fund.[4] Paget also raised money in both America and England for wounded soldiers of several different countries fighting in the war.[5] In 1917, there was an official request to have all American-led efforts to support the war in Europe be turned over to the American Red Cross for coordination purposes.[6] In January 1918, the Relief Fund hospitals were fully turned over to be run by the Red Cross.[7]

The fund originally was going to sponsor an ambulance ship, but were persuaded to purchase 6 motor ambulances with a seventh added later by Grace Nichols and bearing the words, "From Friends in Boston".[8] The ambulances had room enough for four stretchers and two medics.[8]

Hospitals

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The American Women's War Relief Hospital at Oldway in Paignton, Devon, 1914.

In August 1914, the American Women's War Relief Fund received the donation from Paris Eugene Singer of his Oldway House in Paignton to be used as a military hospital.[9] Lady Randolph Churchill was involved in persuading Singer to donate the house to use as a hospital.[10] The building, known as the American Women's War Hospital, was initially equipped with 200 beds, an operating theatre, radiographic studio, pathology lab and also with anesthetizing and sterilization rooms.[11] Later, an additional 20 beds were added, and an "Isolation Hut" for quarantines was built which could accommodate around 30 people.[11] The American Red Cross helped staff the hospital, providing two units.[12][13] The hospital began treating wounded soldiers as soon as September 1914.[14] On November of that year, Queen Mary brought three hundred articles of clothes for the hospital and visited the wards.[15][16] Anita Strawbridge solicited donations such as socks and underwear from the United States.[17] By 1916, the American Women's War Hospital had treated 3,203 soldiers, according to the New York Herald.[18] By March 1919, when the hospital closed, it had served over 7,000 soldiers.[7]

The relief fund also provided partial funding for a field hospital in Belgium run by the wife of an officer, Mrs. O'Gorman.[19] Another hospital, known as the American Women's Hospital, was located at Lancaster Gate and had been opened in 1917 by Walter Hines Page and Willa Alice Wilson Page.[3][5] The Lancaster hospital had 41 beds and was mainly staffed with American nurses.[5] It was inspected by King George and the Queen in 1917.[20] It closed in 1919.[7]

Economic relief

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In addition to setting up the hospital, the fund also created workrooms to teach young women new skills as part of the Economic Relief Committee of the American Women's War Relief Fund.[21][22] The committee was headed by Consuelo Vanderbilt, who had been recruited by Lou Hoover in 1915.[23] This committee provided funds to pay the women's wages and articles of clothing, such as socks, were sent to the hospital or "given to soldiers and sailors in special need."[18] A workroom was set up in a factory building near St. Pancras between August 1914 and August 1915.[24] A knitting factory in Islington was opened in September 1914, followed by other workrooms in October at Woolwich and one at Greenwich.[25] The Woolwich factory was given to a charity to run in 1915.[23] The women employed at the workrooms were not given quotas, but instead did what they were able to do.[18] The working women were also given free tea and low cost meals in the evening.[19]

Notable members

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References

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Citations

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  1. ^ a b c Storr, Katherine (2009). Excluded from the Record: Women, Refugees, and Relief, 1914-1929. Peter Lang. p. 112. ISBN 9783039118557.
  2. ^ Stanley 1915, p. 11.
  3. ^ a b c d "Two Hospitals for U.S. Troops Wounded". Salisbury Evening Post. June 20, 1917. Retrieved April 27, 2018 – via Newspapers.com.
  4. ^ a b c Church, Hayden (October 6, 1914). "Every American Woman in England Working to Help Victims of War". The Atlanta Constitution. Retrieved April 27, 2018 – via Newspapers.com.
  5. ^ a b c d "Women Found War Hospitals". Harrisburg Telegraph. June 21, 1917. Retrieved April 27, 2018 – via Newspapers.com.
  6. ^ "American Women's War Relief Fund". Newspapers.com. November 24, 1917. Retrieved April 27, 2018.
  7. ^ a b c d e "Helping in Britain: The American Women's War Relief Fund". American Women in World War I. January 9, 2017. Archived from the original on September 27, 2017. Retrieved April 26, 2018.
  8. ^ a b Tibbits 1916, p. 123.
  9. ^ "The American Women's War Hospital at Oldway, Paignton 1914 to 1918". The American Women's War Hospital. Archived from the original on January 18, 2018. Retrieved April 26, 2018.
  10. ^ Sebba, Anne (2007). American Jennie: The Remarkable Life of Lady Randolph Churchill. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. p. 307. ISBN 9780393079685.
  11. ^ a b American Women's War Relief Fund 1915, p. 6.
  12. ^ "TO MOVE AMERICAN UNIT.; Physicians and Nurses Going to Hospital at Paignton". The New York Times. November 7, 1914. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 26, 2018.
  13. ^ "Mrs. John Astor Asks Sympathy for England". The New York Times. March 4, 1916. Retrieved April 27, 2018 – via Newspapers.com.
  14. ^ Tibbits 1916, p. 121.
  15. ^ Tibbits 1916, p. 122.
  16. ^ "Word From the Front". The American Red Cross Magazine. 10: 37–38. January 1915.
  17. ^ "American Women Ask Clothing for Hospital". The Philadelphia Inquirer. November 11, 1914. Retrieved April 27, 2018 – via Newspapers.com.
  18. ^ a b c d "Work of American Women's War Relief Fund in London". New York Herald. December 31, 1916. Retrieved April 26, 2018 – via Newspapers.com.
  19. ^ a b Allen 2000, p. 66.
  20. ^ "Royalty Inspects Hospital". Reading Times. May 31, 1917. Retrieved April 27, 2018 – via Newspapers.com.
  21. ^ Stanley 1915, p. 12.
  22. ^ Tibbits 1916, p. 124.
  23. ^ a b c Allen 2000, p. 67.
  24. ^ American Women's War Relief Fund 1915, p. 28.
  25. ^ American Women's War Relief Fund 1915, p. 30.
  26. ^ "American Women Give Aid". The Sun. August 17, 1914. Retrieved April 26, 2018 – via Newspapers.com.
  27. ^ "Lou Hoover". HISTORY.com. Archived from the original on March 9, 2018. Retrieved April 26, 2018.
  28. ^ Brown, Rudd; Myers, Paul A. (2014). Ruth Bryan Owen: Congresswoman and Diplomat. Paul Andrew Myers. p. 40. ISBN 9781497442023.

Sources

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