Jump to content

Abortion in Poland

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Abortion in poland)

Abortion in Poland is illegal except in cases where the pregnancy is a result of a criminal act or when the woman's life or health is in danger.[1] The last change in the Act on Pregnancy Planning of the Republic of Poland took place on 27 January 2021, when publication of the judgment of the Polish Constitutional Tribunal in the Dziennik Ustaw RP took place.[2]

Poland is one of the few countries in the world where abortion became largely outlawed since the 1990s after decades of permissive liberalized legislation during the communist-era Polish People's Republic.[3] In 2010, about 10 to 15% of abortions on Polish pregnant women had to be carried out outside Poland due to the strict restraints within their own country.[4] Poland's abortion law is also one of the most restrictive in the European Union (EU) and Europe in general, along with a group of other traditionally Roman Catholic countries of the region (e.g. Malta, Liechtenstein, the Vatican, Monaco and Andorra).[5]

In July 2024, a bill sponsored by the Donald Tusk government to allow abortion on request during the first trimester was rejected by the Polish lower house in a 218-215 vote.[6] In November 2024 the Sejm sent the bill to further debate after its been re-introduced by the Left parliamentary group. [7]

[edit]

As of 27 January 2021, abortion is legal only in cases:[8]

  1. when the woman's life or health is endangered by the continuation of pregnancy.
  2. when the pregnancy is a result of a criminal act.

Unlike in other countries[which?] where abortion is banned, women in Poland are not subject to a penalty for illegal termination of pregnancy; the medical personnel ordering and carrying out the abortion are subject to criminal penalties including imprisonment. Consent of a physician is required for circumstance (1) above, while abortions in view of circumstance (2) above must be certified by a prosecutor. Parental consent is always required if the woman seeking abortion is a minor.[9]

History

[edit]

20th century

[edit]

Until 1932, abortion was banned in Poland without any exceptions (although an abortion performed in order to save the pregnant woman's life in the absence of any other means to do so, might have been unenforced, as an act of necessity). In that year, the new Penal Code legalised abortion only when there were medical reasons and, for the first time in Europe, when the pregnancy resulted from a criminal act.[10] This made Poland the first country in Europe outside the Soviet Union to legalize abortion in cases of rape and threat to maternal health.[11] Except during the German occupation during the Second World War, this law was in effect from 1932 to 1956. In Nazi Germany, which included territories of Poland from 1939 to 1945, the law allowing unlimited abortions by Polish women was in force since 9 March 1943. This was the only time in the history of Poland when abortion was legal on request, and in fact, abortion for Poles was often forced by Nazis, especially in German concentration camps such as Waltrop-Holthausen and Ravensbrück.[12]

In 1956, the Sejm legalised abortion in cases where the woman was experiencing "difficult living conditions". The interpretation of the change in the law varied from a restrictive interpretation in the late 1950s, to one in which abortion was allowed on request in the 1960s and 1970s. It was not uncommon that women from countries where abortions were restricted, such as Sweden, travelled to Poland to carry out abortions which were accessible and affordable there.[13] The procedural requirements needed for obtaining a legal abortion were changed several times over the years, in 1956, 1959, 1969, 1981 and 1990.[14]

After the end of Communist rule in 1989, abortion legislation in Poland became controversial, as conservative members of the anti-communist Solidarity, supported by the Roman Catholic Church, including highly influential Pope John Paul II, pushed for a complete ban on abortion. Starting from 1990, increasingly stringent requirements were put into place for women trying to obtain an abortion. The Ordinance of April 1990 required consent from three medically qualified specialists and a psychologist, plus the addition of a fee. In May 1992, a new code of ethics approved by the national doctors' guild practically banned abortions in most public facilities. Finally, in 1993, the law was further tightened, removing entirely "difficult living conditions" as a ground for abortions. As such, abortions could be legally obtained only in cases of serious threat to the life or health of the pregnant woman, as attested by two physicians, cases of rape or incest confirmed by a prosecutor, and cases in which prenatal tests, confirmed by two physicians, demonstrated that the fetus was seriously and irreversibly damaged.[14][15][16] In 1996, the law was amended to allow abortion on social grounds.[17] However, this law was struck down in 1997 by the Constitutional Court.[18]

21st century

[edit]

Throughout the 21st century, there have been efforts to make abortion laws more restrictive.

In 2007, anti-abortion groups tried to have legal protection of human life from conception included in the constitution. The attempt was unsuccessful.[19]

In June 2011, Polish anti-abortion NGOs collected over 500,000 signatures for a proposed bill to ban abortion in Poland altogether. The bill, while rejected by a majority of the MPs, got enough support to be sent to a Sejm committee for further amendments. The move was criticised by two right-wing opposition parties, Law and Justice and Poland Comes First, which expressed their support for the bill. The left-wing Democratic Left Alliance pursues a policy in favor of abortion rights and was against the bill. The ruling Civic Platform, while considering itself in favour of the current legislation, was divided on the matter; more than 60 of the party's MPs voted in favour of the bill.[20]

In 2016, a civilian bill draft was submitted, providing for imprisonment for unlawful abortion of both the abortion doctor and the woman. This sparked strong social opposition. In response, a draft was submitted assuming the unlimited access to abortion until the end of the 12th week of pregnancy. None of the bills were ever passed.

On 27 October 2017, under pressure from Bishops and lay Catholic groups, right-wing deputies from various parties made an application to the Constitutional Tribunal to declare the admissibility of abortion unconstitutional in the case of a high probability of severe and irreversible fetal impairment or an incurable disease that threatens the fetus. Because of the end of the term of office of the Sejm and new parliamentary election, this application was renewed by deputies in November 2019.[19][21]

Protest in Gdańsk against Poland's new abortion laws, 24 October 2020

On 22 October 2020, the Polish Constitutional Tribunal found that abortion on embryopathological grounds is unconstitutional as it discriminates against the unborn on the grounds of their state of health and violates the right to life of every human being, as protected by Article 38 of the Polish Constitution.[22]

The chief justice, Julia Przyłębska, said in a ruling that existing legislation – one of Europe's most restrictive – that allows for the abortion of malformed fetuses was incompatible with the constitution. After the ruling goes into effect, abortion will only be permissible in Poland in the case of rape, incest or a threat to the mother's health and life, which make up only about 2% of legal terminations conducted in recent years.[23]

Support was expressed by Kaja Godek, who additionally supports the prohibition of abortion when conception occurs as a result of rape. The anti-abortion activist was asked on Radio Zet about the remaining cases of termination of pregnancy. The second option allows abortion if the pregnancy resulted from a prohibited act, such as rape (up to 12 weeks from conception). Godek stated, "I trust that this regulation will also be abolished, because we are for the full protection of life. A child conceived of rape is also a victim of rape. It has the right to conceive."[24]

Most members of the European Parliament condemned Poland's new anti-abortion resolution.[25]

On 27 January 2021, the judgment of the Constitutional Tribunal entered into force following its publication in the Journal of Laws.

The death of a 37-year-old pregnant woman, after her doctors told her they could not perform an abortion of her dead foetus as the foetus's twin was still alive, led to increased protests from women's and abortion-rights activists.[26][27] The family, as well as the women's rights group All-Poland Women's Strike blame the death on the 2020 verdict, claiming it had a chilling effect on Polish doctors.[28]

Graphical summary of history of Polish abortion law

[edit]
Date Risk to life Risk to health Rape Fetal impairment Economic or social On request
11 November 1918 – 1 September 1932 [a]
1 September 1932 – 9 March 1943
9 March 1943 – July 1944/January 1945
July 1944/January 1945 – 8 May 1956
8 May 1956 – 14 March 1993 [b]
14 March 1993 – 1 April 1997
1 April 1997 – 18 December 1997
18 December 1997 – 27 January 2021
27 January 2021–
  1. ^ This ground was not explicitly mentioned in the law, but it was accepted as emerging from general criminal law principles of necessity.
  2. ^ De jure, abortion on request was illegal, but in practice was allowed due to the undefined term "economical and social reasons". In this period of time, after detecting pregnancy gynecologists often asked the woman if she wanted the pregnancy to be removed.

2015–2016

[edit]

Proposed abortion ban

[edit]

In September 2015, a civil initiative to introduce a complete ban on abortion was rejected in the Sejm. 178 MPs backed the measure, while 206 voted against.[29]

In April 2016, Polish organizations proposed amended legislation to ban abortion in all cases except to save the woman's life.[30] The bill included penalties to abortion providers with up to five years' imprisonment.[31] The bill passed and was debated in the Sejm from 22 September 2016. The Sejm voted, with the majority in favour of continuing work on the bill.[32] A competing bill proposing liberalization of abortion laws, supported by a civil initiative that succeeded in gathering the required number of signatures, was rejected outright in the same session of the Sejm.[32] If the ban had passed, Poland's abortion restrictions would have mirrored those of Malta and the Vatican, the two countries in Europe with the strongest restrictions on abortion.[33]

Black Protest

[edit]
Agnieszka Dziemianowicz-Bąk of the Razem National Board during the 2016 protests against a total ban on abortion

On 22 September 2016, on the day when the bill to ban abortion was debated in the Sejm, the Razem party organized a demonstration called "Czarny Protest" ("Black Protest"), initiated by party member Małgorzata Adamczyk. This was part of a larger campaign, in which people published selfies in black clothing in social media, tagged #czarnyprotest (#blackprotest).[34] In the subsequent days, similar protests were being organized in other Polish cities, such as Wrocław, Łódź and Kraków. Thousands of people took part in the protests in various parts of Poland.[35][36] On 1 October 2016, a large protest also took place near the Sejm building, organized by Barbara Nowacka of Inicjatywa Polska, who had collected signatures under a citizens' bill to liberalize the Polish abortion law.[37]

On 3 October 2016, thousands of Polish women went on strike to oppose the proposed legislation for a total ban on abortion. The event was called "Czarny Poniedziałek" ("Black Monday") and was originally proposed in a Facebook post by Polish actress Krystyna Janda.[33][38] The women modeled their strike on the successful strike for women's rights in Iceland in 1975, refusing to attend school, work, or participate in domestic chores.[33] The pro abortion protesters marched in Warsaw, Gdańsk, Łódź, Wrocław, and Kraków, and demonstrators across Europe marched in solidarity.[39] Approximately 98,000 protestors showed up to decry the new bill.[3][40] Supporters of the new legislation held counterprotests and Catholic Masses to express alignment with the abortion ban.[39]

By 5 October 2016, politicians were distancing themselves from the proposed legislation.[3] On 6 October, lawmakers voted the bill down with plans to present a counterproposal from the government.[41]

In 2016, Foreign Policy magazine included Agnieszka Dziemianowicz-Bąk of the Razem party and Barbara Nowacka of Inicjatywa Polska on its annual list of the 100 most influential global thinkers for their role in organizing protests against a total ban on abortion in Poland.[42] In 2018, Forbes magazine included Marcelina Zawisza on its annual European Forbes 30 Under 30 list in the "Law & Policy" category for her role as a co-founder of Razem and one of the organizers of "black protest".[43]

This protest inspired a similar event in Ireland, Strike 4 Repeal, to repeal the Ireland's Eighth Amendment which banned abortion in nearly all cases.[44]

What was especially powerful about the Black Protest was the fact that there were events organized in smaller locations, too.[45]

The Polish Black Protests sparked protests in a number of cities internationally.[citation needed]

The protest activities included not only demonstrating in the streets but also (depending on the location) high school students strikes, men's support events, queer community solidarity events, sending letters, changing profile pictures in the social media, fundraising events, entrepreneurs support, doctoral students' strike, prenatal testing, collective meditation, a running race, etc.

Symbols of the protest included umbrellas and coat hangers. Specific weather conditions on 3 October 2016 contributed to establishing a symbol of the latest women's protests in Poland. It was raining during that day but still, thousands of people attended events, bringing their umbrellas to demonstrations to protect themselves from the rain. It also had its symbolic dimension - crowds visually changed into a sea of umbrellas which embodied the purpose of the Black Protest - protecting women from proposed legislation that would restrict their reproductive rights. Coat hangers were brought to the demonstrations as a symbol of the simplest and most primitive instrument that could be used for conducting abortion. Earlier in 2016 (in April), coat hangers were also sent by citizens to the contemporary Prime Minister of Poland, Beata Szydło, as a protest against her support for the abortion ban.[46]

However, though social media has empowered Polish women, for some it has led to being ostracized by family members or colleagues, and has even cost them their careers. Among the best-known instances was that of Ewa Wnorowska, an educator in Zabrze who has dedicated her life to helping students at a school for children with disabilities. On the day of the first Black Protest, as the movement in support of women's rights in Poland became known, she took a photograph with eleven other colleagues, all wearing black, to show solidarity with the cause. Unbeknownst to her at the time of posting, the photograph gained national traction; it was being splashed over Polish newspapers, social media, and debated far and wide. One of her male colleagues reposted the image with inflammatory comments, and lodged a formal complaint in front of the Disciplinary Board of Education against her.[47] Since then, Human Rights Watch published a 75-page report in February 2019 titled "'The Breath of the Government on My Back': Attacks on Women's Rights in Poland", which has found that government agencies have dragged employees who support women's rights protests or collaborate with women's rights groups before disciplinary hearings and threatened their jobs. The report argued that these were not exceptional cases. A climate of fear arose in Poland, where cases like Wnorowska's were used to show ordinary people that speaking out against the government has consequences.

Although the strikes did not result in a complete reversal of anti-abortion laws in Poland, it brought the conversation of women's reproductive rights to national attention. Thousands of women wore black in solidarity with the cause.[48] Moreover, the protest succeeded in deterring the government from passing a proposed law that would restrict all abortions.[39]

2020

[edit]

2020 Constitutional Tribunal ruling

[edit]
2020 Polish protests in Kraków
Main article: 2020–21 women's strike protests in Poland

On 22 October 2020, the Constitutional Tribunal, consisting mainly of judges appointed by the ruling party Law and Justice (PiS), declared the law authorising abortions for malformed fetuses to be unconstitutional, effectively banning most of the small number of official abortions carried out in Poland.[49] Street protests by people opposed to the ruling took place on 22 October, and in 60 Polish towns on the night of 23 October, and again on 24 October, in the town centres, in front of PiS offices, and in front of the office of religious administrations.[50] On 25 October, protesters staged sit-ins in Catholic churches, disrupting Sunday Mass in several cities, including Katowice and Poznań.[51]

Protesters against the Constitutional Tribunal's ruling gather in Warsaw on October 30th, 2020

On 23 October, the prime minister Mateusz Morawiecki issued an order for the Military Gendarmerie to help the civilian police in the "protection of safety and public order" starting from 28 October 2020; a nationwide women's strike was scheduled for that day.[52] The official reason for the order was the COVID-19 pandemic in Poland.[53] TVN24 commented that the order was issued during the women's rights protests. The Polish Ministry of Defence stated on Twitter that the Military Gendarmerie's policing role was "standard" and unrelated to the women's rights protests.[54]

UN independent human rights experts criticize the Poland court's ruling for a near complete ban on abortions on the grounds of fatal or severe foetal impairment. They also called the Polish authorities to respect the rights of men and women protesting against the court's ruling.[55]

On 30 October 2020, about 100,000 people took to the streets of Warsaw in a protest against the Polish authorities over the ruling on abortion rights.[56]

Since the ruling several women died from a septic shock, after the doctors refused to perform an abortion in fear of the legal persectution.[57][58] Following their deaths, over 70 protests took place, both in Poland and abroad, under the slogan of 'No more [women]' ('Ani Jednej Więcej').[59]

Stances of political parties

[edit]

Confederation wants to "protect human life from the moment of conception".[60] Law and Justice supports abortion only in case of danger to woman's health and rape. Civic Platform wants to allow abortion for socioeconomic reasons.[61] The Left supports abortion on demand up to the 12th week of pregnancy.[62]

2023 parliamentary elections

[edit]

Prior to the 2023 Polish parliamentary election, Fundacja na Rzecz Kobiet i Planowania Rodziny (FEDERA, Foundation for Women and Family Planning) created an election guide informing voters on each party's political stance on sexual education, sexual health and women's rights. The guide assessed parties based on their stance on:

According to their findings the only party who supported all of the above in their 2023 political programme was Left Together (Lewica Razem). In contrast Nonpartisan Local Government Activists (Bezpartyjni Samorządowcy) either did not include or actively did not support any of these causes. Importantly, then-government Law and Justice (Prawo i Sprawiedliwosc) (supported by 35.34% of voters a month after the election)[64] also did not include these demands in their programme, nor did they actively oppose them.[63]

2024 developments

[edit]

In July 2024, a bill sponsored by the Donald Tusk government to allow abortion on request during the first trimester was rejected by the Polish lower house in a 218-215 vote.[6]

The next month, the government published executive guidelines adopting a wider construction of the existing exception for woman's health.[65]

Public opinion

[edit]
Support for abortion on request (Nov 2014 CBOS poll)[66]
answers %
Oppose
 
 55
Support
 
 37
Neutral
 
 8
Support for abortion on request (Apr 2019 Kantar poll)[67]
up to the 12th week of pregnancy
answers %
Oppose
 
 35
Support
 
 58
Neutral
 
 7
Support for abortion in Poland (Oct 2020 Kantar poll)[68]
answers %
Should be illegal
 
 11
Only in certain circumstances
 
 62
On demand
 
 22
Don't know
 
 5
Support for abortion on request (May 2022 OKO.press poll)[69]
up to the 12th week of pregnancy
answers %
Oppose
 
 25
Support
 
 66
Neutral
 
 8

In a 2014 poll on abortion by the CBOS Public Opinion Research Center, 65% of Poles viewed abortion as immoral and unacceptable and only 27% viewed it as acceptable, a drop of 4% compared to an older poll from 2009.[70] In a CBOS poll from February 2014, more than half of the participants (55%) opposed the right to abortion on request. Furthermore, 71% of the participants believed abortion on request was inappropriate. At the same time, over one-third (37%) thought that abortion should be permitted.[66]

Surveys indicate a conservative turn in the 1990s. Although the supporters of legal abortion prevailed, the difference continuously narrowed. In 2006, when the discussion about introducing a constitutional ban on abortion was publicly conducted, the opponents of legal abortion were for the first time more numerous than supporters of abortion rights. At present the proportions have returned to 2007 levels, when both groups were about equal in size.

Most Poles accept abortion in cases when it is legal under current law. The support for abortion rights when mother's life is in danger is almost universal (87%). Over three-quarters of respondents think that it should be available for women whose pregnancy threatens their health (78%), or was caused by rape or incest (78%). Three-fifths (60%) support the right to abortion if it is known that the child would be disabled.[citation needed]

The support for legal abortion in cases when it is currently banned is much lower. In a 2010 study it was found that for a quarter it should be legal if the woman is in a difficult material (26%) or personal (23%) situation. Almost one in five respondents (18%) think abortion should be legal if a woman does not want to have a child.[71]

A poll from 2013 showed that 49% of Poles support current legislation on abortion, 34% think it should be liberalised and 9% think it should be more restrictive.[72]

A CBOS poll from 2013 found that 75% of Poles think abortion is "always wrong and can never be justified". Only 7% thought there was "nothing wrong with it and could always be justified".[73]

In a Pew Research poll from 2017, 8% of Polish respondents believed abortion should be legal in all cases and 33% that it should be legal in most cases. On the other hand, 38% believed that it should be illegal in most cases and 13% that it should be illegal in all cases.[74]

In a poll from 2019, 58% of respondents said that "Women in Poland should have the right to abortion on demand up to the 12th week of pregnancy", 35% was against and 7% of respondents had no opinion on that topic.[67]

A poll undergone during the first week of the October-November 2020 Polish protests found that 22% of respondents support abortion on demand to the 12th week of pregnancy, 62% support it only in certain circumstances, 11% support making abortion fully illegal while 5% are undecided.[68]

An OKO.press poll from May 2022 found that 66% of Polish respondents supported allowing abortion up to the 12th week of pregnancy.[69] According to this poll, 83% of women and 80% of men aged 18 to 39 supported abortion. In comparison, 57% of men and 52% of women aged 60 or older supported abortion. Support for abortion also differed between rural and urban Poles, with 78% of respondents living in cities with more than 100,000 inhabitants supporting abortion, compared to only 58% of respondents from rural areas.[69]

Support for abortion depending on circumstances (October 2022 Rzeczpospolita poll"Sondaż: Sondaż: Aborcja do 12. tygodnia bez podawania przyczyny? Co trzeci ankietowany jest "za"". rp.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 11 November 2022.}
answers %
entirely legal without mentioning about detailed fetal age restrictions
 
 13.5
on demand up to 12th week of pregnancy
 
 35.7
in case of danger to mother's life and health, incest and rape and fetal impartment (turning back to law before Tribunal ruling)
 
 26.6
in case of dangerous mother's life and health and incest and rape (current law)
 
 12.3
total abortion ban without exceptions
 
 5.3
no opinion
 
 6.6

Another poll (conducted in October 2022) made by Rzeczpospolita (Polish political journalistic magazine) showed that 13.5% supported unlimited right to abortion. 35.7% wanted abortion law to be liberalized on demand up to 12th week of pregnancy. 26.6% of people wanted to liberalize current law by turning back to laws existing before October 2020 (in case of fetal abnormalities, rape and incest, and danger to the health of life of the mother). 12.3% want to keep current legislation. 5.3% want abortion to be totally banned and 6.6% has no stance on this matter.[75]

Statistics

[edit]
[edit]

Sources:[76] The Polish Ministry of Health publishes yearly official data on legal abortions and their reasons. The number has been stable over the years, between 1,000 and 2,000. In 2019, there were 1,110 legal abortions, 1,074 of them were for cases of fetal defects. Among these, 271 were for Down syndrome without other anomalies, and 60 cases were for Patau syndrome or Edwards syndrome without other anomalies.[77]

Illegal abortions

[edit]

Estimates vary as to how many illegal abortions are carried out each year. The Federation for Women and Family Planning [pl], a feminist NGO, gives a range between 80,000 and 200,000 abortions,[78] and about a quarter of all Polish women had terminated a pregnancy. The Public Opinion Research Center has the same estimate[citation needed].

The BBC reported estimates of illegal abortions per year ranging between 10,000 and 150,000, compared to only 1,000–2,000 legal abortions.[79]

Another way to guess the number of illegal abortions in Poland is to look at worldwide behavior and trends. According to Sedgh, Singh, Henshaw and Bankole in a 2012 article published in The Lancet,[80] drawing on various reports, the number of fertile women (aged 15–44) who undergo an abortion ranges between about 10 to 40 abortions per 1,000 women, for the 2000s, "in all regions of the world, regardless of the status of abortion laws"; this would imply lower to upper estimates of yearly abortions by Polish women of about 75,000 to 300,000.

Abortions abroad

[edit]

Some women seek abortions abroad with Germany, the Czech Republic and Slovakia being among the more popular destinations for abortions. The UK, Austria, and Ukraine are also countries some women travel to for abortions.[81][82]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Dziennik Ustaw 2021 r. poz. 175" (in Polish). Dziennikustaw.gov.pl. 27 January 2021. Archived from the original on 27 January 2021. Retrieved 1 April 2023.
  2. ^ Welle (www.dw.com), Deutsche. "Controversial Polish abortion law to go into effect | DW | 27.01.2021". DW.COM. Archived from the original on 27 January 2021. Retrieved 27 January 2021.
  3. ^ a b c Davies, Christian (5 October 2016). "Polish government signals U-turn on total abortion ban". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 11 July 2020. Retrieved 5 October 2016.
  4. ^ "Zmieniamy się... Wracamy wkrótce". Archived from the original on 29 November 2010. Retrieved 23 March 2021.
  5. ^ Radu, Sintia (24 May 2018). "Abortion Not Allowed in These European Countries". U.S. News & World Report. Archived from the original on 24 September 2019. Retrieved 28 October 2020.
  6. ^ a b Wojciech Kość (24 July 2024). "Poland's Tusk hits a wall on legalizing abortion". politico.eu. Retrieved 1 September 2024.
  7. ^ https://wiadomosci.onet.pl/kraj/burzliwa-dyskusja-w-sejmie-i-glosowanie-w-sprawie-aborcji-jest-decyzja/34sc2xh
  8. ^ "Poland: Thousands protest as abortion law comes into effect | DW | 28.01.2021". Deutsche Welle. Archived from the original on 27 January 2021. Retrieved 27 January 2021.
  9. ^ "BBC News - Europe's abortion rules". news.bbc.co.uk. 12 February 2007. Archived from the original on 24 June 2020. Retrieved 6 October 2016.
  10. ^ "Republika.pl Portal Społeczności Internetowych" (PDF). Przestepczosczorganizowana.republika.pl. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 May 2013. Retrieved 6 November 2012.
  11. ^ "Rozporządzenie Prezydenta Rzeczypospolitej" (PDF) (in Polish). 11 July 1932. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 May 2013. Retrieved 10 December 2008.
  12. ^ "Aborcja i polityka populacyjna w III Rzeszy. Narzędzie nieludzkiego systemu".
  13. ^ "Rätten till abort - Fokus SRHR - Sex och politik - RFSU". Archived from the original on 30 August 2010. Retrieved 1 May 2015.
  14. ^ a b "Archived copy". www.un.org. Archived from the original on 8 August 2004. Retrieved 15 January 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  15. ^ "Anti-Abortion Bill Prompts Poles To Debate the Church's Influence". The New York Times. 6 November 1990.
  16. ^ "Poland Faces New Battle on Abortion". The New York Times. 21 April 1992. Archived from the original on 30 December 2023. Retrieved 30 December 2023.
  17. ^ "Ustawa z dnia 30 sierpnia 1996 r. o zmianie ustawy o planowaniu rodziny, ochronie płodu ludzkiego i warunkach dopuszczalności przerywania ciąży oraz o zmianie niektórych innych ustaw". isap.sejm.gov.pl.
  18. ^ "Obwieszczenie Prezesa Trybunału Konstytucyjnego z dnia 18 grudnia 1997 r. o utracie mocy obowiązującej art. 1 pkt 2, art. 1 pkt 5, art. 2 pkt 2, art. 3 pkt 1 i art. 3 pkt 4 ustawy o zmianie ustawy o planowaniu rodziny, ochronie płodu ludzkiego i warunkach dopuszczalności przerywania ciąży oraz o zmianie niektórych innych ustaw". isap.sejm.gov.pl.
  19. ^ a b "A Dubious Judgment by a Dubious Court". 24 October 2020.
  20. ^ "Poland Moves One Step Closer to Passing Abortion Law". July 2011. Archived from the original on 16 August 2017. Retrieved 19 July 2017.
  21. ^ "Poland abortion: Top court bans almost all terminations". 23 October 2020. Archived from the original on 27 October 2020. Retrieved 24 October 2020.
  22. ^ "Trybunał Konstytucyjny: Planowanie rodziny, ochrona płodu ludzkiego i warunki dopuszczalności przerywania ciąży". Archived from the original on 10 February 2021. Retrieved 28 April 2022.
  23. ^ "Poland abortion: Top court bans almost all terminations". BBC News. 23 October 2020. Archived from the original on 27 October 2020. Retrieved 24 October 2020.
  24. ^ "Poland abortion: Top court bans almost all terminations". BBC News. 23 October 2020. Archived from the original on 27 October 2020. Retrieved 24 October 2020.
  25. ^ Martuscelli, Carlo (9 November 2021). "European Parliament set to condemn Poland's abortion rules". Politico. Archived from the original on 1 February 2022. Retrieved 1 February 2022.
  26. ^ Day, Matthew; Gulland, Anne (27 January 2022). "Polish government accused of murder after death of woman who was denied abortion". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 31 January 2022. Retrieved 1 February 2022.
  27. ^ Strzyżyńska, Weronika (28 January 2022). "Protests flare across Poland after death of young mother denied an abortion". The Guardian. Retrieved 1 February 2022.
  28. ^ "Prosecutors probe pregnant woman's death in Poland". Associated Press News. 31 January 2022. Archived from the original on 31 January 2022. Retrieved 1 February 2022.
  29. ^ "Sejm rejects citizens' initiative to ban abortion". WBJ. Archived from the original on 9 October 2016. Retrieved 6 October 2016.
  30. ^ "No exceptions". The Economist. 16 April 2016. ISSN 0013-0613. Archived from the original on 19 February 2017. Retrieved 5 October 2016.
  31. ^ "Why would Poland make its already strict abortion law draconian?". Washington Post. Archived from the original on 13 March 2020. Retrieved 5 October 2016.
  32. ^ a b "Polnisches Parlament will Abtreibungen komplett verbieten". The Huffington Post. Archived from the original on 7 October 2016. Retrieved 6 October 2016.
  33. ^ a b c "Black Monday: Polish women strike against abortion ban". BBC News. 3 October 2016. Archived from the original on 9 August 2020. Retrieved 5 October 2016.
  34. ^ PTWP. "Zaostrzenie prawa aborcyjnego? Czarny protest Partii Razem - sejm-rząd Wydarzenia". www.parlamentarny.pl. Archived from the original on 3 November 2016. Retrieved 19 July 2017.
  35. ^ "#CzarnyProtest we Wrocławiu". 25 September 2016. Archived from the original on 2 July 2019. Retrieved 19 July 2017.
  36. ^ Makarewicz, Nicole (25 September 2016). "Czarny protest na Rynku Głównym w Krakowie. "Piekło kobiet trwa" [ZDJĘCIA, WIDEO]". Archived from the original on 18 August 2017. Retrieved 19 July 2017.
  37. ^ "'Czarny protest' przed Sejmem" ['Black protest' in front of the Sejm]. Puls Biznesu (in Polish). 1 October 2016. Archived from the original on 13 November 2020. Retrieved 13 November 2020.
  38. ^ "Janda wezwała kobiety do strajku i się zaczęło. Dziesiątki tysięcy osób skrzykują się na Facebooku". 26 September 2016. Archived from the original on 2 July 2019. Retrieved 19 July 2017.
  39. ^ a b c Domonoske, Camila (4 October 2016). "Polish Women Hold 'Black Monday' Strike To Protest Proposed Abortion Ban". NPR. Archived from the original on 5 October 2016. Retrieved 5 October 2016.
  40. ^ Polska, Grupa Wirtualna (4 October 2016). ""Czarny protest". Manifestacje w wielu miastach w Polsce. Ile osób wzięło udział w demonstracjach?". Archived from the original on 2 July 2019. Retrieved 19 July 2017.
  41. ^ "Polnisches Parlament kippt völliges Abtreibungsverbot". Die Presse. 6 October 2016. Archived from the original on 28 October 2020. Retrieved 19 July 2017.
  42. ^ "Foreign Policy's Annual List of the 100 Top Global Thinkers". Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on 14 December 2016. Retrieved 12 December 2016.
  43. ^ "Marcelina Zawisza". Forbes. 22 January 2018. Archived from the original on 22 January 2018. Retrieved 22 January 2018.
  44. ^ Edwards, Elaine; Flaherty, Rachel (8 March 2017). "Thousands march against Eighth Amendment in Dublin". The Irish Times. Archived from the original on 8 March 2017. Retrieved 13 March 2017.
  45. ^ "Ogólnopolski Strajk Kobiet". www.facebook.com. Retrieved 7 July 2020.
  46. ^ Polska, Wirtualna. "Wirtualna Polska - Wszystko co ważne - www.wp.pl". www.wp.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 7 July 2020.
  47. ^ "Witness: Supporting Women's Rights in Poland Could End Your Career". Human Rights Watch. 6 February 2019. Retrieved 7 July 2020.
  48. ^ "Polish women strike against abortion ban". BBC News. 3 October 2016. Archived from the original on 9 August 2020. Retrieved 7 July 2020.
  49. ^ "Poland: Legal abortions number by reason 2021". Statista.
  50. ^ Szczęśniak, Agata (24 October 2020). "'Boję się żyć w Polsce', 'Nasza godność, wasza podłość'. Tak protestuje Polska" ['I'm afraid to live in Poland', 'Our dignity, your disgrace'. Thus Poland protests]. OKO.press (in Polish). Archived from the original on 24 October 2020. Retrieved 25 October 2020.
  51. ^ Ptak, Alicja; Stezycki, Kuba (26 October 2020). "Polish protesters disrupt church services over near-total abortion ban". Thomson Reuters. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 26 October 2020.
  52. ^ "Środa wolna od pracy? Kolejny dzień protestu przeciw wyrokowi Trybunału Konstytucyjnego". bankier.pl. 26 October 2020. Archived from the original on 10 February 2021. Retrieved 26 October 2020.
  53. ^ Mateusz, Morawiecki (23 October 2020). "Zarządzenie Nr 180 Prezesa Rady Ministrów z dnia 23 października 2020 r." [Decree No 180 of the President of the Council of Ministers of 23 October 2020] (PDF). government of Poland. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 26 October 2020.
  54. ^ "Żandarmeria Wojskowa skierowana do pomocy policji. Ministerstwo obrony: to standardowe działania" [Military Gendarmerie ordered to help the police. Ministry of Defence: it's a standard procedure]. TVN24 (in Polish). 26 October 2020. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 26 October 2020.
  55. ^ "Poland 'slammed the door shut' on legal and safe abortions: Human rights experts". UN News. Retrieved 27 October 2020.
  56. ^ "Pro-choice supporters hold biggest-ever protest against Polish government". The Guardian. 30 October 2020. Retrieved 30 October 2020.
  57. ^ "Sprawa śmierci kobiety w ciąży w szpitalu w Pszczynie. Zaistniała ustawowa przesłanka przerwania ciąży – pisze MZ do RPO". bip.brpo.gov.pl (in Polish). 10 January 2022. Archived from the original on 22 November 2023. Retrieved 22 November 2023.
  58. ^ "Poland braces for abortion protests as doctors become center of storm". POLITICO. 13 June 2023. Archived from the original on 22 November 2023. Retrieved 22 November 2023.
  59. ^ ""Polski giną zamiast rodzic". Protesty w całej Polsce [GALERIA]". www.gazetaprawna.pl (in Polish). 14 June 2023. Retrieved 22 November 2023.
  60. ^ "Zdrowe życie". KONFEDERACJA (in Polish). Archived from the original on 28 February 2021. Retrieved 21 May 2020.
  61. ^ "PO z "Pakietem dla kobiet". Jest stanowisko ws. aborcji". Rzeczpospolita. Retrieved 24 March 2023.
  62. ^ "Legalna aborcja! Bez kompromisów!" (in Polish). Partia Razem. Retrieved 14 October 2015.
  63. ^ a b "Instagram". www.instagram.com. Retrieved 22 November 2023.
  64. ^ "Sondaże poparcia partii i polityków - najnowsze wyniki". wnp.pl (in Polish). Archived from the original on 22 November 2023. Retrieved 22 November 2023.
  65. ^ "Polish government announces new guidelines reaffirming legality of abortion". euronews.com. 31 August 2024. Retrieved 1 September 2024.
  66. ^ a b Natalia Hipsz (November 2014). "PRAWO A MORALNOŚĆ – OPINIE O ZACHOWANIACH KONTROWERSYJNYCH SPOŁECZNIE" (PDF) (in Polish). CBOS. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 July 2015. Retrieved 6 July 2015.
  67. ^ a b "Sondaż: Rośnie poparcie dla aborcji na żądanie do 12. tygodnia ciąży". newsweek.pl. 17 April 2019. Archived from the original on 28 October 2020. Retrieved 26 October 2020.
  68. ^ a b "Sondaż: orzeczenie Trybunału Konstytucyjnego w sprawie aborcji popiera 13 procent pytanych". TVN24 (in Polish). 28 October 2020. Archived from the original on 14 June 2021. Retrieved 28 October 2020.
  69. ^ a b c "66 proc. za prawem kobiety do przerwania ciąży do 12. tygodnia. Wśród młodych to aż 80 proc". oko.press (in Polish). 19 May 2022. Archived from the original on 23 September 2022. Retrieved 23 September 2022.
  70. ^ Rafał Boguszewski (February 2014). "RELIGIJNOŚĆ A ZASADY MORALNE" (PDF) (in Polish). CBOS. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 February 2015. Retrieved 6 July 2015.
  71. ^ "Polish values" (PDF). Polish Public Opinion. July 2010. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 December 2022. Retrieved 1 April 2023.
  72. ^ "CBOS: Większość Polaków popiera obecne prawo dotyczące aborcji". interia.pl. Archived from the original on 12 March 2017. Retrieved 19 July 2017.
  73. ^ Rafał Boguszewski (August 2013). "Wartości i normy" (PDF) (in Polish). CBOS. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 October 2015. Retrieved 6 July 2015.
  74. ^ "Central and Eastern Europe | Final Topline | Religious Belief and National Belonging in Central and Eastern Europe" (PDF). Pew Research Center. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 December 2019. Retrieved 28 October 2020.
  75. ^ "Sondaż: Sondaż: Aborcja do 12. tygodnia bez podawania przyczyny? Co trzeci ankietowany jest "za"". rp.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 11 November 2022.
  76. ^ * 1980–2001: Sprawozdanie Rady Ministrów z wykonywania w roku 2001 ustawy z dnia 7 stycznia 1993 roku o planowaniu rodziny, ochronie płodu ludzkiego i warunkach dopuszczalności przerywania ciąży Archived 21 August 2024 at the Wayback Machine
  77. ^ Zakolska, Olga (18 August 2020). "Oficjalne dane o legalnej aborcji w Polsce: 1110 zabiegów przerwania ciąży w 2019 r." [Official data on legal abortion in Poland: 1110 abortion operations in 2019]. Puls Medyczny (in Polish). Archived from the original on 31 October 2020. Retrieved 31 October 2020.
  78. ^ Hirvonen, Ewa (28 November 2017). "Polish Abortion Tourism" (PDF). Laurea University of Applied Sciences. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 November 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  79. ^ "Poland's tussle over abortion ban". BBC News. 6 October 2016. Archived from the original on 7 September 2017. Retrieved 19 July 2017.
  80. ^ Sedgh, G.; Singh, S.; Shah, I.H.; Åhman, E.; Henshaw, S.K.; Bankole, A. (2012). "Induced abortion: Incidence and trends worldwide from 1995 to 2008" (PDF). The Lancet. 379 (9816): 625–32. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61786-8. PMID 22264435. S2CID 27378192. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 February 2012. Because few of the abortion estimates were based on studies of random samples of women, and because we did not use a model-based approach to estimate abortion incidence, it was not possible to compute confidence intervals based on standard errors around the estimates. Drawing on the information available on the accuracy and precision of abortion estimates that were used to develop the subregional, regional, and worldwide rates, we computed intervals of certainty around these rates (webappendix). We computed wider intervals for unsafe abortion rates than for safe abortion rates. The basis for these intervals included published and unpublished assessments of abortion reporting in countries with liberal laws, recently published studies of national unsafe abortion, and high and low estimates of the numbers of unsafe abortion developed by WHO.
  81. ^ Shubert, Atika; Mortensen, Antonia (23 March 2018). "As Poland mulls new abortion bill, women head to Germany". CNN. Retrieved 28 October 2020.
  82. ^ Cocotas, Alex (30 November 2017). "How Poland's far-right government is pushing abortion underground". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 29 October 2020. Retrieved 28 October 2020.
Retrieved from "http://en.wiki.x.io/w/index.php?title=Abortion_in_Poland&oldid=1261500037"