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2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami

Coordinates: 38°19′19″N 142°22′08″E / 38.322°N 142.369°E / 38.322; 142.369
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2011 Sendai earthquake and tsunami
2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami is located in Japan
2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami
UTC time??
Duration5 minutes[1]
Magnitude8.9–9.1  MW[2][3]
Depth24.4 km (15.2 mi)
Epicenter38°19′19″N 142°22′08″E / 38.322°N 142.369°E / 38.322; 142.369
TypeMegathrust earthquake
Areas affected Japan (primary)
Pacific Rim (tsunami)
Total damageFlooding and reports of major damage
Peak acceleration0.35g
TsunamiYes
LandslidesYes
Aftershocksat least 215 (25 above 6.0 MW)

The 2011 Sendai earthquake and tsunami (東北地方太平洋沖地震, Tōhoku Chihō Taiheiyō-oki Jishin[7], literally "Tōhoku region Pacific Ocean offshore earthquake") was an 8.9 to 9.1-MW[2][8] megathrust earthquake off the coast of Japan that occurred at 05:46 UTC (14:46 local time) on 11 March 2011. The epicenter was reported to be 130 kilometers (81 mi) off the east coast of the Oshika Peninsula, Tōhoku, with the hypocenter at a depth of 24.4 kilometers (15.2 miles).[9][10] It was locally measured at the maximum possible 7[11] on the Japan Meteorological Agency seismic intensity scale in the northern Miyagi Prefecture, Japan,[12] 6 in other prefectures and 5 in Tokyo.

The earthquake triggered tsunami warnings and evacuations from Japan's Pacific coast and at least 20 countries, including the entire Pacific coast of North America and South America.[13][14][15] The earthquake created tsunami waves of up to 10 meters (33 ft) that struck Japan and many other countries.[8] In Japan, the waves are reported to have travelled up to 10 kilometers (6 mi) inland.[16]

There have been 19,759 deaths,[17] reported deaths and at least 2,553 people missing[18] people are missing in six prefectures.[19] The earthquake caused extensive damage in Japan, including heavy damage to roads and railways as well as fires in many areas, and a dam collapse. Around 4.4 million households in northeastern Japan were left without electricity and 1.4 million without water.[20] Many electrical generators were taken down, and at least two nuclear reactors were damaged, which prompted evacuations of the affected areas,[21] and a state of emergency was established. The Fukushima I Nuclear Power Plant experienced an explosion almost 24 hours after the initial earthquake; however, while the blast caused the collapse of the concrete outer containment building, it was reported that the integrity of the inner core-containment vessel was not compromised.[22][23][20] Residents within a 20-kilometer (12 mi) radius of the Fukushima I Nuclear Power Plant and a 10-kilometer (6.2 mi) radius of the Fukushima II Nuclear Power Plant were evacuated.

The estimates of the Sendai earthquake's magnitude made it the largest earthquake to hit Japan and one of the five largest earthquakes in the world since modern record-keeping began.[24][25][26] It is thought to have been the largest earthquake within the boundaries of the North American and Pacific tectonic plates in 1,200 years.[27]

Earthquake

Map of the Sendai earthquake and aftershocks

The main earthquake was preceded by a number of large foreshocks, beginning with a 7.2 MW event on 9 March approximately 40 kilometers (25 mi) from 11 March quake, and followed by another three on the same day in excess of 6 MW in intensity.[24] One minute prior to the earthquake, Earthquake Early Warning connected to about 1,000 seismometers in Japan sent out warnings on television of an impending earthquake to millions. This is believed to have saved innumerable lives.[28]

The earthquake occurred in the western Pacific Ocean, 130 kilometers (81 mi) east of Sendai, Honshu, Japan. Its epicenter was 373 kilometers (232 mi) from Tokyo, according to the United States Geological Survey (USGS). Multiple aftershocks were reported after the initial magnitude 8.9 quake at 14:46 local time. A magnitude 7.0 aftershock was reported at 15:06 local time, M7.4 at 15:15 local time and M7.2 at 15:26 local time.[29] Over one hundred aftershocks of magnitude 4.5 or greater have occurred since the initial quake.[30]

Initially reported as 7.9 by the USGS, the magnitude was quickly restated as 8.8 and then to 8.9,[24] and then again to either 9.0 or 9.1 according to some sources.[2][8] This earthquake occurred in the Japan Trench, where the Pacific Plate is subducting beneath the Okhotsk Plate. A quake of this size usually has a rupture length of at least 480 kilometers (300 mi) and requires a long, relatively straight fault line. Because the plate boundary and subduction zone in this region is not very straight, earthquake magnitudes are usually expected to be between 8 and 8.5; the magnitude of this earthquake was a surprise to some seismologists.[31] The hypocentral region of this earthquake extends from offshore Iwate to offshore Ibaraki Prefectures.[32] The Japanese Meteorological Agency said that the earthquake may have ruptured the fault zone from Iwate to Ibaraki with a length of 400 kilometers (250 mi) and a width of 200 kilometers (120 mi).[33] It has been pointed out that this earthquake may have had the same mechanism as that of another large earthquake in 869, which also caused a large tsunami.[34]

The quake registered a maximum 7 on the Japan Meteorological Agency seismic intensity scale in Kurihara, Miyagi Prefecture.[11][35] Three other prefectures—Fukushima, Ibaraki and Tochigi—recorded upper 6 on the JMA scale. Seismic stations in Iwate, Gunma, Saitama and Chiba Prefecture measured lower 6, recording upper 5 in Tokyo.

A local official at the hardest-hit city of Kurihara in Miyagi Prefecture, in a telephone interview by Agence France-Presse (AFP) said:

We were shaken so strongly for a while that we needed to hold on to something in order not to fall. We couldn't escape the building immediately because the tremors continued... City officials are now outside, collecting information on damage.[36]

A separate earthquake measured magnitude of 6.7 by JMA occurred at 18:59 UTC, 11 March (03:59, 12 March local time).[37] Its hypocenter was in Niigata Prefecture at a depth of 10 kilometers (6.2 miles). The quake was recorded upper 6 on the JMA intensity scale in Nagano Prefecture and lower 6 in Niigata. It also resulted in numerous aftershocks.

Geophysical impact

Reports from Italy's National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology suggest that the effect of the earthquakes on the region was so strong that the Earth's axis shifted by 25 cm (10 in).[38] A separate report by U.S. Geological Survey said that Honshu, the main island of Japan, has shifted 2.4 meters (7 ft 10 in) toward the east.[38]

Tsunami

Wave height map for the tsunami from NOAA
NOAA animation of the tsunami's propagation

The earthquake triggered tsunami warnings and evacuations for Japan's Pacific coast and at least 20 countries, including the entire Pacific coast of North and South America from Alaska to Chile.[13][14][15] The tsunami warning issued by Japan was the most serious on its warning scale, implying that the wave was expected to be at least 10 meters (33 ft) high.[39] A wave that high was observed at 3:55 pm JST flooding Sendai Airport, which is located near the coast of Miyagi Prefecture,[40][41] with waves sweeping aside cars and flooding various buildings as they traveled inland.[42] The impact of the tsunami in and around Sendai Airport was filmed by an NHK News helicopter, showing a number of vehicles on local roads trying to escape the approaching wave and being engulfed by it.[43] A 4-meter (13 ft)-high tsunami hit Iwate Prefecture. Reports indicate that the wall of water was higher than some Pacific islands, and the danger of tsunami flooding prompted warnings for almost the entire Pacific basin.[44]

The United States West Coast and Alaska Tsunami Warning Center issued a tsunami warning for the coastal areas of California and Oregon from Point Conception, California, to the Oregon-Washington border.[45] When the tsunami hit Guam, two U.S. attack submarines were pulled from their moorings but they were soon taken under tow.[46] The tsunami was as much as 1.5 to 2 meters (4.9 to 6.6 ft) high in parts of Hawaii with the surge reaching at least 30 meters (98 ft) inland on the south side of the Big Island.[47] The state of Hawaii estimated damage to public infrastructure at $3 million with private damage being even higher. One house was washed to sea.[48] The harbor at Crescent City, California saw 8-foot tsunami waves and the harbor at Santa Cruz sustained an estimated $10 million damage with another $4 million damage to docked boats there.[49] Catalina Island, California and Brookings Harbor, Oregon also experienced damaging surges.[50][51] Mexico reported a wave height of 70 centimeters (2.3 feet) but no damage. Peru reported a wave of 1.5 meters and over 300 home damaged in the towns of Pueblo Nuevo de Colan and Pisco. A quarter million people were evacuated in Ecuador including the inmates of a maximum security prison but no significant damage was reported. Chile reported a wave that came 100 meters (yards) inland in Dichato damaging a few boats.[52]

Casualties

A view across the city of Toyko, with a burning building in the distance
The aftermath of the earthquake in Tokyo

Tokyo Broadcasting System (TBS) has confirmed approximately 400 dead and approximately 700 missing in six prefectures (also reported as over 1100 dead/missing combined).[53] Later confirmed deaths were 503 with: one in Hokkaido, three in Aomori,[54] 221 in Iwate, 129 in Miyagi, one in Yamagata, 115 in Fukushima, four in Tokyo, 13 in Ibikari, three in Tochigi, one in Gunma, ten in Chiba, three in Kanagawa and a police estimate of 200–300 in an inaccessible coastal part near Sendai City in Miyagi. Reports of missing persons suggested 740 were unaccounted for and that 1,040 were injured.[55] These numbers are expected to increase.[56]

The Kyodo News Agency, quoting local officials, said that 9,500 people from Minamisanriku were unaccounted for.[56]

Officials in Wakabayashi-ku, Sendai, which was heavily damaged by tsunami waves, stated that they had found the bodies of 200–300 victims.[57]

By 9:30 March 11 UTC, Google Person Finder, which was previously used in the Haitian, Chilean, and Christchurch earthquakes, was collecting information about survivors and their locations.[58][59] The Next of Kin Registry NOKR is assisting the Japanese government to locate next of kin for those missing or deceased.[60]

It was reported that four passenger trains containing an unknown number of passengers disappeared in a coastal area during the tsunami.[61] Two of the trains were on the Senseki Line.[57] One of the Senseki Line trains was found derailed in the morning, and all passengers were rescued by a prefectural police helicopter.[62]

One man was killed in Papua, Indonesia after being swept out to sea.[63] A 25-year-old man who was taking pictures of the tsunami waves in coastal Del Norte County, California, United States was also swept out to sea and confirmed dead.[64]

Effect on infrastructure

Fire at the Cosmo Oil refinery in Ichihara

Port

The effects of the quake included visible smoke rising from a building in the Port of Tokyo with parts of the port areas being flooded, including soil liquefaction in Tokyo Disneyland's carpark.[65][36]

Dam failure

Kyodo News reported a dam in Fukushima Prefecture failed, washing away homes. No casualties have been counted, but the Defense Ministry reported 1,800 homes downstream were destroyed.[14]

Water

More than a million households were reported to have lost water supplies.[66]

Electricity

According to Tohoku Electric, around 4.4 million households in northeastern Japan were left without electricity.[67] Several nuclear and conventional power plants went offline after the earthquake.

Nuclear power plants

Onagawa Nuclear Power Plant, Fukushima I, Fukushima II and Tōkai nuclear power stations were automatically shut down following the earthquake. Higashidōri, also on the northeast coast, was already shut down for a periodic inspection. The Rokkasho nuclear reprocessing plant, also on the coast, was being powered by emergency diesel generators.[68]

Separately, a fire broke out at the Onagawa plant.[68] The blaze was in a building housing the turbine, which is sited separately from the plant's reactor.[69]

Fukushima I and II
Wikinews has related news:
File:2011-03-12 1800 NHK Sōgō channel news program screen shot.jpg
NHK Sōgō channel TV program screen shot image depicting before and after an explosion of Fukushima I Unit 1 reactor, broadcast at 18h (JST) 12 March 2011.
Further information: Fukushima I Nuclear Power Plant and Fukushima II Nuclear Power Plant

Japan declared a state of emergency following the failure of the cooling system at the Fukushima I Nuclear Power Plant,[70] resulting in the evacuation of nearby residents.[71][69] Officials from the Japanese Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency have reported that radiation levels inside the plant are up to 1,000 times normal levels, and that radiation levels outside the plant are up to 8 times allowable limits.[72] Later, a state of emergency was also declared at the nearby Fukushima II Nuclear Power Plant, as it suffered a cooling failure as well.[21]

It was reported that the Tokyo Electric Power Company was preparing to vent contaminated steam from the reactor vessel into the atmosphere. According to Tomoko Murakami, of the nuclear energy group at Japan's Institute of Energy Economics, this would not result in the release of significant radiation.[73] The cores of both reactors remain hot, however, so cooling is still required. The Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency reported that due to lack of electricity, the emergency cooling system is currently running on backup battery power.[74] Residents living within a 20-kilometer (12 mi) radius of the Fukushima I plant were evacuated, as well as residents within 3 kilometers (1.9 mi) of the Fukushima II plant.[75][76][77][21]

A large explosion took place at the Fukushima I plant on 12 March at 15:36 local time. Several workers were reported to be injured.[78][79] Pictures broadcast on Japanese television appeared to show the outer structure of one of the buildings had collapsed, releasing a large cloud of dust and vapor.[80][23] The Kyodo News and Jiji Press services reported that the plant may have experienced a nuclear meltdown just before the explosion.[81] The blast was described as "huge" and "massive". A BBC journalist reported being stopped 60 kilometers from the blast site by police.[23]

At 03:07 JST (12:37 GMT) Reuters reported that TEPCO planned to cool the leaking reactor with sea water, using boric acid to prevent a criticality accident.[82] However, at 23:00 JST (14:00 GMT) TEPCO announced that due to the quake at 22:15[83] the filling of the reactor with sea water and boric acid had been stopped.[84]

At 01:17 JST on Sunday 13 March (16:17 GMT), the Japan Atomic Energy Agency announced that it was rating the Fukushima accident at 4 (accident with local consequences) on the 0–7 International Nuclear Event Scale (INES), below the Three Mile Island accident in seriousness.[85]

File:ABC24Oilrefinery.jpg
Sheer scale of oil refinery fire captured live on television

Oil

An oil refinery of Cosmo Oil Company was set on fire by the quake at Ichihara, Chiba Prefecture, to the east of Tokyo.[86] Major fires broke out elsewhere, such as in the city of Kesennuma.[87][88]

Transport

Stranded passengers on a Tokyo train. Major disruptions to train travel, as well as car and airplane travel, have occurred in places such as Tokyo and northeastern Japan.

Japan's transport network suffered severe disruption. Many sections of Tohoku expressway serving northern Japan were damaged.[89] All railway services were suspended in Tokyo, with an estimated 20,000 people stranded at major stations across the city.[90] In the hours after the earthquake, some train services were resumed.[91]

Narita and Haneda Airport both suspended operations after the quake, with most flights diverted to other airports until further notice.[36] Various train services around Japan were also canceled, with JR East suspending all services for the rest of the day.[92] Four trains on coastal lines were reported as being out of contact with operators; one, a four-car train on the Senseki Line, was found to have derailed, and its occupants were rescued shortly after 8 am the next morning.[93] There had been no derailments of Shinkansen bullet train services in and out of Tokyo, but their services were also suspended.[36]

Telecommunications

Cell and phone service is suffering major disruption in the area.

According to an unnamed official from Chunghwa Telecom, the earthquake has caused "some damage" to undersea cable APCN 2 near Kita on the eastern coast of Japan but data transmission has not been interrupted.[94]

Economic impact

Economic analysts posit that, ultimately, the catastrophe will improve Japan's economy, with increased job availability during restoration efforts. David Hensley of JPMorgan Chase, citing the 1989 San Francisco earthquake and the 1994 Northridge earthquake, noted that natural disasters "do eventually boost output". Takuji Okubo of Société Générale anticipated that Japan's economy will decline in March but will revive powerfully in subsequent months. He recalled that in January 1995 after the Kobe earthquake, industrial output dropped 2.6%, but increased by 2.2% the next month, and 1% the following month. Japan's economy then accelerated substantially through the next two years, at more than its former rate.[95]

The quake has had significant immediate impacts on business. Toyota has had to temporarily close three factories in the affected region, and Nissan has had to extinguish fires at two of its factories. The Bank of Japan has set up an emergency task force to ensure liquidity in the aftermath of the disaster.[96]

Financial markets

In the immediate aftermath of the earthquake, Japan’s Nikkei stock market index saw its futures slide 5% in after-market trading.[97] The Bank of Japan said that they would do their utmost to ensure financial market stability.[98]

Other stock markets around the world were also affected; the German DAX lost 1.2% and fell to 6,978 points within minutes.[99] Hong Kong's Hang Seng index fell by 1.8%, while South Korea's Kospi index slumped by 1.3%.[100] By the end of trading on Friday, the MSCI Asia Pacific Index had dropped by 1.8%.[101] Major U.S. stock market indexes rose between 0.5% and 0.7%.[102] Oil prices also dropped as a result of the closure of Japanese refineries, despite the ongoing violence in Libya and expected demonstrations in Saudi Arabia. US crude dropped as low as $99.01 from $100.08 by lunchtime, with Brent Crude falling $2.62 to $112.81.[103] In Hong Kong, Financial Secretary John Tsang warned investors to "take extra care" as the earthquake may have a short term impact on the local stock market.[104]

The share prices of the biggest reinsurance companies Munich Re and Swiss Reinsurance Company fell following the earthquake on speculation that they may face losses "somewhere in the $10 billion range" even after certain costs were absorbed by Japan’s primary insurers and the government.[105]

Response

Government response

Prime Minister Naoto Kan announced the government has mobilized the Japanese Self-Defense Forces in various earthquake disaster zones.[106] He asked the Japanese public to act calmly and tune into various media for updated information.[106][107] He also reported numerous nuclear power plants have automatically shut down to prevent damage and radiation leaks.[106] PM Kan also set up emergency headquarters in his office to coordinate the government's response.[107]

Prime Minister Naoto Kan called upon citizens in Japan to calmly take action responsibly after the earthquake, and promised his 100% cooperation in alleviating the situation. He declared that "the safety of Japan's citizens is the priority, and to save every possible life is his current mission". He added that the defense force, police, rescue crew and individuals are currently working at its full potential to mediate the situation, and called upon more help from all over Japan. Evacuation shelters currently are in a shortage of potable water, food, blankets and bathrooms, as the government arranges these necessities to be delivered to where it is needed as soon as possible, from various areas of Japan and abroad.[citation needed]

International response

Japan received condolence messages and offers of assistance from a range of international leaders. According to the United Nations, search and rescue teams from 45 countries had been offered to Japan. Japan specifically requested teams from Australia, New Zealand, South Korea, the UK and US;[108][109] it also requested (via its space agency JAXA) the activation of the International Charter on Space and Major Disasters, allowing diverse satellite imagery of affected regions to be readily shared with rescue and aid organisations.[110] The United States moved naval vessels closer to Japan for the purposes of providing aid.[111] Germany is sending search and rescue specialists from the Technisches Hilfswerk.[112] The United Kingdom is sending 70 rescuers to Japan, including two search dogs specially trained to help locate trapped survivors.[113][114] President Ma Ying-Jeou of Taiwan ordered the Republic of China government to donate 100 million New Taiwan dollars (equal to about 300 million Japanese yen or 3.3 million US dollars) to Japan and a rescue team is ready to leave for Japan.[115] <--

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Media coverage

Japan Broadcasting Corporation (NHK) and Japan Satellite Television suspended their usual programming to provide ongoing coverage of the situation.[116] Various other nationwide Japanese TV networks also broadcast uninterrupted coverage of the disaster. Ustream Asia broadcast live feeds of NHK, Tokyo Broadcasting System, Fuji TV, TV Asahi, and TV Kanagawa on the Internet starting on 12 March 2011.[117]

See also

References

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