List of WLAN channels
Wireless LAN (WLAN) channels are frequently accessed using IEEE 802.11 protocols. The 802.11 standard provides several radio frequency bands for use in Wi-Fi communications, each divided into a multitude of channels numbered at 5 MHz spacing (except in the 45/60 GHz band, where they are 0.54/1.08/2.16 GHz apart) between the centre frequency of the channel. The standards allow for channels to be bonded together into wider channels for faster throughput.
860/900 MHz (802.11ah)
[edit]802.11ah operates in sub-gigahertz unlicensed bands. Each world region supports different sub-bands, and the channels number depends on the starting frequency on the sub-band it belongs to. Therefore there is no global channels numbering plan, and the channels numbers are incompatible between world regions (and even between sub-bands of a same world region).
The following sub-bands are defined in the 802.11ah specifications:
Region | Subband (MHz) |
Bandwidths (MHz) |
Channel count |
---|---|---|---|
Australia | 915–928 | 1, 2, 4, 8 | 13, 6, 3, 1 |
China | (755–787)[a] | (1, 2, 4, 8)[a] | — |
Europe | 863–868 | 1, (2)[a] | 5, — |
917.4–919.4 | 1 | 2 | |
Japan | 916.5–927.5 | 1 | 11 |
Korea | 917.5–923.5 | 1, 2, 4 | 6, 3, 1 |
New Zealand | 915–928 | 1, 2, 4, 8 | 13, 6, 3, 1 |
Singapore | 866–869 | 1, 2 | 3, 1 |
920–925 | 1, 2, 4 | 5, 2, 1 | |
Taiwan | (839–848.5)[a] | (1, 2, 4)[a] | — |
United States[1] | 902–928 | 1, 2, 4, 8, 16 | 26, 13, 6, 3, 1 |
Indonesia | 920-923 | 250 kHz | — |
2.4 GHz (802.11b/g/n/ax/be)
[edit]14 channels are designated in the 2.4 GHz range, spaced 5 MHz apart from each other except for a 12 MHz space before channel 14.[2] The abbreviation F0 designates each channel's fundamental frequency.
# | F0 (MHz) |
DSSS | OFDM | Most of world [3][4][5][6] [7][8][9][10] |
North America [3] |
Japan [3] | |||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Frequency range (MHz) |
Channel 22 MHz |
Frequency range (MHz) |
Channel 20 MHz |
Center frequency index 40 MHz | |||||||||||||||||||
1 | 2412 | 2401–2423 | 1 | 3 | — | — | 2402–2422 | 1 | 3 | — | — | 4 |
— | 5 | — | — | — | Yes | Yes | Yes | |||
2 | 2417 | 2406–2428 | 4 | 2407–2427 | 4 | 6 | |||||||||||||||||
3 | 2422 | 2411–2433 | 5 | 2412–2432 | 5 | 7 | |||||||||||||||||
4 | 2427 | 2416–2438 | 6 | 2417–2437 | 6 | 8 | |||||||||||||||||
5 | 2432 | 2421–2443 | 7 | 2422–2442 | 7 | 9 | |||||||||||||||||
6 | 2437 | 2426–2448 | 8 | 2427–2447 | 8 | 10 | |||||||||||||||||
7 | 2442 | 2431–2453 | 9 | 2432–2452 | 9 | 11 | |||||||||||||||||
8 | 2447 | 2436–2458 | 10 | 2437–2457 | 10 | — | |||||||||||||||||
9 | 2452 | 2441–2463 | 11 | 2442–2462 | 11 | — | |||||||||||||||||
10 | 2457 | 2446–2468 | 12 | 2447–2467 | 12 | — | |||||||||||||||||
11 | 2462 | 2451–2473 | 13 |
2452–2472 | 13 | — | |||||||||||||||||
12 | 2467 | 2456–2478 | — | 2457–2477 | — | — | avoidedB | ||||||||||||||||
13 | 2472 | 2461–2483 | — | 2462–2482 | — | — | |||||||||||||||||
14 | 2484 | 2473–2495 | 14 | — | No | No | 11b onlyC | ||||||||||||||||
Notes:
^A In the 2.4 GHz bands bonded 40 MHz channels are uniquely named by the primary and secondary 20 MHz channels, e.g. 9+13. In the 5 GHz bands they are denoted by the center of the wider band and the primary 20 MHz channel e.g. 42[40] ^B In the US, 802.11 operation on channels 12 and 13 is allowed under low power conditions. The 2.4 GHz Part 15 band in the US allows spread-spectrum operation as long as the 50 dB bandwidth of the signal is within the range of 2,400–2,483.5 MHz[11] which fully encompasses channels 1 through 13. A Federal Communications Commission (FCC) document clarifies that only channel 14 is forbidden and that low-power transmitters with low-gain antennas may operate legally in channels 12 and 13.[12] Channels 12 and 13 are nevertheless not normally used in order to avoid any potential interference in the adjacent restricted frequency band, 2,483.5–2,500 MHz,[13] which is subject to strict emission limits set out in 47 CFR § 15.205.[14] Per recent FCC Order 16–181, "an authorized access point device can only operate in the 2483.5–2495 MHz band when it is operating under the control of a Globalstar Network Operating Center and that a client device can only operate in the 2483.5–2495 MHz band when it is operating under the control of an authorized access point"[15] ^C Channel 14 is valid only for DSSS and CCK modes (Clause 18 a.k.a. 802.11b) in Japan. OFDM (i.e., 802.11g) may not be used. (IEEE 802.11-2007 § 19.4.2) Nations apply their own RF emission regulations to the allowable channels, allowed users and maximum power levels within these frequency ranges. Network operators should consult their local authorities as these regulations may be out of date as they are subject to change at any time. Most of the world will allow the first thirteen channels in the spectrum. |
Interference happens when two networks try to operate in the same band, or when their bands overlap. The two modulation methods used have different characteristics of band usage and therefore occupy different widths:
- The DSSS method used by legacy 802.11 and 802.11b (and the 11b-compatible rates of 11 g) use 22 MHz of bandwidth. This is from the 11 MHz chip rate used by the coding system. No guard band is prescribed;[16] the channel definition provides 3 MHz between 1, 6, and 11.
- The OFDM method used by 802.11a/b/g/n occupies a bandwidth of 16.25 MHz. The nameplate bandwidth is set to be 20 MHz, rounding up to a multiple of channel width and providing some guard band for signal to attenuate along the edge of the band.[17] This guardband is mainly used to accommodate older routers with modem chipsets prone to full channel occupancy, as most modern Wi‑Fi routers are not prone to excessive channel occupancy.
![](http://up.wiki.x.io/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/NonOverlappingChannels2.4GHz802.11-en.svg/330px-NonOverlappingChannels2.4GHz802.11-en.svg.png)
While overlapping frequencies can be configured at a location and will usually work, it can cause interference resulting in slowdowns, sometimes severe, particularly in heavy use. Certain subsets of frequencies can be used simultaneously at any one location without interference (see diagrams for typical allocations). The consideration of spacing stems from both the basic bandwidth occupation (described above), which depends on the protocol, and from attenuation of interfering signals over distance. In the worst case, using every fourth or fifth channel by leaving three or four channels clear between used channels causes minimal interference, and narrower spacing still can be used at further distances.[18][19] The "interference" is usually not actual bit-errors, but the wireless transmitters making space for each other. Interference resulting in bit-error is rare.[19] The requirement of the standard is for a transmitter to yield when it decodes another at a level of 3 dB above the noise floor,[20] or when the non-decoded noise level is higher than a threshold Pth which, for Wi-Fi 5 and earlier, is between -76 and -80 dBm.[19]
As shown in the diagram, bonding two 20 MHz channels to form a 40 MHz channel is permitted in the 2.4 GHz bands. These are generally referred to by the centres of the primary 20 MHz channel and the adjacent secondary 20 MHz channel (e.g. 1+5, 9+13, 13–9, 5–1). The primary 20 MHz channel is used for signalling and backwards compatibility, the secondary is only used when sending data at full speed.
3.65 GHz (802.11y)
[edit]Except where noted, all information taken from Annex J of IEEE 802.11y-2008
This range is documented as only being allowed as a licensed band in the United States. However, not in the original specification, under newer frequency allocations from the FCC, it falls under the 3.55–3.7 GHz Citizens Broadband Radio Service band. This allows for unlicensed use, under Tier 3 GAA rules, provided that the user doesn't cause harmful interference to Incumbent Access users or Priority Access Licensees and accepts all interference from these users,[21] and also follows of all the technical requirements in CFR 47 Part 96 Subpart E.
A 40 MHz band is available from 3655 to 3695 MHz. It may be divided into eight 5 MHz channels, four 10 MHz channels, or two 20 MHz channels.
The division into 5 MHz channels consumes all eight possible channel numbers, and so (unlike other bands) it is not possible to infer the width of a channel from its number. Instead each wider channel shares its channel number with the 5 MHz channel just above its mid frequency:
- channel 132 can be either 3660-3665 or 3655-3665;
- channel 133 can be either 3665-3670 or 3655-3675;
and so on.
Channel | Span | ||
---|---|---|---|
5 MHz | 10 MHz | 20 MHz | |
131 | 3655–3660 (F₀=3657.5) |
3655–3665 (F₀=3660) |
3655–3675 (F₀=3665) |
132 | |||
3660–3665 (F₀=3662.5) | |||
133 | |||
3665–3670 (F₀=3667.5) |
3665–3675 (F₀=3670) | ||
134 | |||
3670–3675 (F₀=3672.5) | |||
135 | |||
3675–3680 (F₀=3677.5) |
3675–3685 (F₀=3680) |
3675–3695 (F₀=3685) | |
136 | |||
3680–3685 (F₀=3682.5) | |||
137 | |||
3685–3690 (F₀=3687.5) |
3685–3695 (F₀=3690) | ||
138 | |||
3690–3695 (F₀=3692.5) |
4.9–5.0 GHz (802.11j) WLAN
[edit]Channel | Center frequency (MHz) |
Frequency range (MHz) |
Channel | Japan | United States | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
10 MHz |
20 MHz |
40 MHz | |||||
184 | 4920 | 4910–4930 | 183, 184, 185 | 184 | 184+188 188-184 |
Registration required |
— |
188 | 4940 | 4930–4950 | 187, 188, 189 | 188 | |||
192 | 4960 | 4950–4970 | — | 192 | 192+196 196-192 | ||
196 | 4980 | 4970–4990 | 196 | ||||
(191) | 4955 | 4945–4965 | 11, 13, 15 | 21 | ![]() |
— | Yes |
(195) | 4975 | 4965–4985 | 15, 17, 19 | 25 | |||
8 | 5040 | 5030–5050 | 7, 8, 9 | 8 | ![]() |
Revoked | — |
12 | 5060 | 5050–5070 | 11, — | 12 | |||
16 | 5080 | 5070–5090 | — | 16 |
In Japan since 2002, 80 MHz of spectrum from 4910 to 4990 MHz has been available for both indoor and outdoor use, once registered.
Until 2017, an additional 60 MHz of spectrum from 5030 to 5090 MHz was available for registered use, however it has since been re-purposed and can no longer be used.[22]
50 MHz of spectrum from 4940 to 4990 MHz (WLAN channels 20–26) are in use by public safety entities in the United States. Within this spectrum there are two non-overlapping channels allocated, each 20 MHz wide. The most commonly used channels are 22 and 26.
5 GHz (802.11a/h/n/ac/ax/be)
[edit]
Ch. 20 MHz | F0 (MHz) |
Frequency range (MHz) |
F0 index | US FCC U-NII band(s) |
Australia [8] |
United States [23] |
Canada [24][25] |
United Kingdom [26] |
Europe [27][28][29][30][31][32] |
Russia [33] |
Japan [34][35][36] |
India [37][38][39] |
Singa- pore [40][41] |
China [42][43] |
Israel [7] |
Korea [44][45] |
Turkey [46] |
South Africa [47] |
Brazil [4][48] |
Taiwan [49] |
New Zealand [50] |
Bahrain [51] |
Vietnam [52] |
Indonesia [53] |
Philippines [54] | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
40 MHz |
80 MHz |
160 MHz | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
32 | 5160 | 5150–5170 | ![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
U-NII-1 | Indoors | Yes [note 1] | Indoors | Indoors/TPC [note 2] [note 3] | Indoors/TPC [note 2] [note 3] | Indoors/TPC [note 4] | Indoors | Yes | Yes | Indoors | Indoors | Indoors | Indoors | Unknown | Indoors/TPC | Yes | Indoors | Indoors | Indoors | Indoors | Indoors |
36 | 5180 | 5170–5190 | 38 | 42 | 50 | Indoors/DFS/ TPC | |||||||||||||||||||||
40 | 5200 | 5190–5210 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
44 | 5220 | 5210–5230 | 46 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
48 | 5240 | 5230–5250 | Indoors[note 5] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
52 | 5260 | 5250–5270 | 54 | 58 | U-NII-2A | Indoors/DFS/ TPC [note 6] |
DFS/TPC [note 7] | DFS/TPC [note 8] | Indoors/DFS /TPC [note 2] [note 3] |
Indoors/DFS /TPC [note 2] [note 3] |
Indoors/DFS/ TPC |
Indoors | DFS/TPC [note 6] | DFS/TPC | Indoors/DFS/ TPC or[note 6] |
DFS/TPC | Indoors/DFS/ TPC |
Indoors/DFS/ TPC |
DFS | DFS/TPC [note 6] | Indoors/DFS/ TPC or[note 6] |
DFS/TPC [note 6] | |||||
56 | 5280 | 5270–5290 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
60 | 5300 | 5290–5310 | 62 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
64 | 5320 | 5310–5330 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
68 | 5340 | 5330–5350 | 70 | 74 | 82 | Indoors/DFS/TPC | Unknown | ||||||||||||||||||||
72 | 5360 | 5350–5370 | U-NII-2B | Unused | |||||||||||||||||||||||
76 | 5380 | 5370–5390 | 78 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
80 | 5400 | 5390–5410 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
84 | 5420 | 5410–5430 | 86 | 90 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
88 | 5440 | 5430–5450 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
92 | 5460 | 5450–5470 | 94 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
96 | 5480 | 5470–5490 | U-NII-2C | DFS/TPC [note 8] | DFS/TPC [note 7] | DFS/TPC [note 8] | DFS/TPC [note 9] [note 10] | DFS/TPC [note 9] [note 10] | No | DFS/TPC | Yes | DFS/TPC | No | Indoors/DFS/ TPC or[note 8][note 11] |
DFS/TPC | DFS/TPC | Unknown | DFS/TPC | DFS | DFS/TPC [note 8] | No | DFS/TPC [note 8] | No | Indoors | |||
100 | 5500 | 5490–5510 | 102 | 106 | 114 | Yes | |||||||||||||||||||||
104 | 5520 | 5510–5530 | DFS/TPC [note 12] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
108 | 5540 | 5530–5550 | 110 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
112 | 5560 | 5550–5570 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
116 | 5580 | 5570–5590 | 118 | 122 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
120 | 5600 | 5590–5610 | No | No | |||||||||||||||||||||||
124 | 5620 | 5610–5630 | 126 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
128 | 5640 | 5630–5650 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
132 | 5660 | 5650–5670 | 134 | 138 | ![]() |
DFS/TPC [note 8] | DFS/TPC [note 8] | DFS/SRD ch 138 & 142; DFS/TPC otherwise | Indoors/TPC [note 4] | ||||||||||||||||||
136 | 5680 | 5670–5690 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
140 | 5700 | 5690–5710 | 142 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
144 | 5720 | 5710–5730 | U-NII-2C/3 | SRD [note 13] | Indoors[note 14] | No | No | ||||||||||||||||||||
5730–5735 | — | U-NII-3 | Unknown | Unknown | |||||||||||||||||||||||
149 | 5745 | 5735–5755 | 151 | 155 | 163 | Yes | Yes [note 15] | Yes | SRD (200 mW) | No | Indoors | Yes | Yes | Indoors [note 14] | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | DFS/TPC/ Fixed |
Yes | Yes | ||||
153 | 5765 | 5755–5775 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
157 | 5785 | 5775–5795 | 159 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
161 | 5805 | 5795–5815 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
165 | 5825 | 5815–5835 | 167 | 171 | No | ||||||||||||||||||||||
169 | 5845 | 5835–5855 | U-NII-3/4 | Indoors [note 15] [55] | No | SRD (25 mW) [note 13] | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | ||||||||||||
173 | 5865 | 5855–5875 | 175 | U-NII-4 | No | No | |||||||||||||||||||||
177 | 5885 | 5875–5895 | No | No | No | No | No | ||||||||||||||||||||
Ch. 20 MHz | F0 (MHz) |
Frequency range (MHz) |
40 MHz |
80 MHz |
160 MHz |
US FCC U-NII band(s) |
Australia | United States | Canada | United Kingdom | Europe | Russia | Japan | India | Singapore | China | Israel | Korea | Turkey | South Africa | Brazil | Taiwan | New Zealand | Bahrain | Vietnam | Indonesia | Philippines |
Notes:
|
Text | Meaning |
---|---|
Yes | Compliant equipment may emit in this band without special restrictions. |
No | Equipment shall not emit in this band. |
Indoors | Equipment emitting in this band shall not be used outdoors. |
DFS | Equipment must comply with DFS restrictions. |
SRD | Equipment must comply with SRD restrictions. |
Indoors/DFS | Equipment must comply with DFS restrictions and shall not be used outdoors. |
Indoors/TPC | Equipment must comply with TPC restrictions and shall not be used outdoors. |
DFS/TPC | Equipment must comply with DFS and TPC restrictions. |
DFS/TPC + SRD | Equipment must comply with DFS, TPC, and SRD restrictions. |
Indoors/DFS/TPC | Equipment must comply with DFS and TPC restrictions and shall not be used outdoors. |
Registration required | Users must register with the applicable regulatory authority before using this band. |
Unknown | Information regarding regulations in this band is not available. |
Notes: Bradner, Scott O. (March 1997), Key Words for Use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels, RFC 2119 |
Country-specific information
[edit]United States
[edit]Source:[56]
In 2007, the FCC (United States) began requiring that devices operating in the bands of 5.250–5.350 GHz and 5.470–5.725 GHz must employ dynamic frequency selection (DFS) and transmit power control (TPC) capabilities. This is to avoid interference with weather-radar and military applications.[57] In 2010, the FCC further clarified the use of channels in the 5.470–5.725 GHz band to avoid interference with TDWR, a type of weather radar system.[58] In FCC parlance, these restrictions are now referred to collectively as the Old Rules. On 10 June 2015, the FCC approved a new ruleset for 5 GHz device operation (called the New Rules), which adds 160 and 80 MHz channel identifiers, and re-enables previously prohibited DFS channels, in Publication Number 905462.[59] This FCC publication eliminates the ability for manufacturers to have devices approved or modified under the Old Rules in phases; the New Rules apply in all circumstances as of 2 June 2016.[update][59]
Source:[60] "To help meet the increasing demand for Wi-Fi and other unlicensed services, the FCC's new rules will make 45 megahertz of the 5.9 GHz band available for unlicensed use. This spectrum's impact will be further amplified by the fact that it is adjacent to an existing Wi-Fi band which, when combined with the 45 megahertz made available today, will support cutting edge broadband applications. These high-throughput channels—up to 160 megahertz wide—will enable gigabit Wi-Fi connectivity for schools, hospitals, small businesses, and other consumers. The Report and Order adopts technical rules to enable full-power indoor unlicensed operations in the lower 45 megahertz portion of the band immediately, as well as opportunities for outdoor unlicensed use on a coordinated basis under certain circumstances. Under the new rules, ITS services will be required to vacate the lower 45 megahertz of the band within one year."
United Kingdom
[edit]The UK's Ofcom regulations for unlicensed use of the 5 GHz band is similar to Europe, except that DFS is not required for the frequency range 5.725–5.850 GHz and the SRD maximum mean e.i.r.p is 200 mW instead of 25 mW.[61]
Additionally, 5.925–6.425 GHz is also available for unlicensed use, as long as it is used indoors with an SRD of 250 mW.
Germany
[edit]Germany requires DFS and TPC capabilities on 5.250–5.350 GHz and 5.470–5.725 GHz as well; in addition, the frequency range 5.150–5.350 GHz is allowed only for indoor use, leaving only 5.470–5.725 GHz for outdoor and indoor use.[62]
Since this is the German implementation of EU Rule 2005/513/EC, similar regulations must be expected throughout the European Union.[63][64]
European standard EN 301 893 covers 5.15–5.725 GHz operation, and as of 23 May 2017[update] v2.1.1 has been adopted.[65] 6 GHz can now be used.[66]
Austria
[edit]Austria adopted Decision 2005/513/EC directly into national law.[67] The same restrictions as in Germany apply, only 5.470–5.725 GHz is allowed to be used outdoors and indoors.[citation needed]
Japan
[edit]Japan's use of 10 and 20 MHz-wide 5 GHz wireless channels is codified by Association of Radio Industries and Businesses (ARIB) document STD-T71, Broadband Mobile Access Communication System (CSMA).[68] Additional rule specifications relating to 40, 80, and 160 MHz channel allocation has been taken on by Japan's Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (MIC).[69]
Brazil
[edit]In Brazil, the use of TPC is required in the 5.150–5.350 GHz and 5.470–5.725 GHz bands is required, but devices without TPC are allowed with a reduction of 3 dB.[70] DFS is required in the 5.250–5.350 GHz and 5.470–5.725 GHz bands, and optional in the 5.150–5.250 GHz band.[71]
Australia
[edit]As of 2015,[update] some of the Australian channels require DFS to be utilised (a significant change from the 2000 regulations, which allowed lower power operation without DFS).[8] As per AS/NZS 4268 B1 and B2, transmitters designed to operate in any part of 5250–5350 MHz and 5470–5725 MHz bands shall implement DFS in accordance with sections 4.7 and 5.3.8 and Annex D of ETSI EN 301 893 or alternatively in accordance with FCC paragraph 15.407(h)(2). Also as per AS/NZS 4268 B3 and B4, transmitters designed to operate in any part of 5250–5350 MHz and 5470–5725 MHz bands shall implement TPC in accordance with sections 4.4 and 5.3.4 of ETSI EN 301 893 or alternatively in accordance with FCC paragraph 15.407(h)(1).
New Zealand
[edit]New Zealand regulation differs from Australian.[72]
Philippines
[edit]In the Philippines, the National Telecommunications Commission (NTC) allows the use of 5150 MHz to 5350 MHz and 5470 MHz to 5850 MHz frequency bands indoors with an effective radiated power (ERP) not exceeding 250 mW. Indoor Wireless Data Network (WDN) equipment and devices shall not use external antenna. All outdoor equipment/radio station whether for private WDN or public WDN shall be covered by appropriate permits and licenses required under existing rules and regulations.[73]
Singapore
[edit]Singapore regulation requires DFS and TPC to be used in the 5.250–5.350 GHz band to transmit more than 100 mW effective radiated power (EIRP), but no more than 200 mW, and requires DFS capability on 5.250–5.350 GHz below or equal to 100 mW EIRP, and requires DFS and TPC capabilities on 5.470–5.725 below or equal to 1000 mW EIRP. Operating 5.725–5.850 GHz above 1000 mW and below or equal to 4000 mW EIRP shall be approved on exceptional basis.[41]
South Korea
[edit]In South Korea, the Ministry of Science and ICT has public notices. 신고하지 아니하고 개설할 수 있는 무선국용 무선설비의 기술기준, Technical standard for radio equipment for radio stations that can be opened without reporting. They allowed 160 MHz channel bandwidth from 2018 to 2016–27.[74]
China
[edit]China MIIT expanded allowed channels as of 31 December 2012[update] to add UNII-1, 5150–5250 MHz, UNII-2, 5250–5350 MHz (DFS/TPC), similar to European standards EN 301.893 V1.7.1.[75] China MIIT expanded allowed channels as of 3 July 2017[update] to add U-NII-3, 5725–5850 MHz.[76]
Indonesia
[edit]Indonesia allows use of the band 5150–5350 MHz with maximum EIRP of 200 mW (23 dBm) and maximum bandwidth of 160 MHz, and the band 5725–5825 MHz with the same maximum EIRP and maximum bandwidth of 80 MHz for indoor use. Outdoors, use of the band 5725–5825 MHz with maximum EIRP of 4 W (36 dBm) is allowed, with a maximum bandwidth of 20 MHz.[77][78]
India
[edit]In exercise of the powers conferred by sections 4 and 7 of the Indian Telegraph Act, 1885 (13 of 1885) and sections 4 and 10 of the Indian Wireless Telegraphy Act, 1933 (17 of 1933) and in supersession of notification under G.S.R. 46(E), dated 28 January 2005 and notification under G.S.R. 36(E), dated 10 January 2007 and notification under G.S.R. 38(E), dated 19 January 2007, the Central Government made the rules, called the Use of Wireless Access System including Radio Local Area Network in 5 GHz band (Exemption from Licensing Requirement) Rules, 2018. The rules include criteria like 26 dB bandwidth[dubious – discuss] of the modulated signal measured relative to the maximum level of the modulated carrier, the maximum power within the specified measurement bandwidth, within the device operating band; measurements in the 5725–5875 MHz band are made over a bandwidth of 500 kHz; measurements in the 5150–5250 MHz, 5250–5350 MHz, and 5470–5725 MHz bands are made over a bandwidth of 1 MHz or 26 dB emission bandwidth of the device. No licence shall be required under indoor and outdoor environment to establish, maintain, work, possess or deal in any wireless equipment for the purpose of low power wireless access systems. Transmitters operating in 5725–5875 MHz, all emissions within the frequency range from the band edge to 10 MHz above or below the band edge shall not exceed an EIRP of −17 dBm/MHz; for frequencies 10 MHz or greater above or below the band edge, emission shall not exceed an EIRP of −27 dBm/MHz.[79] [80]
The 802.11p amendment published on 15 July 2010, specifies WLAN in the licensed band of 5.9 GHz (5.850–5.925 GHz).
Channel | Center frequency (MHz) |
Frequency range (MHz) |
10 MHz |
20 MHz |
Band name |
United States |
United Kingdom |
Europe | Japan |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
172 | 5860 | 5855–5865 | 10 | — | DSRC | Unknown | Yes | Unknown | |
174 | 5870 | 5865–5875 | 10 | ||||||
176 | 5880 | 5875–5885 | 10 | ||||||
178 | 5890 | 5885–5895 | 10 | ||||||
180 | 5900 | 5895–5905 | 10 | ||||||
182 | 5910 | 5905–5915 | 10 | C-V2X | No | No | No | Registration required | |
183 (proposed) | 5915 | 5905–5925 | 20 | ||||||
184 | 5920 | 5915–5925 | 10 | Indoors/SRD (250 mW) | |||||
187 | 5935 | 5930–5940 | 10 | — | |||||
188 | 5940 | 5930–5950 | 20 | ||||||
189 | 5945 | 5940–5950 | 10 | ||||||
192 | 5960 | 5950–5970 | 20 | ||||||
196 | 5980 | 5970–5990 | 20 |
6 GHz (802.11ax and 802.11be)
[edit]The Wi-Fi Alliance has introduced the term Wi‑Fi 6E to identify and certify IEEE 802.11ax devices that support this new band, which is also used by Wi-Fi 7 (IEEE 802.11be).
Ch. 20 MHz |
F0 (MHz) |
Frequency range (MHz) |
Center Frequency Index | United States FCC U-NII band(s) |
United States | Canada | Europe, Japan, Russia, New Zealand[81] |
Australia, Greenland, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, Mexico |
Brazil[82], Chile, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Peru, Saudi Arabia, South Korea |
Colombia, Jordan, Qatar |
Singapore, Hong Kong,[83] Macao, Philippines | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
40 MHz |
80 MHz |
160 MHz |
320 MHz | ||||||||||||
2 | 5935 | 5925–5945 | — | U-NII-5 | Standard /LPI |
Standard /LPI/VLP |
LPI/VLP[84] | Yes | Yes | Proposed | Yes | ||||
1 | 5955 | 5945–5965 | 3 | 7 | 15 | 31 | ![]() |
LPI/VLP | |||||||
5 | 5975 | 5965–5985 | |||||||||||||
9 | 5995 | 5985–6005 | 11 | ||||||||||||
13 | 6015 | 6005–6025 | |||||||||||||
17 | 6035 | 6025–6045 | 19 | 23 | |||||||||||
21 | 6055 | 6045–6065 | |||||||||||||
25 | 6075 | 6065–6085 | 27 | ||||||||||||
29 | 6095 | 6085–6105 | |||||||||||||
33 | 6115 | 6105–6125 | 35 | 39 | 47 | 63 | |||||||||
37 | 6135 | 6125–6145 | |||||||||||||
41 | 6155 | 6145–6165 | 43 | ||||||||||||
45 | 6175 | 6165–6185 | |||||||||||||
49 | 6195 | 6185–6205 | 51 | 55 | |||||||||||
53 | 6215 | 6205–6225 | |||||||||||||
57 | 6235 | 6225–6245 | 59 | ||||||||||||
61 | 6255 | 6245–6265 | |||||||||||||
65 | 6275 | 6265–6285 | 67 | 71 | 79 | 95 | |||||||||
69 | 6295 | 6285–6305 | |||||||||||||
73 | 6315 | 6305–6325 | 75 | ||||||||||||
77 | 6335 | 6325–6345 | |||||||||||||
81 | 6355 | 6345–6365 | 83 | 87 | |||||||||||
85 | 6375 | 6365–6385 | |||||||||||||
89 | 6395 | 6385–6405 | 91 | ||||||||||||
93 | 6415 | 6405–6425 | |||||||||||||
97 | 6435 | 6425–6445 | 99 | 103 | 111 | 127 | U-NII-6 | LPI | Standard /LPI/VLP |
No | No | Yes | Proposed | No | |
101 | 6455 | 6445–6465 | |||||||||||||
105 | 6475 | 6465–6485 | 107 | ||||||||||||
109 | 6495 | 6485–6505 | |||||||||||||
113 | 6515 | 6505–6525 | 115 | 119 | |||||||||||
117 | 6535 | 6525–6545 | U-NII-7 | Standard /LPI | |||||||||||
121 | 6555 | 6545–6565 | 123 | ||||||||||||
125 | 6575 | 6565–6585 | |||||||||||||
129 | 6595 | 6585–6605 | 131 | 135 | 143 | 159 | |||||||||
133 | 6615 | 6605–6625 | |||||||||||||
137 | 6635 | 6625–6645 | 139 | ||||||||||||
141 | 6655 | 6645–6665 | |||||||||||||
145 | 6675 | 6665–6685 | 147 | 151 | |||||||||||
149 | 6695 | 6685–6705 | |||||||||||||
153 | 6715 | 6705–6725 | 155 | ||||||||||||
157 | 6735 | 6725–6745 | |||||||||||||
161 | 6755 | 6745–6765 | 163 | 167 | 175 | 191 | |||||||||
165 | 6775 | 6765–6785 | |||||||||||||
169 | 6795 | 6785–6805 | 171 | ||||||||||||
173 | 6815 | 6805–6825 | |||||||||||||
177 | 6835 | 6825–6845 | 179 | 183 | |||||||||||
181 | 6855 | 6845–6865 | |||||||||||||
185 | 6875 | 6865–6885 | 187 | U-NII-7/8 | LPI | LPI/VLP | |||||||||
189 | 6895 | 6885–6905 | U-NII-8 | ||||||||||||
193 | 6915 | 6905–6925 | 195 | 199 | 207 | ![]() | |||||||||
197 | 6935 | 6925–6945 | |||||||||||||
201 | 6955 | 6945–6965 | 203 | ||||||||||||
205 | 6975 | 6965–6985 | |||||||||||||
209 | 6995 | 6985–7005 | 211 | 215 | |||||||||||
213 | 7015 | 7005–7025 | |||||||||||||
217 | 7035 | 7025–7045 | 219 | ||||||||||||
221 | 7055 | 7045–7065 | |||||||||||||
225 | 7075 | 7065–7085 | 227 | ![]() |
![]() |
![]() | |||||||||
229 | 7095 | 7085–7105 | |||||||||||||
233 | 7115 | 7105–7125 | ![]() | ||||||||||||
Ch. | F0 (MHz) |
Frequency range (MHz) |
40 MHz |
80 MHz |
160 MHz |
320 MHz |
United States FCC U-NII band(s) |
United States | Canada | Europe, Japan, Russia, New Zealand |
Australia, Greenland, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, Mexico |
Brazil, Chile, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Peru, Saudi Arabia, South Korea |
Colombia, Jordan, Qatar |
Singapore, Hong Kong, Macao, Philippines |
Initialisms (precise definition below):
- LPI: low-power indoor
- VLP: very-low-power
United States
[edit]On 23 April 2020, the FCC voted on and ratified a Report and Order[85][86] to allocate 1.2 GHz of unlicensed spectrum in the 6 GHz band (5.925–7.125 GHz) for Wi-Fi use.
Standard power
[edit]Band | 20 MHz | 40 MHz | 80 MHz | 160 MHz | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
U-NII-5 | 24 | 12 | 6 | 3 | |
U-NII-6 | Not allowed | ||||
U-NII-7 | 17 | 8 | 3 | 1 | |
U-NII-8 | Not Allowed | ||||
TOTAL | 41 | 20 | 9 | 4 |
Standard-power access points are permitted indoors and outdoors at a maximum EIRP of 36 dBm in the U-NII-5 and U-NII-7 sub-bands with automatic frequency coordination (AFC).
Low-power indoor (LPI) operation
[edit]Band | 20 MHz | 40 MHz | 80 MHz | 160 MHz | 320 MHz |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
U-NII-5 | 24 | 12 | 6 | 3 | 1.5 |
U-NII-6 | 5 | 2.5 | 1.25 | 0.5 | 0.25 |
U-NII-7 | 17.5 | 8.75 | 4.25 | 2.25 | 1.125 |
U-NII-8 | 12.5 | 5.75 | 2.5 | 1.25 | 0.125 |
TOTAL | 59 | 29 | 14 | 7 | 3 |
Note: Partial channels indicate channels that span UNII boundaries, which is permitted in 6 GHz LPI operation. Under the proposed channel numbers, the U-NII-7/U-NII-8 boundary is spanned by channels 185 (20 MHz), 187 (40 MHz), 183 (80 MHz), and 175 (160 MHz). The U-NII-6/U-NII-7 boundary is spanned by channels 115 (40 MHz), 119 (80 MHz), and channel 111 (160 MHz).
For use in indoor environments, access points are limited to a maximum EIRP of 30 dBm and a maximum power spectral density of 5 dBm/MHz. They can operate in this mode on all four U-NII bands (5,6,7,8) without the use of automatic frequency coordination. To help ensure they are used only indoors, these types of access points are not permitted to be connectorized for external antennas, weather-resistant, or run on battery power.[86]: 41
Very-low-power devices
[edit]The FCC may issue a ruling in the future on a third class of very low power devices such as hotspots and short-range applications.
Canada
[edit]In November 2020, the Innovation, Science and Economic Development (ISED) of Canada published "Consultation on the Technical and Policy Framework for Licence-Exempt Use in the 6 GHz Band".[87] They proposed to allow licence-exempt operations in the 6 GHz spectrum for three classes of radio local area networks (RLANs):
Standard power
[edit]For indoor and outdoor use. Maximum EIRP of 36 dBm and maximum power spectral density (PSD) of 23 dBm/MHz. Should employ Automated Frequency Coordination (AFC) control.
Low-power indoor (LPI)
[edit]For indoor use only. Maximum EIRP of 30 dBm and maximum PSD of 5 dBm/MHz.
Very-low-power (VLP)
[edit]For indoor and outdoor use. Maximum EIRP of 14 dBm and maximum PSD of -8 dBm/MHz.
Europe
[edit]ECC Decision (20)01 from 20 November 2020[88] allocated the frequency band from 5925 to 6425 MHz (corresponding to the US U-NII-5 band) for use by low-power indoor and very-low-power devices for Wireless Access Systems/Radio Local Area Networks (WAS/RLAN), with a portion specifically reserved for rail networks and intelligent transport systems.[89]
Band | 20 MHz | 40 MHz | 80 MHz | 160 MHz |
---|---|---|---|---|
5925–6425 MHz | 24 | 12 | 6 | 3 |
United Kingdom
[edit]Since July 2020, the UK's Ofcom permitted unlicensed use of the lower 6 GHz band (5925 to 6425 MHz, corresponding to the US U-NII-5 band) by Low Power indoor and Very Low Power indoor and mobile Outdoor devices.[90][91]
Australia
[edit]In April 2021, Australia's ACMA opened consultations for the 6 GHz band. The lower 6 GHz band (5925 to 6425 MHz, corresponding to the US U-NII-5 band) was approved for 250 mW EIRP indoors and 25 mW outdoors on March 4, 2022.[92] Further consideration is also being given to releasing the upper 6 GHz band (6425 to 7125 MHz) for WLAN use as well, although nothing has been officially proposed at this time.
Japan
[edit]In September 2022, the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications announced amendments to the ministerial order and notices related to the Radio Act.[93]
Low-power indoor (LPI)
[edit]For indoor use only. Maximum EIRP of 200 mW.
Very-low-power (VLP)
[edit]For indoor and outdoor use. Maximum EIRP of 25 mW.
Russia
[edit]In December 2022, Russian State Commission for Radio Frequencies authorised 6 GHz operation for low-power indoor (LPI) use with transmitter power control (TPC) limited to maximum EIRP of 200 mW and maximum PSD of 10 mW/MHz, and very low power (VLP) indoor and mobile outdoor use with maximum EIRP of 25 mW and maximum PSD of 1.3 mW/MHz.[94]
In May 2023, Singapore's IMDA will amend its Regulations to allocate the radio frequency spectrum 5,925 MHz – 6,425 MHz for Wi-Fi use in Singapore.
Philippines
[edit]On May 23, 2024, the Philippines' National Telecommunications Commission (NTC) is considering the use of 5925 MHz to 6425 MHz frequency bands indoors with an effective radiated power (ERP) not exceeding 250 mW and outdoors with an effective radiated power not exceeding 25 mW.[96] On July 5, 2024, the NTC has released Memorandum Circular No. 002-07-2024, allowing 6 GHz Wi-Fi use, with the added restriction that the use on unmanned aircraft systems is prohibited.[97]
45 GHz (802.11aj)
[edit]The 802.11aj standards, also known as WiGig, operate in the 45 GHz spectrum.
Channel | Frequency (GHz) | Channel | Frequency (GHz) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Center | Min. | Max. | BW | Center | Min. | Max. | BW | |||
1 | 42.66 | 42.39 | 42.93 | 0.54 | 11 | 42.93 | 42.39 | 43.47 | 1.08 | |
2 | 43.20 | 42.93 | 43.47 | |||||||
3 | 43.74 | 43.47 | 44.01 | 12 | 44.01 | 43.47 | 44.55 | |||
4 | 44.28 | 44.01 | 44.55 | |||||||
5 | 44.82 | 44.55 | 45.09 | 13 | 45.09 | 44.55 | 45.63 | |||
6 | 45.36 | 45.09 | 45.63 | |||||||
7 | 45.90 | 45.63 | 46.17 | 14 | 46.17 | 45.63 | 46.71 | |||
8 | 46.44 | 46.17 | 46.71 | |||||||
9 | 47.52 | 47.25 | 47.79 | 15 | 47.79 | 47.25 | 48.33 | |||
10 | 48.06 | 47.79 | 48.33 |
60 GHz (802.11ad/aj/ay)
[edit]The 802.11ad/aj/ay standards, also known as WiGig, operate in the 60 GHz V band unlicensed ISM band spectrum.
Channel 2.16 GHz |
Frequency (GHz) | Channel 4.32 GHz |
Channel 6.48 GHz |
Channel 8.64 GHz |
Channel 1.08 GHz |
Frequency (GHz) | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Center | Min. | Max. | Center | Min. | Max. | ||||||||||||
1 | 58.32 | 57.24 | 59.40 | 9 | — | 17 | — | — | 25 | — | — | — | 33 | 57.78 | 57.24 | 58.32 | |
2 | 60.48 | 59.40 | 61.56 | 10 | 18 | 26 | 34 | 58.86 | 58.32 | 59.40 | |||||||
3 | 62.64 | 61.56 | 63.72 | 11 | 19 | 27 | 35 | 59.94 | 59.40 | 60.48 | |||||||
4 | 64.80 | 63.72 | 65.88 | 12 | 20 | 28 | 36 | 61.02 | 60.48 | 61.56 | |||||||
5 | 66.96 | 65.88 | 68.04 | 13 | 21 | 29 | 37 | 62.10 | 61.56 | 62.64 | |||||||
6 | 69.12 | 68.04 | 70.20 | 14 | 22 | — | 38 | 63.18 | 62.64 | 63.72 | |||||||
7 | 71.28 | 70.20 | 72.36 | 15 | — | — | 39 | 64.26 | 63.72 | 64.80 | |||||||
8 | 73.44 | 72.36 | 74.52 | — | — | — | 40 | 65.34 | 64.80 | 65.88 |
Indonesia
[edit]Indonesia allows the use of the band 57–64 GHz with maximum EIRP of 10 W (40 dBm), and maximum bandwidth of 2.16 GHz, for indoor use.[98][99]
See also
[edit]Notes
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ "Advantages and Disadvantages of ISM Band Frequencies". Global Connectivity. Retrieved 2018-08-18.
- ^ IEEE Standard for Information technology—Telecommunications and information exchange between systems Local and metropolitan area networks—Specific requirements – Part 11: Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications. IEEE. 14 December 2016. Table 15-6—DSSS PHY Frequency Channel Plan. doi:10.1109/IEEESTD.2016.7786995. ISBN 978-1-5044-3645-8.
- ^ a b c IEEE 802.11-2007 — Table 18-9
- ^ a b 14448, 10 (in Brazilian Portuguese). Anatel. 4 December 2017. Retrieved 2022-08-20.
- ^ "WLAN Regulatory Update". 3 February 2003.
- ^ "Cuadro Nacional de Atribución de Frecuencias (CNAF)" [National Table of Attribution of Frequencies (CNAF)] (in Spanish). 6 February 2008. Archived from the original on 6 February 2008. Retrieved 2 August 2017.
- ^ a b Israel: צו הטלגרף האלחוטי [Wireless Telegraph Order] (in Hebrew). Archived from the original on 4 February 2021.
- ^ a b c "Radiocommunications (Low Interference Potential Devices) Class Licence 2015". www.legislation.gov.au. 5 March 2022. Retrieved 16 March 2022.
- ^ "WLAN / RLAN". Bakom.Admin.ch. Retrieved 24 June 2017.
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- ^ "dead link". Archived from the original on 2012-12-12. Retrieved 18 February 2014.
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- ^ "NTIA Comments ET Docket No 03-108 02-15-2005". www.ntia.doc.gov. Retrieved 5 June 2016.
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- ^ "DSSS Frame Structure". rfmw.em.keysight.com.
Chip Rate Mcps
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- ^ "3.5 GHz Band Overview". Federal Communications Commission. 2015-12-16. Retrieved 2022-06-15.
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- ^ "Commission Decision of 12 February 2007 amending Decision 2005/513/EC on the harmonised use of radio spectrum in the 5 GHz frequency band for the implementation of Wireless Access Systems including Radio Local Area Networks (WAS/RLANs)". eur-lex.europa.eu. Retrieved 27 January 2016.
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- ^ a b "IMDA Technical Specification Short Range Devices – Issue 1 Rev 1, April 2018 / See Page 13 & 14" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 February 2015. Retrieved 7 September 2018.
- ^ Hou, Chun "johnson" (1 April 2013). "Wi-Fi Amateur: China Opened More Channels in 5 GHz & Embraced IEEE Std 802.11ac VHT80". wifiamateur.blogspot.com. Retrieved 5 June 2016.
- ^ 工业和信息化部关于加强和规范2400MHz、5100MHz和5800MHz频段无线电管理有关事宜的通知 [Notice from the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology on Matters Relating to the Strengthening and Standardization of Radio Management in the 2400 MHz, 5100 MHz and 5800 MHz Frequency Bands] (in Chinese).
- ^ "대한민국 주파수 분배표,과학기술정보통신부고시 제2019-87호, 2019. 10. 18" [Korea Frequency Distribution Table (Ministry of Science and ICT Commission No. 2019–87, 2019.10.18)] (in Korean). Retrieved 2017-08-02.
- ^ "신고하지 아니하고 개설할 수 있는 무선국용 무선설비의 기술기준" [Technical standard for radio equipment for radio stations that can be opened without reporting]. NATIONAL LAW INFORMATION CENTER. Korea Ministry of Government Legislation. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
- ^ "Bilgi Teknolojileri ve İletişim Kurulu Kararı" [Decision of İnformation Technology and Communication Board] (PDF). www.btk.gov.tr (in Turkish). 10 March 2021. Retrieved 2 November 2021.
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- ^ 14448, 11 (in Brazilian Portuguese). Anatel. 4 December 2017. Retrieved 2022-08-20.
- ^ "低功率射頻器材技術規範" [Technical Specifications for Low Power Radio Frequency Equipment] (PDF) (in Chinese). National Communications Commission, Taiwan (R.O.C.). Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 September 2023. Retrieved 3 September 2023.
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- ^ "Quy định danh mục thiết bị vô tuyến điện được miễn giấy phép sử dụng tần số vô tuyến điện, điều kiện kỹ thuật và khai thác kèm theo" (PDF). mic.gov.vn. Retrieved 25 December 2022.
- ^ "Peraturan Menteri Komunikasi dan Informatika Nomor 1 Tahun 2019 tanggal 24 April 2019". jdih.kominfo.go.id (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2020-12-05.
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- ^ IEEE 802.11-2007 Annex J modified by amendments k, y and n.
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Devices must be professionally installed when operating in the 5470 – 5725 GHz band
- ^ a b FCC Office of Engineering and Technology. "905462 15.401 UNII, U-NII, DFS Test Procedures". apps.fcc.gov. Retrieved 8 August 2015.
- ^ FCC Modernizes 5.9 GHz Band for Wi-Fi and AUTO SAFETY New Plan Makes Additional Spectrum Available Immediately for Improved Indoor Wi-Fi Connectivity While Authorizing Market-Driven Transportation Safety Services
- ^ "IR 2030 Licence Exempt Short Range Devices (April 2021)" (PDF). Retrieved 8 December 2021.
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- ^ "Details of 'REN/BRAN-60015' Work Item Schedule". Retrieved 24 December 2018.
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- ^ Hou, Chun "johnson" (3 April 2013). "Wi-Fi Amateur: IEEE Std 802.11ac Deployment in Japan". wifiamateur.blogspot.com. Retrieved 19 January 2016.
- ^ 14448, 11.5 (in Brazilian Portuguese). Anatel. 4 December 2017. Retrieved 2022-08-20.
- ^ 14448, 11.6 (in Brazilian Portuguese). Anatel. 4 December 2017. Retrieved 2022-08-20.
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- ^ "Wireless Data Networks And Devices" (PDF). ntc.gov.ph. Retrieved 3 August 2023.
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- ^ "工业和信息化部发布5150-5350兆赫兹频段无线接入系统频率使用相关事宜的通知" [Ministry of Industry and Information Technology Issues Notice on Frequency Use of Wireless Access System in the 5150-5350 MHz Band]. Ministry of Industry and Information Technology (Press release) (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 30 May 2013. Retrieved 2 August 2017.
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- ^ "Permenkominfo No. 2 Tahun 2023".
- ^ "Peraturan Menteri Komunikasi dan Informatika Nomor 2 Tahun 2023".
- ^ "India's National Frequency allocation plan 2018" (PDF)" (PDF).
- ^ "Gazette Notification for license exemption for usage of 5 GHz frequency band for Wireless LAN" (PDF)" (PDF).
- ^ "Radiocommunications Regulations (General User Radio Licence for Short Range Devices) Notice 2022". Gazette.govt.nz. No. 2022–go3100. 1 August 2022. Retrieved 3 August 2023.
- ^ 14448, 11.7 (in Brazilian Portuguese). Anatel. 4 December 2017. Retrieved 2022-08-20.
- ^ "Office of the Communications Authority – Smart Choice of Wi-Fi Devices". www.ofca.gov.hk. Retrieved 2024-01-16.
- ^ except Europe
- ^ "FCC Opens 6 GHz Band to Wi-Fi and Other Unlicensed Uses". fcc.gov. 23 April 2020.
- ^ a b "Unlicensed Use of the 6 GHz BandReport and Order and Further Notice of Proposed Rulemaking; ET Docket No. 18-295; GN Docket No. 17-183" (PDF). FCC. 2 April 2020. Retrieved 24 April 2020.
- ^ "Consultation on the Technical and Policy Framework for Licence-Exempt Use in the 6 GHz Band". ECC Newsletter. November 2020. Retrieved 4 January 2022.
- ^ "ECO Documentation".
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