Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/5/Biology and health sciences/Biology

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People History Geography Arts Philosophy and religion Everyday life Society and social sciences Biology and health sciences Physical sciences Technology Mathematics

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Vital articles is a list of subjects for which Wikipedia should have corresponding high-quality articles. It serves as a centralized watchlist to track the status of Wikipedia's most essential articles. This is one of the sub-lists of the fifty thousand article Vital articles/Level 5 and is currently under construction.

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See also: Agriculture and Biotechnology in Technology

Quota 1,100 articles.

Total 1,076 articles.

Class	#Articles
FA	13
GA	101
B	267
C	507
FFA	9
DGA	16
FFLC	1
Start	184
Stub	3

Biology basics

This section contains 71 articles.

1. Life (Level 1)
   1. Death (Level 2)
      1. Decomposition
      2. Suicide (Level 3)
   2. Abiogenesis (Level 3)
   3. Organism (Level 3)
      1. Earliest known life forms
      2. Model organism (Level 4)
      3. Microorganism
         1. Bacteriophage
   4. Carbon-based life
   5. Non-cellular life
   6. Artificial life
2. Biology (Level 2)
   1. Human biology
   2. Microbiology (Level 4)
      1. Microbiological culture
   3. Mycology (Level 4)
   4. Synthetic biology
3. Evolution (Level 2)
   1. History of life (Level 4)
      1. Timeline of the evolutionary history of life
   2. Introduction to evolution
4. Neuroscience (Level 4)
   1. Brain–computer interface
   2. Clinical neuroscience
   3. Neural network (biology)
   4. Neuroplasticity
   5. Sense (Level 3)
5. Organic matter
   1. Amber (Level 4)
   2. Ivory (Level 4)
   3. Pearl (Level 4)
6. Paleontology (Level 3)
   1. Fossil (Level 4)
      1. Living fossil
      2. Transitional fossil
      3. Trace fossil
      4. Petrified wood
   2. Micropaleontology
   3. Paleobotany
   4. Paleoecology
7. Phylogenetics (Level 4)
   1. Binomial nomenclature (Level 4)
   2. Taxonomy (biology) (Level 3)
      1. Cladistics
         1. Clade
            1. Crown group
      2. Incertae sedis
      3. Synonym (taxonomy)
      4. Taxon
      5. Taxonomic rank
         1. Domain (biology) (Level 4)
         2. Kingdom (biology) (Level 4)
         3. Phylum
         4. Class (biology)
         5. Order (biology)
         6. Family (biology)
            1. Type genus
            2. Tribe (biology)
         7. Genus
            1. Type species
         8. Species (Level 3)
            1. Infraspecific name
            2. Subspecies
8. Bioinformatics
   1. Computational biology
   2. Proteomics
9. Biomechanics (Level 4)
10. Systems biology
11. Ethnobiology

Anatomy and morphology

This section contains 344 articles. For anatomy and physiology articles specific to or mostly about human anatomy, see Medical basics -- Human anatomy.

Basic anatomy

This section contains 17 articles.

1. Anatomy (Level 3)
2. Anatomical variation
3. Dissection (Level 4)
4. Morphology (biology)
5. Organ (biology) (Level 4)
   1. Organ system
6. Tissue (biology) (Level 4)
   1. Histology
7. Sexual dimorphism (Level 4)
8. Bacterial cell structure
   1. Bacterial capsule
   2. Endospore
   3. Pilus
9. Biofilm
10. Bird anatomy
11. Fish anatomy
12. Insect morphology

Animal anatomy and morphology

This section contains 272 articles.

1. Head (Level 4)
   1. Cheek
2. Neck
3. Thorax (Level 4)
4. Digit (anatomy)
5. Abdomen (Level 4)
   1. Navel
   2. Peritoneum
6. Buttocks
7. Body fluid
   1. Extracellular fluid
8. Beak
9. Claw
10. Fish fin
11. Gland
12. Tail

Circulatory system

This section contains 29 articles.

1. Circulatory system (Level 3)
2. Blood (Level 3)
   1. Blood plasma
   2. Blood cell
      1. Platelet
      2. Red blood cell (Level 4)
      3. White blood cell (Level 4)
         1. Neutrophil
         2. Eosinophil
         3. Basophil
         4. Mast cell
3. Blood vessel
   1. Artery (Level 4)
   2. Arteriole
   3. Capillary (Level 4)
   4. Vein (Level 4)
   5. Venule
4. Endothelium
5. Heart (Level 3)
   1. Aorta
   2. Atrium (heart)
   3. Heart valve
   4. Ventricle (heart)
6. Lymphatic system (Level 4)
   1. Lymph
   2. Lymph node
   3. Lymphatic vessel
7. Spleen (Level 4)
8. Blood–brain barrier

Endocrine system

This section contains 7 articles.

1. Endocrine system (Level 4)
   1. Adrenal gland (Level 4)
   2. Hypothalamus
   3. Parathyroid gland
   4. Pineal gland
   5. Pituitary gland
   6. Thyroid (Level 4)

Gastrointestinal tract

This section contains 27 articles.

1. Anus
2. Appendix (anatomy)
3. Esophagus (Level 4)
4. Feces
5. Gallbladder
6. Large intestine (Level 4)
   1. Cecum
   2. Rectum
7. Liver (Level 3)
   1. Bile
8. Mouth (Level 4)
   1. Palate
   2. Lip
   3. Saliva
      1. Salivary gland
   4. Tooth
      1. Dentition
      2. Gums
      3. Tusk
9. Pancreas (Level 4)
10. Pharynx
11. Small intestine (Level 4)
    1. Duodenum
    2. Jejunum
    3. Ileum
12. Stomach (Level 4)
13. Throat

Immune system

This section contains 11 articles.

1. Immune system (Level 3)
   1. Adaptive immune system
   2. Innate immune system
2. Antibody (Level 4)
3. Antigen
4. B cell
5. Dendritic cell
6. Macrophage
7. Natural killer cell
8. T cell
9. Thymus

Integumentary system

This section contains 14 articles.

1. Integumentary system (Level 4)
2. Breast (Level 4)
   1. Nipple
3. Feather (Level 4)
4. Fingerprint (Level 4)
5. Fur (Level 4)
6. Hair (Level 4)
   1. Hair follicle
   2. Pubic hair
7. Nail (anatomy) (Level 4)
8. Scale (zoology) (Level 4)
9. Skin (Level 3)
   1. Epidermis
   2. Dermis

Muscular system

This section contains 6 articles.

1. Muscular system (Level 4)
2. Cardiac muscle
3. Muscle cell (Level 4)
4. Sarcomere (Level 4)
5. Skeletal muscle (Level 3)
6. Smooth muscle

Nervous system

This section contains 79 articles.

1. Nervous system (Level 3)
   1. Central nervous system (Level 4)
   2. Peripheral nervous system (Level 4)
      1. Ganglion
2. Antenna (zoology)
3. Brain (Level 3)
   1. Brainstem (Level 4)
      1. Medulla oblongata
      2. Midbrain
      3. Pons
   2. Cerebellum (Level 4)
   3. Cerebral cortex (Level 4)
   4. Cerebrum (Level 4)
      1. Frontal lobe
      2. Occipital lobe
      3. Parietal lobe
      4. Temporal lobe
         1. Amygdala
         2. Hippocampus
4. Cerebrospinal fluid
5. Glia
6. Nerve
   1. Cranial nerves
   2. Spinal nerve
7. Neuron (Level 4)
   1. Axon
   2. Dendrite
   3. Myelin
   4. Synapse
8. Spinal cord (Level 4)
9. Autonomic nervous system
   1. Parasympathetic nervous system
   2. Sympathetic nervous system
10. Sensory nervous system (Level 4)
    1. Synesthesia
11. Auditory system (Level 4)
    1. Ear (Level 3)
       1. Eardrum
       2. Ossicles
       3. Cochlea
       4. Hair cell
    2. Hearing (Level 4)
       1. Auditory cortex
12. Taste (Level 4)
    1. Bitter taste evolution
    2. Pungency
    3. Sweetness
    4. Tongue (Level 4)
    5. Umami
13. Olfactory system (Level 4)
    1. Nose (Level 4)
    2. Sense of smell (Level 4)
14. Somatosensory system (Level 4)
    1. Pain (Level 4)
    2. Proprioception
15. Visual system (Level 4)
    1. Eye (Level 3)
       1. Cornea
       2. Eye color]
       3. Eyelid
       4. Iris (anatomy)
       5. Lens (vertebrate anatomy)
       6. Optic nerve
       7. Photoreceptor cell
          1. Cone cell
          2. Rod cell
       8. Pupil
       9. Retina
       10. Tears
       11. Vitreous body
    2. Visual perception (Level 4)
       1. Accommodation (vertebrate eye)
       2. Color vision (Level 4)
          1. Monochromacy
          2. Dichromacy
          3. Trichromacy
          4. Tetrachromacy
          5. Purkinje effect
       3. Visual cortex

Reproductive system

This section contains 19 articles.

1. Reproductive system (Level 4)
   1. Sex organ (Level 4)
   2. Female reproductive system (Level 4)
      1. Clitoris (Level 4)
      2. Fallopian tube
      3. Ovary (Level 4)
      4. Placenta (Level 4)
      5. Pouch (marsupial)
      6. Uterus (Level 4)
         1. Cervix
      7. Vagina (Level 4)
         1. Hymen
   3. Male reproductive system (Level 4)
      1. Penis (Level 4)
         1. Foreskin
         2. Glans penis
      2. Prostate
      3. Testicle (Level 4)
         1. Scrotum

Respiratory system

This section contains 8 articles.

1. Respiratory system (Level 4)
2. Gill (Level 4)
3. Lung (Level 3)
   1. Bronchus
   2. Pulmonary alveolus
4. Larynx
5. Thoracic diaphragm
6. Trachea

Skeletal system

This section contains 38 articles.

1. Skeleton (Level 3)
2. Bone (Level 3)
   1. Bone marrow
3. Antler
4. Carpal bones
5. Clavicle
6. Femur
7. Fibula
8. Horn (anatomy)
9. Humerus
10. Hyoid bone
11. Jaw (Level 4)
12. Joint (Level 4)
    1. Ankle
    2. Elbow
    3. Knee
    4. Wrist
13. Maxilla
14. Metacarpal bones
15. Metatarsal bones
16. Patella
17. Pelvis (Level 4)
18. Phalanx bone
19. Radius (bone)
20. Rib cage
    1. Rib
    2. Sternum
21. Sacrum
22. Scapula
23. Skull (Level 4)
24. Tarsus (skeleton)
25. Tibia
26. Ulna
27. Spinal column (Level 4)
    1. Intervertebral disc
    2. Vertebra
28. Exoskeleton
29. Mollusc shell

Tissues

This section contains 11 articles.

1. Connective tissue (Level 4)
   1. Adipocyte
   2. Adipose tissue
   3. Cartilage (Level 4)
   4. Fibroblast
   5. Ligament
   6. Tendon (Level 4)
2. Epithelium (Level 4)
   1. Basement membrane
3. Muscle (Level 4)
4. Nervous tissue (Level 4)

Urinary system

This section contains 7 articles.

1. Bladder (Level 4)
2. Kidney (Level 4)
   1. Nephron
3. Urethra
4. Ureter
5. Urinary system (Level 4)
   1. Urine

Plant anatomy and morphology

This section contains 48 articles.

Plant anatomy and morphology: General

This section contains 32 articles.

1. Plant anatomy (Level 4)
2. Plant morphology (Level 4)
3. Plant nutrition
4. Bulb
5. Flower (Level 3)
   1. Gynoecium
   2. Petal
   3. Sepal
   4. Stamen
6. Fruit (Level 3)
   1. Berry (botany) (Level 4)
   2. Nut (fruit) (Level 4)
7. Herbaceous plant
8. Leaf (Level 4)
9. Rhizome
10. Root (Level 4)
    1. Aerial root
    2. Taproot
11. Seed (Level 3)
12. Seedling
    1. Cotyledon
    2. Hypocotyl
    3. Radicle
13. Shrub (Level 4)
14. Stolon
15. Stoma (Level 4)
16. Strobilus
17. Tree (Level 3)
18. Tuber
19. Vine
    1. Liana
    2. Tendril

Plant stem

This section contains 8 articles.

1. Plant stem (Level 4)
2. Bark (botany) (Level 4)
3. Branch
4. Cortex (botany)
5. Pith
6. Stele (biology)
7. Trunk (botany) (Level 4)
8. Twig

Plant tissues

This section contains 8 articles.

1. Epidermis (botany) (Level 4)
2. Endodermis
3. Ground tissue (Level 4)
4. Meristem (Level 4)
5. Vascular tissue (Level 4)
   1. Phloem
   2. Xylem
6. Vascular cambium (Level 4)

Fungal morphology and anatomy

This section contains 7 articles.

1. Ascus
2. Basidium
3. Conidium
4. Hypha (Level 4)
5. Mycelium (Level 4)
6. Sporangium
7. Thallus

Biological processes and physiology

This section contains 131 articles.

Basics

This section contains 53 articles.

1. Physiology (Level 3)
   1. Plant physiology
2. Blinking
3. Breathing (Level 4)
4. Cardiac cycle
5. Chemosynthesis
6. Circadian rhythm (Level 4)
7. Digestion (Level 3)
8. Excretion (Level 4)
   1. Burping
   2. Defecation
   3. Flatulence
   4. Urination
9. Healing
   1. Coagulation
   2. Hemostasis
   3. Wound healing
10. Homeostasis
    1. Acid–base homeostasis
    2. Blood sugar level (Level 4)
    3. Osmoregulation
11. Metabolism (Level 3)
    1. Biosynthesis
    2. Bradymetabolism
    3. Catabolism
    4. Gluconeogenesis
    5. Metabolomics
    6. Secondary metabolite
12. Muscle contraction (Level 4)
13. Photosynthesis (Level 3)
    1. Light-dependent reactions
    2. Calvin cycle
    3. Biological carbon fixation
       1. C3 carbon fixation
       2. C4 carbon fixation
       3. Crassulacean acid metabolism
14. Respiration (physiology) (Level 4)
15. Thermoregulation (Level 4)
    1. Warm-blooded
    2. Thermogenesis
    3. Ectotherm
    4. Endotherm
    5. Eurytherm
    6. Poikilotherm
    7. Mesotherm
    8. Homeothermy
    9. Heterothermy
    10. Stenotherm
    11. Kleptothermy
    12. Gigantothermy
    13. Thermostability
    14. Thermolabile
16. Transpiration (Level 4)

Development

This section contains 2 articles.

1. Developmental biology (Level 4)
2. Development of the human body (Level 4)

Animal ontogeny

This section contains 15 articles.

1. Cuticle (Level 4)
2. Embryo (Level 4)
3. Embryology
4. Fetus (Level 4)
5. Imago (Level 4)
6. Larva (Level 4)
7. Longevity (Level 4)
8. Metamorphosis (Level 4)
9. Moulting (Level 4)
10. Nymph (biology) (Level 4)
11. Ontogeny (Level 4)
12. Puberty (Level 4)
13. Pupa (Level 4)
14. Tadpole (Level 4)
15. Umbilical cord

Biological reproduction

This section contains 12 articles.

1. Reproduction (Level 3)
   1. Offspring
2. Asexual reproduction (Level 4)
   1. Parthenogenesis
3. Sex (Level 3)
   1. Sexual reproduction (Level 4)
   2. Female (Level 4)
   3. Male (Level 4)
4. Gamete
5. Germline
6. Microbial cyst (Level 4)
7. Spore (Level 4)

Animal reproduction

This section contains 19 articles.

1. Egg (Level 3)
   1. Oogenesis
   2. Egg white
   3. Yolk
2. Birth (Level 4)
3. Lactation
4. Pregnancy (mammals)
5. Pregnancy in fish
6. Semen (Level 4)
   1. Ejaculation
   2. Insemination
7. Sperm (Level 4)
   1. Spermatogenesis
8. Animal embryonic development
   1. Zygote
   2. Cleavage (embryo)
   3. Blastulation
   4. Gastrulation
   5. Germ layer

Human reproduction

This section contains 17 articles.

1. Human reproduction
   1. Pregnancy (Level 3)
      1. Human embryonic development
      2. Human fertilization
      3. Miscarriage
   2. Childbirth (Level 4)
      1. Breech birth
      2. Multiple birth
      3. Preterm birth
      4. Postterm pregnancy
      5. Stillbirth
2. Menstrual cycle (Level 4)
   1. Menstruation
   2. Ovulation
   3. Premenstrual syndrome
3. Menopause (Level 4)
   1. Hot flash

Plant reproduction

This section contains 13 articles.

1. Plant reproduction (Level 4)
2. Alternation of generations (Level 4)
3. Gametophyte (Level 4)
   1. Antheridium
   2. Archegonium
4. Germination
5. Oogonium
6. Plant embryonic development
7. Plant reproductive morphology (Level 4)
8. Pollen (Level 4)
9. Pollination (Level 4)
10. Sporophyte (Level 4)
11. Vernalization

Biochemistry and molecular biology

This section contains 170 articles.

Biochemistry

This section contains 134 articles.

1. Biochemistry (Level 3)
2. Chemical biology (Level 4)
3. Biomolecule (Level 4)
4. Structural biology

Alkaloids

This section contains 5 articles.

1. Alkaloid (Level 4)
2. Caffeine (Level 4)
3. Cocaine (Level 4)
4. Morphine (Level 4)
5. Nicotine (Level 4)

Biological pigments

This section contains 7 articles.

1. Biological pigment (Level 4)
2. Carotenoid (Level 4)
   1. Β-Carotene
   2. Lutein
3. Chlorophyll (Level 4)
4. Melanin (Level 4)
5. Rhodopsin

Carbohydrates

This section contains 19 articles.

1. Carbohydrate (Level 3)
2. Monosaccharide
   1. Deoxyribose
   2. Fructose (Level 4)
   3. Galactose
   4. Glucose (Level 4)
   5. Glyceraldehyde
   6. Ribose
3. Disaccharide
   1. Lactose (Level 4)
   2. Maltose
   3. Sucrose
4. Polysaccharide
   1. Agar
   2. Cellulose (Level 4)
   3. Chitin (Level 4)
   4. Glycogen (Level 4)
   5. Pectin
   6. Starch (Level 4)

Hormones

This section contains 30 articles.

1. Hormone (Level 3)
2. Adrenaline (Level 4)
3. Androgen
   1. Testosterone (Level 4)
4. Aldosterone
5. Cortisol
6. Dopamine (Level 4)
7. Endorphins
8. Estrogen (Level 4)
9. Glucocorticoid
10. Growth hormone
11. Insulin (Level 4)
12. Leptin
13. Melatonin
14. Oxytocin (Level 4)
15. Progestogen
    1. Progesterone
16. Secretin
17. Thyroid hormones
18. Vasopressin
19. Plant hormone (Level 4)
    1. Abscisic acid
    2. Auxin
    3. Brassinosteroid
    4. Cytokinin
    5. Florigen
    6. Gibberellin
    7. Jasmonate
    8. Salicylic acid
    9. Strigolactone

Lipids

This section contains 8 articles.

1. Lipid (Level 3)
2. Fat (Level 4)
3. Fatty acid (Level 4)
   1. Omega-3 fatty acid
   2. Omega-6 fatty acid
4. Lipopolysaccharide
5. Lipoprotein
6. Phospholipid

Nucleic acids

This section contains 15 articles.

1. Nucleic acid (Level 4)
2. DNA (Level 3)
3. RNA (Level 3)
   1. Messenger RNA
   2. Transfer RNA
   3. Ribosomal RNA
4. Adenosine triphosphate
5. Nucleic acid structure
   1. Base pair
   2. Nucleotide
   3. Adenine
   4. Cytosine
   5. Guanine
   6. Thymine
   7. Uracil

Neurotransmitters

This section contains 5 articles.

1. Neurotransmitter
2. Acetylcholine
3. Catecholamine
4. γ-Aminobutyric acid
5. Glutathione

Proteins

This section contains 38 articles.

1. Protein (Level 3)
2. Amino acid (Level 4)
   1. Proteinogenic amino acid
   2. Essential amino acid
   3. Alanine
   4. Arginine
   5. Asparagine
   6. Aspartic acid
   7. Cysteine
   8. Glutamic acid
   9. Glutamine
   10. Glycine
   11. Histidine
   12. Isoleucine
   13. Leucine
   14. Lysine
   15. Methionine
   16. Phenylalanine
   17. Proline
   18. Serine
   19. Threonine
   20. Tryptophan
   21. Tyrosine
   22. Valine
3. Collagen
4. Enzyme (Level 4)
5. Gelatin
6. Glycoprotein
7. Hemoglobin (Level 4)
8. Histone
9. Keratin
10. Peptide
11. Peptidoglycan
12. Protein (nutrient) (Level 4)
13. Protein biosynthesis
14. Protein structure
15. Proteome
16. Gluten

Steroids

This section contains 3 articles.

1. Steroid (Level 4)
2. Cholesterol (Level 4)
3. Steroid hormone

Metabolic processes

1. Cellular respiration (Level 4)
   1. Anaerobic respiration
   2. Citric acid cycle
   3. Electron transport chain
   4. Glycolysis (Level 4)
   5. Oxidative phosphorylation
2. Fermentation (Level 4)

Molecular biology

This section contains 36 articles.

1. Molecular biology (Level 3)
2. Gene expression (Level 4)
3. Central dogma of molecular biology
4. Genetic code (Level 4)
5. DNA replication (Level 4)
   1. DNA polymerase
   2. DNA ligase
   3. Helicase
6. DNA repair
7. Transposable element
8. Non-coding DNA
9. Transcription (biology) (Level 4)
   1. Enhancer (genetics)
   2. Operon
   3. Promoter (genetics)
   4. RNA polymerase
   5. Terminator (genetics)
   6. Transcription factor
   7. Transcriptome
10. Post-transcriptional modification
    1. RNA splicing
       1. Exon
       2. Intron
    2. MicroRNA
    3. RNA interference
11. Translation (biology) (Level 4)
12. Post-translational modification
    1. Protein folding
    2. Ubiquitin
13. Regulation of gene expression
14. Non-coding RNA
15. Reverse transcriptase
    1. Complementary DNA
16. Restriction enzyme
17. Cloning vector
18. Expression vector

Zoology

This section contains 57 articles.

Basics

This section contains 12 articles.

1. Zoology (Level 3)
   1. Entomology
   2. Herpetology
   3. Ichthyology
   4. Malacology
   5. Mammalogy
   6. Ornithology
2. Animal (Level 2)
   1. Animal consciousness
3. Animal coloration (Level 4)
   1. Camouflage (Level 4)
   2. Mimicry

Ethology

This section contains 45 articles.

1. Ethology (Level 4)
2. Intelligence (Level 3)
3. Sleep (Level 3)
   1. Sleep in animals
   2. Rapid eye movement sleep
   3. Siesta
   4. Wakefulness
   5. Yawn
4. Dormancy
   1. Hibernation (Level 4)
   2. Aestivation
   3. Diapause
5. Carnivore (Level 4)
   1. Hematophagy
   2. Hypercarnivore
   3. Insectivore
   4. Predation (Level 4)
   5. Scavenger (Level 4)
6. Herbivore (Level 4)
   1. Grazing (Level 4)
   2. Browsing (herbivory)
7. Omnivore
   1. Hypocarnivore
   2. Mesocarnivore
8. Imprinting (psychology)
9. Animal locomotion (Level 4)
   1. Arboreal locomotion
   2. Bipedalism (Level 4)
      1. Facultative bipedalism
   3. Quadrupedalism
   4. Tripedalism
   5. Unipedalism
   6. Flying and gliding animals
10. Animal migration (Level 4)
    1. Bird migration
11. Animal sexual behaviour
    1. Copulation (zoology)
    2. Mating
12. Fight-or-flight response
13. Instinct (Level 4)
14. Sociality (Level 4)
    1. Eusociality
15. Swarm behaviour
    1. Flock (birds)
    2. Herd

Botany

This section contains 10 articles.

1. Botany (Level 3)
2. Plant (Level 2)
   1. Carnivorous plant (Level 4)
   2. Flowering plant (Level 4)
      1. Dicotyledon
         1. Eudicots (Level 4)
         2. Magnoliids (Level 4)
      2. Monocotyledon (Level 4)
   3. Weed (Level 4)
3. Plant pathology

Cell biology

This section contains 88 articles.

Basics

This section contains 6 articles.

1. Cell biology (Level 4)
2. Antibiotic sensitivity testing
3. Staining
   1. Gram stain
   2. Endospore staining
   3. Ziehl–Neelsen stain

Cell processes

This section contains 35 articles.

1. Cell death
   1. Necrosis
   2. Programmed cell death (Level 4)
      1. Apoptosis
      2. Autophagy
2. Cell migration
3. Cell polarity
4. Cell signaling (Level 4)
   1. Cytokine
   2. Ligand (biochemistry)
   3. Receptor (biochemistry)
      1. G protein-coupled receptor
   4. Signal transduction
   5. Biochemical cascade
   6. Second messenger system
5. Cellular differentiation
   1. Somatic cell
   2. Stem cell (Level 4)
      1. Embryonic stem cell
      2. Hematopoietic stem cell
6. Membrane transport
   1. Passive transport
      1. Facilitated diffusion
   2. Active transport (Level 4)
      1. ATPase
      2. Endocytosis
      3. Exocytosis
7. Protein targeting

Cellular division

This section contains 5 articles.

1. Cell cycle (Level 4)
2. Fission (biology) (Level 4)
3. Meiosis (Level 4)
4. Mitosis (Level 4)
5. Plasmid (Level 4)

Cell parts

This section contains 16 articles.

1. Cell (biology) (Level 2)
2. Cell junction
3. Cell membrane (Level 4)
   1. Lipid bilayer
   2. Membrane potential
   3. Membrane protein
4. Cilium
5. Cytoplasm (Level 4)
   1. Cytosol
6. Cytoskeleton (Level 4)
   1. Microfilament
      1. Actin
      2. Myosin
   2. Microtubule
7. Flagellum (Level 4)
8. Symbiogenesis (Level 4)

Organelles

This section contains 19 articles.

1. Organelle (Level 4)
2. Endomembrane system
3. Cell nucleus (Level 4)
   1. Chromatin
   2. Chromosome (Level 4)
   3. Nuclear envelope
   4. Nucleolus
4. Centriole (Level 4)
   1. Centrosome
5. Endoplasmic reticulum (Level 4)
6. Golgi apparatus (Level 4)
7. Lysosome (Level 4)
8. Mitochondrion (Level 4)
   1. Mitochondrial DNA
9. Peroxisome
10. Proteasome
11. Ribosome (Level 4)
12. Vacuole (Level 4)
13. Vesicle (biology and chemistry)

Plant cells

This section contains 7 articles.

1. Plant cell (Level 4)
2. Cell wall (Level 4)
3. Chloroplast (Level 4)
   1. Chloroplast DNA
   2. Thylakoid
4. Plastid (Level 4)
5. Plasmodesma

Ecology

This section contains 64 articles.

1. Ecology (Level 2)
2. Autotroph
3. Biome (Level 4)
4. Biodiversity (Level 3)
   1. Biodiversity loss
5. Biogeography
6. Biogeographic realm
7. Bioindicator
8. Biological dispersal
   1. Seed dispersal
9. Biological interaction
   1. Colony (biology)
   2. Competition (biology) (Level 4)
   3. Symbiosis (Level 4)
      1. Commensalism
      2. Mutualism (biology)
      3. Parasitism (Level 4)
10. Biological life cycle
11. Biomagnification
12. Biosphere (Level 4)
13. Carrying capacity
14. Community (ecology)
15. Conservation biology
16. Detritivore
17. Decomposer
    1. Biodegradation
18. Disturbance (ecology)
19. Ecological niche (Level 4)
    1. Niche construction
20. Ecological resilience
21. Ecological succession
22. Ecosystem (Level 3)
23. Ecosystem collapse
24. Ecosystem model
25. Ecosystem service
26. Endangered species (Level 4)
27. Endemism
28. Energy flow (ecology)
29. Extinction (Level 3)
30. Extremophile (Level 4)
31. Food chain
32. Food web
33. Habitat (Level 4)
34. Habitat destruction
35. Habitat fragmentation
36. Heterotroph
37. Insular biogeography
38. Invasive species (Level 4)
39. Keystone species
40. Landscape ecology
41. Land change science
42. Lotka–Volterra equations
43. Microbial ecology
44. Microbiome
45. Population (Level 4)
    1. Population growth
46. Primary production
47. r/K selection theory
48. Ecological restoration
49. Sustainability (Level 4)
50. Trophic cascade
51. Urban ecology
52. Wildlife conservation (Level 4)
    1. Wildlife

Genetics

This section contains 43 articles.

1. Genetics (Level 3)
   1. Introduction to genetics
2. Gene (Level 3)
3. Heredity (Level 3)
4. Mendelian inheritance (Level 4)
   1. Allele
   2. Dominance (genetics)
   3. Genotype
   4. Penetrance
   5. Phenotype
   6. Zygosity
5. Ploidy
6. Sex-determination system
7. Sex linkage
8. Genetic linkage
9. Extranuclear inheritance
10. Mutation (Level 4)
    1. Chromosome abnormality
    2. Chromosomal translocation
    3. Point mutation
    4. Mutagen
11. Genetic recombination
    1. Homologous recombination
12. Horizontal gene transfer
13. Quantitative genetics
    1. Heritability
14. Reverse genetics
15. Molecular genetics
16. Genome
    1. Genomics
    2. Human genome (Level 4)
       1. Human Genome Project
    3. DNA sequencing
    4. Metagenomics
17. Molecular evolution
18. Epigenetics (Level 4)
    1. Epigenomics
       1. Epigenome
19. Hybrid (biology) (Level 4)
    1. Heterosis
    2. Inbreeding
20. Eugenics
21. Dysgenics

Evolutionary biology

This section contains 98 articles.

Basics

This section contains 40 articles.

1. Evolutionary biology
2. Evolutionary developmental biology
3. Divergent evolution
4. Convergent evolution
5. Parallel evolution
6. Phylogenetic tree
7. Population genetics
   1. Hardy–Weinberg principle
   2. Natural selection (Level 3)
   3. Gene flow
   4. Genetic diversity
   5. Genetic drift (Level 4)
   6. Genetic admixture
   7. Haplogroup
   8. Founder effect
   9. Population bottleneck
8. Sociobiology
9. Systematics
10. Adaptation (Level 4)
11. Coevolution
12. Fitness (biology)
13. Homology (biology)
14. Last universal common ancestor
15. Macroevolution
16. Microevolution
17. Reproductive isolation
18. Speciation
19. Evolution of bacteria
20. Evolution of birds
21. Evolution of brachiopods
22. Evolution of fish
23. Evolution of fungi
24. Evolution of insects
25. Evolution of mammals
26. Evolution of molluscs
27. Evolution of reptiles
28. Evolution of spiders
29. Evolution of tetrapods
30. Evolutionary history of plants
31. Viral evolution

Human evolution

This section contains 58 articles.

Human evolution: General

This section contains 3 articles.

1. Human evolution (Level 3)
2. Hominini
3. Missing link (human evolution)

Australopithecines

This section contains 23 articles.

1. Australopithecine
   1. Graecopithecus
   2. Sahelanthropus
   3. Orrorin
   4. Australopithecus (Level 4)
      1. Australopithecus anamensis
      2. Australopithecus afarensis
         1. Lucy (Australopithecus)
      3. Australopithecus africanus
         1. Taung Child
      4. Australopithecus bahrelghazali
      5. Australopithecus deyiremeda
      6. Australopithecus garhi
      7. Australopithecus sediba
   5. Ardipithecus
      1. Ardipithecus kadabba
      2. Ardipithecus ramidus
         1. Ardi
   6. Kenyanthropus
   7. Paranthropus (Level 4)
      1. Paranthropus aethiopicus
      2. Paranthropus boisei
      3. Paranthropus robustus

Homo

This section contains 32 articles.

1. Homo
   1. Homo ergaster
   2. Homo floresiensis
   3. Homo gautengensis
   4. Homo habilis (Level 4)
   5. Homo luzonensis
   6. Homo rudolfensis
   7. Penghu 1
   8. Homo erectus (Level 4)
      1. Dmanisi hominins
      2. Java Man
      3. Lantian Man
      4. Nanjing Man
      5. Peking Man
      6. Solo Man
      7. Tautavel Man
      8. Yuanmou Man
   9. Archaic humans
      1. Denisovan (Level 4)
      2. Homo antecessor
      3. Homo longi
      4. Ceprano Man
      5. Homo heidelbergensis
      6. Homo naledi
      7. Neanderthal (Level 4)
      8. Homo rhodesiensis
   10. Early modern human
       1. Cro-Magnon (Level 4)
       2. Herto Man
       3. Manot 1
       4. Red Deer Cave people
   11. Interbreeding between archaic and modern humans