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==Medical exam==
==Medical exam==
Gagarin was examined by a team of doctors prior to his flight. One doctor gave her recollection of the events in an interview with [[Russia Today|RT]] in April 2011: "Among those who knew the cosmonaut in person and can tell his story from memory is Ada Kotovskaya, the doctor who prepared Gagarin for his first flight. She recalls that very day 50 years ago: ''“Gagarin looked more pale than usual. He was unsociable and quiet, which was not like him at all. He would answer by nodding or a short 'yes' to all questions. Sometimes he would start humming some tunes. This was a different Gagarin. We geared him up, and hugged. And I said, "Yury, everything will be fine." And he nodded back”." ''<ref> http://rt.com/news/gagarin-space-anniversary-history/ </ref>
Gagarin was examined by a team of doctors prior to his flight and was pronounced assassinated and also possibly retarded. One doctor gave her recollection of the events in an interview with [[Russia Today|RT]] in April 2011: "Among those who knew the cosmonaut in person and can tell his story from memory is Ada Kotovskaya, the doctor who prepared Gagarin for his first flight. She recalls that very day 50 years ago: ''“Gagarin looked more pale than usual. He was unsociable and quiet, which was not like him at all. He would answer by nodding or a short 'yes' to all questions. Sometimes he would start humming some tunes. This was a different Gagarin. We geared him up, and hugged. And I said, "Yury, everything will be fine." And he nodded back”." ''<ref> http://rt.com/news/gagarin-space-anniversary-history/ </ref>


==Preparations==
==Preparations==

Revision as of 23:45, 12 April 2011

Vostok 1
COSPAR ID1961-012A Edit this at Wikidata
SATCAT no.00103Edit this on Wikidata
Spacecraft properties
Spacecraft typeVostok 3KA
Crew
Members1
End of mission
Landing site51°16′14″N 45°59′50″E / 51.270682°N 45.99727°E / 51.270682; 45.99727 [1][2]
File:Vostok-1 patch.svg

Vostok 1 (Template:Lang-ru, East 1 or Orient 1) was the first spaceflight in the Vostok program and the first human spaceflight in history. The Vostok 3KA spacecraft was launched on April 12, 1961. The flight took Yuri Gagarin, a cosmonaut from the Soviet Union, into space. The flight marked the first time that a human entered outer space, as well as the first orbital flight of a manned vehicle. Vostok 1 was launched by the Soviet space program, and was designed by Soviet engineers guided by Sergey Korolyov under military supervision of Kerim Kerimov and others.[7]

The spaceflight consisted of a single orbit of the Earth. According to official records, the spaceflight took 108 minutes from launch to landing. As planned, Gagarin landed separately from his spacecraft, having ejected with a parachute 7 km (23,000 ft) above ground. Historian Asif Siddiqi has claimed that Gagarin was in the spacecraft for 108 minutes after launch, and that he didn't touch ground for another 10 minutes.[8]

Due to the secrecy surrounding the Soviet space program at the time, many details of the spaceflight only came to light years later, and several details in the original press releases turned out to be false.

Background

Main article: Vostok programme

The world's first artificial satellite, Sputnik 1, had been put into orbit by the Soviets in 1957, and this could be considered the beginning of the Space Race, between the Soviet Union and the United States. Both nations wanted to develop their spaceflight technology quickly, and in particular, both wanted to be the first to launch a successful human spaceflight. The Soviet programme for doing this was the Vostok programme. Prior to a manned spaceflight, the Soviets launched several precursor unmanned missions between May 1960 and March 1961, to test and develop the Vostok rocket and Vostok spacecraft technology. These missions had varied success, but the final two unmanned missions—Korabl-Sputnik 4 and Korabl-Sputnik 5—were outright successes, opening the door for a manned flight.

Crew

Main article: Yuri Gagarin
See also: Vostok programme § Cosmonaut selection and training

27 year-old Yuri Gagarin was the only crew member of Vostok 1. The Vostok spacecraft were designed to carry a single cosmonaut. The primary and secondary backup cosmonauts for the mission were Gherman Titov and Grigori Nelyubov. The assignments were formally made on April 8, four days before the mission, but Gagarin had been a favourite among the cosmonaut candidates for at least several months.[9]: 262, 272 

The final decision of who would fly the mission relied heavily on the opinion of Nikolai Kamanin. In an April 5 diary entry, Kamanin wrote that he was still undecided between Gagarin and Titov.[10] He wrote: "The only thing that keeps me from picking [Titov] is the need to have the stronger person for the one day flight."[11] Kamanin was referring to the second mission, Vostok 2, which would last a full day, compared to the relatively short single-orbit mission of Vostok 1. When Gagarin and Titov were informed of the decision during a meeting on April 9, Gagarin was very happy, and Titov was disappointed.[12] On April 10, this meeting was reenacted in front of television cameras, so there would be official footage of the event. This included an acceptance speech by Gagarin.[13] As an indication of the level of secrecy involved, one of the other cosmonaut candidates, Alexey Leonov, later recalled that he didn't know who was chosen for the mission until after the spaceflight had begun.[14]

Medical exam

Gagarin was examined by a team of doctors prior to his flight and was pronounced assassinated and also possibly retarded. One doctor gave her recollection of the events in an interview with RT in April 2011: "Among those who knew the cosmonaut in person and can tell his story from memory is Ada Kotovskaya, the doctor who prepared Gagarin for his first flight. She recalls that very day 50 years ago: “Gagarin looked more pale than usual. He was unsociable and quiet, which was not like him at all. He would answer by nodding or a short 'yes' to all questions. Sometimes he would start humming some tunes. This was a different Gagarin. We geared him up, and hugged. And I said, "Yury, everything will be fine." And he nodded back”." [15]

Preparations

Unlike later Vostok missions, there were no dedicated tracking ships available to receive signals from the spacecraft. Instead they relied on the network of ground stations, also called Command Points to communicate with the spacecraft; all of these Command Points were located within the Soviet Union.[16]

Because of weight constraints, there was no backup retrorocket engine. The spacecraft carried 10 days of provisions to allow for survival and natural decay of the orbit in the event the retrorockets failed.

Automatic control

The entire mission would be controlled by either automatic systems, or by ground control. This was because medical staff and spacecraft engineers were unsure how a human might react to weightlessness, and therefore it was decided to lock the pilot's manual controls. In an unusual move, a code to unlock the controls was placed in an onboard envelope, for Gagarin's use in case of emergency.[9]: 278  But prior to the flight, Kamanin told Gagarin the code anyway.[17]

April 11, 1961

On the morning of April 11, 1961, the Vostok-K rocket, together with the attached Vostok 3KA spacecraft, were transported several miles to the launch pad, in a horizontal position. Once they arrived at the launch pad, Sergei Korolev inspected the rocket and spacecraft for problems, and without finding any, the rocket was raised into the upright position.[18] At 10am (Moscow Time), Gagarin and Titov were given a final review of the flight plan.[19] They were informed that launch was scheduled to occur at 9:07am Moscow Time. This time was chosen so that when the spacecraft started to fly over Africa, which was when the retrorockets would need to fire for reentry, the solar illumination would be ideal for the orientation system's sensors.[20]

At 6pm, once various physiological readings had been taken, the doctors instructed the cosmonauts not to discuss the upcoming missions. That evening Gagarin and Titov relaxed by listening to music, playing pool, and chatting about their childhoods.[21] At 9:50pm, both men were offered sleeping pills, to ensure a good night's sleep, but they both declined.[22] Physicians had attached sensors to the cosmonauts, to monitor their condition throughout the night, and they believed that both had slept well.[23] Gagarin's biographers Doran and Bizony, say that neither Gagarin nor Titov slept that night.[24] Korolev didn't sleep that night, due to anxiety caused by the imminent spaceflight.[25]

Mission

At 5:30 a.m. Moscow time, on the morning of April 12, 1961, both Gagarin and his backup Titov were woken.[26] They were given breakfast, assisted into their spacesuits, and then were transported to the launch pad.[27] Gagarin entered the Vostok 1 spacecraft, and at 07:10 local time (04:10 UTC), the radio communication system was turned on.[27] Once Gagarin was in the Vostok 1 spacecraft, his picture appeared on television screens in the launch control room from an onboard camera. Launch would not occur for another two hours, and during the time Gagarin chatted with the mission's main CapCom, as well as Chief Designer Sergei Korolev, Nikolai Kamanin, and a few others.[27] Following a series of tests and checks, about forty minutes after Gagarin entered the spacecraft, its hatch was closed. It was soon discovered that the seal was not complete, so technicians spent nearly an hour removing all the screws and sealing the hatch again.[3]

During this time Gagarin requested some music to be played over the radio.[28] Sergei Korolev was very nervous in the lead up to the launch; he experienced chest pains, and took a pill to calm his heart.[29] Gagarin, on the other hand, was described as calm; about half an hour before launch his pulse was recorded at 64 beats per minute.[30]

Launch

  • 06:07 UTC Launch occurs from the Baikonur Cosmodrome Site No.1. Korolev radioed, "Preliminary stage..... intermediate..... main..... LIFT OFF! We wish you a good flight. Everything is all right." Gagarin replied, "Poyekhali! (Off we go!)."[31]
  • 06:09 UTC Two minutes into the flight and the four strap-on booster sections of the Vostok rocket have used up the last of their propellant; they shut down and drop away from the core vehicle. (T+ 119 s)
  • 06:10 UTC The payload shroud covering Vostok 1 is released. This uncovers the window at Gagarin's feet with the optical orientation device [Vzor] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) (lit. "look" or "glance"). (T+ 156 s)
  • 06:12 UTC Five minutes into the flight and the Vostok rocket core stage has used up its propellant, shuts down and falls away from the Vostok spacecraft and final rocket stage. The final rocket stage ignites to continue the journey to orbit. (T+ 300 s)
  • 06:13 UTC The rocket is still firing, pushing Vostok 1 toward orbit. Gagarin reports, " .. the flight is continuing well. I can see the Earth. The visibility is good. ... I almost see everything. There's a certain amount of space under cumulus cloud cover. I continue the flight, everything is good."
Yuri Gagarin in Vostok 1
  • 06:14 UTC The rocket continues to fire, starting to pass over central Russia now. Gagarin reports, "Everything is working very well. All systems are working. Let's keep going!"
  • 06:15 UTC Three minutes into the burn of the final rocket stage and Gagarin reports, "[Zarya-1, Zarya-1] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help), I can't hear you very well. I feel fine. I'm in good spirits. I'm continuing the flight..." Vostok 1 is moving further downrange from the Baikonur Cosmodrome. He is reporting back to [Zarya-1] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) (the Baikonur ground station) and must be starting to move out of radio range of that station.

Time in orbit

Ground controllers did not know if a stable orbit had been achieved until 25 minutes after launch.

  • 06:17 UTC The Vostok rocket final stage shuts down, ten seconds later the spacecraft separates and Vostok 1 reaches orbit. (T+ 676 s) Gagarin reports, "The craft is operating normally. I can see Earth in the view port of the [Vzor] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help). Everything is proceeding as planned". Vostok 1 passes over Soviet Union and moves on over Siberia.
Part of the Vostok 1 control panel
  • 06:21 UTC Vostok 1 passes over the Kamchatka peninsula and out over the North Pacific Ocean. Gagarin radios, "...the lights are on on the descent mode monitor. I'm feeling fine, and I'm in good spirits. Cockpit parameters: pressure 1; humidity 65; temperature 20; pressure in the compartment 1; first automatic 155; second automatic 155; pressure in the retro-rocket system 320 atmospheres..."
  • 06:25 UTC As Vostok 1 begins its diagonal crossing of the Pacific Ocean from Kamchatka peninsula to the southern tip of South America, Gagarin asks, "What can you tell me about the flight? What can you tell me?". He is requesting information about his orbital parameters. The ground station at Khabarovsk reports back, "There are no instructions from No. 20 (Sergey Korolyov), and the flight is proceeding normally" They are telling Gagarin that they don't have his orbital parameters yet because the spacecraft has been in orbit for only 6 minutes, but the spacecraft systems are performing well.
  • 06:31 UTC Gagarin transmits to the Khabarovsk ground station, "I feel splendid, very well, very well, very well. Give me some results on the flight!". Vostok 1 is nearing the VHF radio horizon for Khabarovsk and they respond, "Repeat. I can't hear you very well". Gagarin transmits again, "I feel very good. Give me your data on the flight!" Vostok 1 passes out of VHF range of the Khabarovsk ground station and contact is lost.
  • 06:37 UTC Vostok 1 continues on its journey as the Sun sets over the North Pacific. Gagarin crosses into night, northwest of the Hawaiian Islands. Out of VHF range with ground stations, communications must now take place via HF radio.
  • 06:46 UTC Khabarovsk ground station sends the message "KK" via telegraph (on HF radio to Vostok 1). This message means, "Report the monitoring of commands." They were asking Gagarin to report when the spacecraft automated descent system had received its instructions from the ground control. Gagarin reported back at 06:48 UTC.
  • 06:48 UTC Vostok 1 crosses the equator at about 170° West, traveling in a south east direction and begins crossing the South Pacific. Gagarin transmits over HF radio, "I am transmitting the regular report message: 9 hours 48 minutes (Moscow Time), the flight is proceeding successfully. Spusk-1 is operating normally. The mobile index of the descent mode monitor is moving. Pressure in the cockpit is 1; humidity 65; temperature 20; pressure in the compartment 1.2 ... Manual 150; First automatic 155; second automatic 155; retro rocket system tanks 320 atmospheres. I feel fine..."
  • 06:49 UTC Gagarin reports he is on the night side of the Earth.
  • 06:51 UTC Gagarin reports the sun-seeking attitude control system has been switched on. The sun-seeking attitude control system is used to orient Vostok 1 for retrofire. The automated orientation system consisted of two redundant systems: an automatic/solar orientation system and a manual/visual orientation system. Either system could operate the two redundant cold nitrogen gas thruster systems, each with 10 kg (22 lb) of gas.
  • 06:53 UTC The Khabarovsk ground station sends Gagarin the following message via HF radio, "By order of No.33 (General Nikolai Kamanin) the transmitters have been switched on, and we are transmitting this: the flight is proceeding as planned and the orbit is as calculated." They tell Gagarin that Vostok 1 is in a stable orbit. He acknowledges the message.
  • 06:57 UTC Vostok 1 is over the South Pacific between New Zealand and Chile when Gagarin sends this message, "...I'm continuing the flight, and I'm over America. I transmitted the telegraph signal "ON".
  • 07:00 UTC Vostok 1 crosses the Strait of Magellan at the tip of South America. News of the Vostok 1 mission is broadcast on Radio Moscow.
Path of Gagarin's complete orbit; the landing point is west of the takeoff point because of the eastward rotation of the Earth.
  • 07:04 UTC Gagarin sends spacecraft status message, similar to the one sent at 06:48. The message is not received by ground stations.
  • 07:09 UTC Gagarin sends spacecraft status message, the message is not received by ground stations.
  • 07:10 UTC Passing over the South Atlantic, the Sun rises and Vostok 1 is in daylight again. Vostok 1 is 15 minutes from retrofire.
  • 07:13 UTC Gagarin sends spacecraft status message, similar to the one sent at 06:48. Moscow picks up this partial message from Gagarin, "I read you well. The flight is going..."
  • 07:18 UTC Gagarin sends spacecraft status message, the message is not received by ground stations.
  • 07:23 UTC Gagarin sends spacecraft status message, the message is not received by ground stations.

The automatic system brought Vostok 1 into alignment for retrofire about 1 hour into the flight.

Reentry and landing

At 07:25 UTC, the spacecraft's automatic systems brought it into the required attitude (orientation) for the reentry engine firing, and shortly afterwards, the engine firing occurred, also known as retrofire. This took place over the west coast of Africa, near Angola, about 8,000 km (5,000 mi) from the desired landing point. The liquid-fueled retrorockets fired for about 42 seconds.

Ten seconds after retrofire, commands were sent to separate the Vostok service module from the reentry module ([sharik] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)), but the Vostok equipment module unexpectedly remained attached to the reentry module by a bundle of wires. At around 07:35 UTC, the two halves of the spacecraft begin reentry and went through strong gyrations as Vostok 1 neared Egypt. At this point the wires broke, the two modules separated, and the descent module settled into the proper reentry attitude. Gagarin telegraphed "Everything is OK" despite continuing gyrations; he later reported that he did not want to "make noise" as he had (correctly) reasoned that the gyrations did not endanger the mission (and were apparently caused by the spherical shape of the reentry module).

As Gagarin continued his descent, he experienced about 8 g (Gagarin's own report states "over 10 g") during reentry but remained conscious.

At 07:55 UTC, when Vostok 1 was still 7 km from the ground, the hatch of the spacecraft was released, and two seconds later Gagarin was ejected. At 2.5 km (8,200 ft) altitude, the main parachute was deployed from the Vostok spacecraft. Two schoolgirls witnessed the Vostok landing and described the scene: "It was a huge ball, about two or three metres high. It fell, then it bounced and then it fell again. There was a huge hole where it hit the first time."

The Vostok 1 capsule on display at the RKK Energiya museum.

Gagarin's parachute opened almost right away, and about ten minutes later, at 08:05 UTC, Gagarin landed. Both he and the spacecraft landed via parachute 26 km (16 mi) south west of Engels, in the Saratov region at 51°16′14″N 45°59′50″E / 51.270682°N 45.99727°E / 51.270682; 45.99727. A farmer and her daughter observed the strange scene of a figure in a bright orange suit with a large white helmet landing near them by parachute. Gagarin later recalled, "When they saw me in my space suit and the parachute dragging alongside as I walked, they started to back away in fear. I told them, don't be afraid, I am a Soviet like you, who has descended from space and I must find a telephone to call Moscow!".

Reactions and legacy

Soviet reaction

The Soviet press later reported that minutes before boarding the spacecraft Gagarin made a speech: "Dear friends, you who are close to me, and you whom I do not know, fellow Russians, and people of all countries and all continents: In a few minutes a powerful space vehicle will carry me into the distant realm of space. What can I tell you in these last minutes before the launch? My whole life appears to me as one beautiful moment. All that I previously lived through and did, was lived through and done for the sake of this moment." He actually recorded the speech in Moscow.[9]: 274 

American reaction

Officially the U.S. congratulated the Soviet Union on its accomplishments.[32]

Writing for the New York Times shortly after the flight, however, journalist Arthur Krock described mixed feelings in the United States due to fears of the spaceflight's potential military implications for the cold war,[33] and the Detroit Free Press wrote that "the people of Washington, London, Paris and all points between might have been dancing in the streets" if it were not for "doubts and suspicions" about Soviet intentions.[34]. Other US writers reported worries that the spaceflight had won a propaganda victory on behalf of Communism.[35][36] President Kennedy was quoted as saying that it would be "some time" before the US could match the Soviet booster technology, and that "the news will be worse before it's better";[35] on the other hand, Kennedy also sent congratulations to the Soviet Union for their "outstanding technical achievement."[35] Opinion pages of many US newspapers urged renewed efforts to overtake the Soviet scientific accomplishments.[34]

Adlai Stevenson, then the US ambassador to the United Nations, was quoted as saying, "Now that the Soviet scientists have put a man into space and brought him back alive, I hope they will also help to bring the United Nations back alive,"[34] and on a more serious note urged international agreements covering the use of space[34] (which did not occur until the Outer Space Treaty of 1967).

Other world reactions

Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru of India praised the Soviets for "a great victory of man over the forces of nature"[35] and urged that it be "considered as a victory for peace."[34] The Economist voiced worries that orbital platforms might be used for surprise nuclear attacks.[34] The Svenska Dagbladet in Sweden chided "free countries" for "splitting up and frittering away" their resources,[34] while West Germany's Die Welt argued that America had the resources to have sent a man into space first but was beaten by Soviet purposefulness.[34] Japan's Yomiuri Shimbun urged "that both the United States and the Soviet Union should use their new knowledge and techniques for the good of mankind,"[34] and Egypt's Akhbar El Yom likewise expressed hopes that the cold war would "turn into a peaceful race in infinite space" and turn away from armed conflicts such as the Laotian Civil War.[34]

World record

The FAI rules in 1961 required that a pilot must land with the spacecraft to be considered an official spaceflight for the FAI record books. At the time, the Soviet Union insisted that Gagarin had landed with the Vostok; the government forced the cosmonaut to lie in press conferences, and the FAI certified the flight. The Soviet Union admitted in 1971 that Gagarin had ejected and landed separately from the Vostok descent module.[9]: 283 

When Soviet officials filled out the FAI papers to register the flight of Vostok 1, they stated that the launch site was Baykonur at 47°22′00″N 65°29′00″E / 47.36667°N 65.48333°E / 47.36667; 65.48333. In reality, the launch site was near Tyuratam at 45°55′12.72″N 63°20′32.32″E / 45.9202000°N 63.3423111°E / 45.9202000; 63.3423111, 250 km (160 mi) to the south west of "Baykonur". They did this to try to keep the location of the Space Center a secret.[9]: 284  In 1995, Russian and Kazakh officials renamed Tyuratam Baikonur.

Legacy

Commemorative monument, Vostok-1 landing site near Engels, Russia.

The landing site is now a monument park. The central feature in the park is a 25 meter tall monument that consists of a silver metallic rocketship rising on a curved metallic column of flame, from a wedge shaped, white stone base. In front of this is a 3 meter tall, white stone statue of Yuri Gagarin, with one arm raised in greeting and the other holding a space helmet. The statue is wearing a spacesuit.[37][38][39]

The Vostok 1 re-entry capsule is now on display at the museum of RKK Energiya in Korolyov, near Moscow.

In 2011, documentary film maker Christopher Riley partnered with European Space Agency astronaut Paolo Nespoli to film a new view of what Gagarin would have seen of the Earth from his spaceship, by matching video from the International Space Station to the ground path taken by Vostok 1. The resulting film, First Orbit, is being released online to celebrate the 50th anniversary of human spaceflight.[40]

Notes

  1. ^ "Google Maps - Vostok 1 Landing Site - Monument". Retrieved 2010-12-25.
  2. ^ "Google Maps - Vostok 1 Landing Site - Monument Photo". Retrieved 2010-12-25.
  3. ^ a b Siddiqi, p.275
  4. ^ "Google Maps - Vostok 1 Launch Pad - Gagarin's Start photo". Retrieved 2010-12-25.
  5. ^ a b c d "Vostok 1 - NSSDC ID: 1961-012A". NASA.
  6. ^ a b c "Aviation and Space World Records". Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI). Retrieved 2009-03-12.
  7. ^ Bond, Peter (7 April 2003), "Obituary: Lt-Gen Kerim Kerimov", The Independent, London, retrieved 2009-03-11 [dead link‍]
  8. ^ See Siddiqi, p.280. The official FAI record is given for 108 minutes.
  9. ^ a b c d e Siddiqi, Asif A. Challenge To Apollo: The Soviet Union and the Space Race, 1945-1974. NASA.
  10. ^ Burgess and Hall, p.140
  11. ^ Quoted in Burgess and Hall, p.140-141
  12. ^ Burgess and Hall, p.141. The press said that Titov was so happy for Gagarin that he almost kissed him, but Titov denies this - Burgess and Hall, p.145.
  13. ^ Siddiqi, p.272, also Burgess and Hall, p.142
  14. ^ Burgess and Hall, p.151
  15. ^ http://rt.com/news/gagarin-space-anniversary-history/
  16. ^ Hall and Shayler, p.148-149
  17. ^ Burgess and Hall, p.156
  18. ^ Burgess and Hall, p.150
  19. ^ Burgess and Hall, p.150
  20. ^ Siddiqi, p.273
  21. ^ Burgess and Hall, p.151
  22. ^ Burgess and Hall, p.151. During a post-flight press conference on April 15, Alexander Nesmeyanov claimed that Gagarin took a sleeping pill. Also, Siddiqi, p.273, claims that they were both asleep at 9:30pm when Korolev came to visit them, but Burgess and Hall, p.151, says Korolev spoke with them at this time.
  23. ^ Siddiqi, p.273; In a post-flight press conference, Gagarin also stated that he slept well.
  24. ^ Burgess and Hall, p.153.
  25. ^ Siddiqi, p.273
  26. ^ Burgess and Hall, p.153
  27. ^ a b c Siddiqi, p.274
  28. ^ Siddiqi, p.276; neither Siddiqi, nor Hall and Shayler claim that music was actually played after this request.
  29. ^ Siddiqi describes is as a "tranquilizer pill", while Hall and Shayler describe it as a "cardiac pill".
  30. ^ Siddiqi, p.276
  31. ^ Hall and Shayler, p.150
  32. ^ "UPI Radio - 1961 Year In Review". UPI Audio Network. {{cite episode}}: External link in |transcripturl= (help); Missing or empty |series= (help); Unknown parameter |transcripturl= ignored (|transcript-url= suggested) (help)
  33. ^ Arthur Krock, "In The Nation; Concentration of Science on Outer Space," New York Times p. 28, April 14, 1961. But because of the distrust that now exists among the great nations, and has plunged them into huge programs of deadly rearmament, an achievement by one which carries a clear and direct potential of military supremacy engenders fear of its use. ... And so it has become as impossible for either of the groups divided by the cold war to welcome unreservedly such feats as Major Gagarin's in the opposite camp."
  34. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Opinion of the Week: At Home and Abroad," New York Times p. E11 (April 16, 1961). Quotes of reactions from many US and international sources.
  35. ^ a b c d "Man in Space", New York Times p. E1 (April 16, 1961).
  36. ^ Harry Schwartz, "Moscow: Flight is taken as another sign that communism is the conquering wave," New York Times p. E3 (April 16, 1961).
  37. ^ "Google Maps - Vostok 1 Landing Site - Monument Park Location - Satellite photo". Retrieved 2010-12-26.
  38. ^ "Google Maps - Vostok 1 Landing Site - Rocket Monument photo". Retrieved 2010-12-26.
  39. ^ "Google Maps - Vostok 1 Landing Site - Yuri Gagarin Statue photo". Retrieved 2010-12-26.
  40. ^ Amos, Jonathan (23 March 2011). "Movie recreates Gagarin's spaceflight". BBC News. Retrieved 27 March 2011.

References

  • Colin Burgess, Rex Hall (June 2, 2010). The first Soviet cosmonaut team: their lives, legacy, and historical impact. Praxis. p. 356. ISBN 0387848231.
  • Rex Hall, David Shayler (May 18, 2001). The rocket men: Vostok & Voskhod, the first Soviet manned spaceflights. Springer. p. 350. ISBN 185233391X.

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