Urdu in the United Kingdom
| British Urdu | |
|---|---|
| برطانوی اردو | |
| Pronunciation | [ˈbəɾt̪ɑːnʋiː ˈʊrduː] |
| Ethnicity | British Asians |
| Speakers | 270,000 (2021) |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-1 | ur |
| ISO 639-2 | urd |
| ISO 639-3 | urd |
| Glottolog | urdu1245 Urdu |
Urdu in the United Kingdom (Urdu: برطانیہ میں اردو) is the fourth most commonly spoken language. It is seen as the lingua franca for around two million British South Asians.[1] According to the 2021 census, 270,000 people (0.5% of UK residents) listed Urdu as their main language, an increase of 1,000 from 2011.[2] Ethnologue reports the total number of Urdu speakers in the UK at over 400,000.[3] Since the 1990s, the Department of Health has issued patient information (pamphlets etc.) in Urdu in conjunction with local authorities,[4] which has also led other organisations, institutions and councils to publish public information in Urdu.
Education
[edit]History
[edit]Britain's Anglophone tradition and inheritance centralises English as the national lingua and vernacular. Radical opportunities exist, however, for the productive growth of minority Commonwealth migrant languages such as Urdu and Punjabi, particularly in curriculum-based education,[5] and many Urdu literary societies exist in the UK,[1]: 334 such as the CU Urdu society.[6] The history of Urdu in British Education can be traced to as early as the 1800s when, under one of its old names, Hindustani,[1] it was being taught to EIC recruits and civil servants, which was mandatory for those wishing to join the Indian Civil Service.[7] For this reason, the East India Company founded the Oriental Institute in London, in 1816.[8]
In Britain, Urdu has been standardised for education, and opportunities to incorporate Urdu as part of teaching exist all the way from primary education to a PhD in Urdu. Urdu books are also widely found in British libraries, where in 1967, Britain's first Urdu library was opened in Nottingham.[8]
England and Wales
[edit]In 1841, a grammar school in Gloucester began teaching Urdu to British children, which entailed other institutions to follow, such as the University College, London, followed by the University of Oxford and the University of Cambridge by 1859.[1]: 333
Curriculum-wise, students in the UK are able to take Urdu as a GCSE and A-Level subject,[9] which is examined by the AQA and Edexcel exam-board,[10][11] and in 2015, Manchester Metropolitan University became the first university in the UK to offer an Urdu degree.[12] Around 5,000 students in England take Urdu as a GCSE subject every year,[13] and as per Ofqual, in 2024, 4,155 students certified in GCSE Urdu, an increase of 9% from the year before.[14]
Scotland
[edit]Urdu became the first non-European language which was recognised at a Higher level, back in 2006, when the SQA (Scottish Qualifications Authority) incorporated Urdu as a Higher subject for the first time.[15] In 2022, 90 students partook an Urdu exam at Higher level.[16]
Media
[edit]Periodicals
[edit]1880s-1920s
[edit]
One of the earliest Urdu periodicals in the UK was established in London during the 1880-90s, and was known as the Ainah-e-Angrezi Saudagri (آئینۂ انگریزی سوداگری) – Mirror of British Merchandise and, undoubtedly, it revolved mainly around trade relations with the Raj.[18]: 13 Following this, Urdu periodicals transpired during the First World War, when the Urdu press was established by the British government during the 1910s, when publications like Jangi Akhbar (the War Journal) emerged, shortly after Urdu captions being discontinued from the pictorial newspaper Al-Haqiqah – the Truth. Similar newspapers, like the فوجی اخبار (Fauji Akhbar – the Military Newspaper) also existed in London.[8] It carried on until 1919, post World War I, which paved way for the Taswiri Akhbar (the Pictorial News) paper.[18]: 18–19 In 1920, a newspaper by the name of ہند – Hind (which was later rebranded to United India) was established by some Indian students, which supposedly held on until 1930.[8][18]: 21–22
Immigration Era Press
[edit]The wave of migrants during the 1950s from South Asian countries like India and Pakistan, following World War II, introduced the modern era of Urdu periodicals in Britain. These Urdu papers were distinct in their approach and pattern of ownership and coverage. Urdu papers up until 1965 were all launched by immigrants from Pakistan[18]: 37 and quickly became the source of communication for immigrants from Pakistan and Azad Kashmir, due to the lack of coverage of news in British media regarding their homeland.
Weekly newspapers such as نوائے وقت – Nawa-e-Waqt (The Voice of the Time) published 'overseas editions' that were sent over to Britain, however, due to issues in logistics, it was unable to satisfy demand and eventually collapsed.[18] In 1961, a weekly by the name of مشرق – Mashriq ('The East') was launched by a student, along with an editor of a Pakistani daily. The Mashriq, which published stories from the Pothohar Plateau from London, was embraced by the immigrants at the time, as a source of unity for a various reasons.[19][18]: 27–29
As a modern paper, it introduced advertisements for various industries, such as the Urdu magazines and Urdu cinemas. The paper would print rights on the columns to raise awareness. It continued on until the 1970s, when its decline came about due to the rise of the daily Urdu press.[18] The Mashriq remained as the sole Urdu newspaper in Britain during this period until the launch of the weekly 'Asia' from Birmingham, setup by a Pakistani journalist from Azad Kashmir. It was eventually taken over by 'Mashriq' in 1969 to be turned into a daily in '71, however this again did not last as the paper turned into a weekly a year later, before finally disappearing.
The first non-Pakistani Urdu paper was published by an Indian Punjabi in August 1965, and was known as ملاپ – Milap (Reunion). Other weeklies like اخبارِ وطن – Akhbar-e-Watan (News of the Homeland) were brought out in London, in 1969 by the veteran journalist Inayat Ullah, who also launched The Mashriq, followed by جنگ – the Daily Jang (The War) in 1971. The latter is one of the few papers that has published regularly since its inception. Since then, many weekly, fortnightly, and monthly Urdu language periodicals were once published in the UK.[20][18]: 37–39
21st century
[edit]Aside from BBC Urdu, The Independent, which was previously a print newspaper, operates an Urdu-branded website, which began in 2018.[21] The Daily Al-Fazl, run by the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community, which started in Qadian, India, launched its weekly international service in 1994. Since 2015, Al-Fazl has shifted to Tilford, Surrey where it is published from.[22] Other newspapers like the Daily Jang continue to operate a London Edition, which can be obtained from libraries.[citation needed]
Digital Media
[edit]Television
[edit]BBC Urdu Service, part of the BBC News network, is based in London and covers relevant news in the Urdu language, typically aimed towards middle-class Urdu speakers. It serves as a bridge for the Pakistani diaspora and certain parts of the Indian diaspora in the UK.[23][24][25] In 2024, the Easter Sunday service at the Canterbury Cathedral, which was broadcast by the BBC included a segment in which the Lord's Prayer was led in Urdu, along with subtitles in English.[26]
Other renowned Urdu television stations, usually based in Pakistan, such as PTV and ARY Digital are also typically broadcast on the Sky platform,[citation needed] while some Pakistani Urdu dramas are also broadcast on Indian channels like Zee Entertainment.[27]
Radio
[edit]The BBC Urdu service began its radio service back in 1940, when it was known as 'BBC Hindustani', launched to mitigate wartime misinformation. Following the Partition of India, it was renamed to 'BBC Urdu', and continued until 2022 after which it was discontinued.[28][29] Many other radio stations in Urdu are broadcast throughout the UK. A rugby match featuring the Huddersfield Giants was broadcast on a local station with Urdu commentary.[30]
Geographic distribution
[edit]The largest Urdu-speaking communities in the UK are predominantly found in Northern England.[31] Urdu is the most spoken language, after English, in cities like Manchester,[32] where in certain areas like Rusholme, Longsight and Cheetham Hill, signs and posters in Urdu are a common sight, and often used to promote businesses and products.[citation needed] London and Bradford are considered two major Urdu centres, among cities like Islamabad, Karachi and Hyderabad.[1]: 334
| City | Region | Number | Percentage |
|---|---|---|---|
| Birmingham | West Midlands | 25,131 | 2.28% |
| Manchester | North West England | 17,672 | 3.31% |
| Bradford | Yorkshire and the Humber | 15,270 | 2.91% |
| Luton | London | 8,714 | 4.04% |
| Redbridge | 8,315 | 2.79% | |
| Newham | 7,438 | 2.21% | |
| Bolton | North West England | 7,144 | 2.51% |
| Kirklees | Yorkshire and the Humber | 6,857 | 1.64% |
| Slough | South East England | 6,497 | 4.28% |
| Oldham | North West England | 5,598 | 2.41% |
| Rochdale | 5,218 | 2.43% |
Politics
[edit]Queen Victoria was taught to write Urdu after requesting her servant Abdul Karim, who had arrived in England to deliver a seal mark celebrating the Queen's Golden Jubilee.[34] She began learning in 1887, and also began keeping a diary written in Urdu, which she called her 'Hindustani Journal', totalling 13 volumes altogether.[35]
When Pakistani-origin Scottish MSP Bashir Ahmad was elected to the Scottish parliament in 2007, he took his oath in both English and Urdu.[36] Similarly, the ex-First Minister of Scotland, Humza Yousaf, also took his oath in Urdu when he became an MP in 2016.[37]
See also
[edit]
- List of English words of Hindi or Urdu origin
- Glossary of the British Raj
- Roman Urdu
- BBC Urdu
- Languages of the United Kingdom
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d e Khan, Abdul Jamil (2006). Urdu/Hindi : an artificial divide ; African heritage, Mesopotamian roots, Indian culture & British colonialism. Algora Publ. ISBN 0-87586-437-6. OCLC 836277434.
- ^ "Language, England and Wales - Office for National Statistics". www.ons.gov.uk. Retrieved 2023-01-25.
- ^ "Ethnologue report for United Kingdom". Ethnologue. Retrieved 11 April 2015.
- ^ Britain, David (2007-08-23), "Map of the British Isles", Language in the British Isles, Cambridge University Press, pp. xiii–xiv, doi:10.1017/cbo9780511620782.001, ISBN 9780521794886, retrieved 2023-04-20
- ^ Marsh, David (2012). "Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL). A Development Trajectory". University of Córdoba.
- ^ "CU Urdu Society". www.cambridgesu.co.uk. Retrieved 2023-04-21.
- ^ Elisabetta Zuanelli Sonino, ed. (1989). Literacy in school and society : multidisciplinary perspectives. New York: Plenum Press. ISBN 978-1-4899-0909-1. OCLC 646534330.
- ^ a b c d Farooqi, Muhammad Aslam (2021-08-05). "برطانیہ میں اردو کی ترقی" [The development of Urdu in Britain]. Adbi Miras (in Urdu). Retrieved 2023-05-02.
- ^ "An investigation of inter-subject comparability in GCSEs and A levels in summer 2021". GOV.UK. Retrieved 2023-01-25.
- ^ "Urdu". www.aqa.org.uk. Retrieved 2023-04-20.
- ^ "Edexcel A level Urdu (2018) | Pearson qualifications". qualifications.pearson.com. Retrieved 2023-04-21.
- ^ "UK's first Urdu degree offered by Manchester Metropolitan University". BBC News. 2015-03-27. Retrieved 2023-04-20.
- ^ "How to boost grades? Let Polish pupils sit Polish language exams". The Independent. 2015-08-20. Retrieved 2023-04-20.
- ^ "GCSE subject combinations and outcomes". analytics.ofqual.gov.uk. Retrieved 2024-08-23.
- ^ "Pupils set for Higher Urdu exam". 2006-03-10. Retrieved 2023-04-20.
- ^ "Course report 2022" (PDF). www.sqa.org.uk.
- ^ Garcia, Maria Isabel Maldonado. "The Urdu language reforms." Studies 26 (2011): 97.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Qaisrani, Sajid Mansoor (1990). Urdu press in Britain (1st ed.). Islambad: Mashal Publications. p. 13. ISBN 969-8094-00-8. OCLC 22907965.
- ^ فتح, پرویز (2022-06-01). "برطانیہ میں محمود ہاشمی جرنلسٹ ایوارڈز". ہم سب (in Urdu). Retrieved 2023-12-12.
- ^ Aziz, Qutubuddin (1989). Pakistan and the British media (1st ed.). Karachi, Pakistan: Royal Book Co. ISBN 969-407-088-0. OCLC 20543424.
- ^ Waterson, Jim (2018-07-19). "Independent joins Saudi group to launch Middle East websites". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2023-04-20.
- ^ "الفضل لندن، ربوہ، قادیان | جماعت احمدیہ مسلمہ عالمگیر". www.alislam.org. Retrieved 2024-02-29.
- ^ Great Britain. Parliament. House of Commons. Foreign Affairs Committee (2010). The work of the BBC World Service 2008-09 : third report of session 2009-10 : report, together with formal minutes, oral and written evidence. London: Stationery Office. ISBN 978-0-215-54382-0. OCLC 551499564.
- ^ Marie Gillespie; Alban Webb, eds. (2013). Diasporas and diplomacy : cosmopolitan contact zones at the BBC World Service (1932-2012). New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-203-12515-1. OCLC 823230212.
It is aimed at an international Urdu-knowing middle-class rather than a mass audience in one country and to that extent serves a different purpose. But it has given the service a new global profile in an increasing competitive multimedia world.
- ^ Gillespie, Marie; Webb, Alban (2013). Diasporas and Diplomacy: Cosmopolitan Contact Zones at the BBC World Service (1932-2012). Routledge. p. 167. ISBN 978-0-415-50880-3.
The Urdu Service reflected the life of the Asian community in Britain for the benefit of target audiences in India and Pakistan. In that sense the service acted as a bridge between the diaspora and their home communities. But it was only in the 1990s, with the emergence of satellite communication, that Asian audiences in Britain acquired much easier access to BBC service for Asia and to Indian and Pakistani TV channels. From the late 1970s, the Urdu service broadcast a number of ambitious feature programmes which reflected the increasingly global character of the Urdu speaking community. For example, after the oil price hike of 1973, the Gulf exploded as a destination for Pakistanis and Indians, many of them in professional jobs but hundreds of thousands employed as laborers with minimal rights.
- ^ Swerling, Gabriella (2024-03-31). "Lord's Prayer read in Urdu and Swahili during Canterbury Cathedral Easter service". The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Archived from the original on 2024-03-31. Retrieved 2024-04-01.
- ^ "ZEE TV UK to extend Urdu content with launch of 'Suno Chanda'". www.bizasialive.com. 2022-05-15. Retrieved 2023-04-30.
- ^ Webb, Alban; Gillespie, Marie (2013). Diasporas and Diplomacy Cosmopolitan: Contact Zones at the BBC World Service (1932-2012). Routledge. p. 157. ISBN 9780415508803.
- ^ "After nearly two decades, BBC Urdu ends its radio news bulletins in Pakistan". Arab News. 2022-12-31. Retrieved 2024-04-01.
- ^ Finnegan, Stephanie (2017-02-24). "Multilingual coverage of Huddersfield Giants v Hull FC". Yorkshire Live. Retrieved 2024-04-01.
- ^ "ATLAS - Urdu: Introduction". www.ucl.ac.uk. Retrieved 2023-04-20.
- ^ "'Manchester is Britain's city of languages'". Manchester is Britain’s city of languages. Retrieved 2023-04-30.
- ^ "Language, England and Wales - Office for National Statistics". www.ons.gov.uk. Retrieved 2023-04-20.
- ^ "Queen Victoria and Abdul: Diaries reveal secrets". BBC News. 14 March 2011.
- ^ "Queen Victoria's Love Story With Urdu". PRATHA. 2021-02-20. Retrieved 2023-05-21.
- ^ "Scotland's first Muslim MSP dies". BBC. 6 February 2009. Retrieved 19 May 2015.
- ^ "Watch: PM of Scotland Humza Yousaf's oath in Urdu as MP in 2016". The Siasat Daily. 2023-04-06. Retrieved 2023-04-20.
Further reading
[edit]- "MSPs to take oaths in six languages". news.stv.tv.
- Romanized school dictionary, English and Urdu (in English and Urdu). Calcutta: Calcutta School Book Society. 1816. pp. 182. Archived from the original on October 19, 2018. Retrieved Oct 18, 2018 – via archive.org.