Upper Cross River languages
Appearance
(Redirected from Upper Cross languages)
Upper Cross River | |
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Upper Cross | |
Geographic distribution | SE Nigeria |
Linguistic classification | Niger–Congo?
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Subdivisions |
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Glottolog | uppe1418 |
The Upper Cross River languages form a branch of the Cross River languages of Cross River State, Nigeria. The most populous languages are Lokö and Mbembe, with 100,000 speakers.
Languages
[edit]The internal structure per Cornell (1994), reproduced in Williamson and Blench (2000), is as follows:
Upper Cross |
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Names and locations
[edit]Below is a list of language names, populations, and locations from Blench (2019).[1]
Language | Branch | Cluster | Dialects | Alternate spellings | Own name for language | Endonym(s) | Other names (location-based) | Other names for language | Exonym(s) | Speakers | Location(s) | |
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Agọi | Agoi | WaGọi | Ibami | Ro Bambami | Wa Bambami | 3,650 (1953); estimated 12,000 (Faraclas 1989) | Cross River State, Obubra LGA, Agoi–Ekpo, Ekom–Agoi, Agoi–Ibami and Itu–Agoi towns | |||||
Kiọng | Akoiyang, Äkäyöñ, Okoyong, Okonyong | Spoken only by old people, younger generation speak Efik | Cross River State, Odukpani and Akamkpa LGAs | |||||||||
Kọrọp | Durop, Kurop | Kòṛ óp̣ | Ododop | 12,500 total (1982 SIL) | Cross River State, Odukpani and Akamkpa LGAs; and in Cameroon | |||||||
Legbo | East–West | Gbo | Legbo | Agbo | Itigidi | Igbo Imaban | 18,500 (1963); 30,000 (1973 SIL) | Cross River State, Obubra LGA; Abia State, Afikpo LGA | ||||
Lenyima | East–West | Anyima | Inyima | Cross River State, Obubra LGA | ||||||||
Leyigha | East–West | Ayiga, Yigha | Asiga | 3,150 (1953) | Cross River State, Obubra LGA | |||||||
Lokәә | East–West | Ugep, Nkpam | Lokә, Lokö | Yakạ, Yakә, Yakurr, Yakö | Ugep | 38,200 (1953); 100,000 (1973 SIL) | Cross River State, Obubra LGA | |||||
Lubila | East–West | Kabila | Ojor, Kabila, Kaibre, Kabire | Cross River State, Akamkpa LGA, at Ojo Nkomba, and Ojo Akangba | ||||||||
Mbembe | East–West | Adun, Okom (Eghom) (sub–dialects: Apiapum, Ohana, Onyen), Osopong (Ezopong), Ofombonga (Ewumbonga), Ofonokpan, Okorogbana, Ekama (Akam) in Ikom LGA, Oferikpe in Abakaliki LGA | Okam, Oderiga, Wakande, Ifunubwa, Ekokoma, Ofunobwan (per Thomas) | 35,600 (1953); 100,000 (1982 UBS) | Cross River State, Obubra and Ikom LGAs; Anambra State, Abakaliki LGA | |||||||
Nkukoli | East–West | Nkokolle | Lokukoli | Ekuri | 17,831 (1926 Talbot); 10,000 (1973 SIL) | Cross River State, Ikom, Obubra and Akamkpa LGAs, Iko Ekperem Development Area | ||||||
Olulumọ–Ikọm cluster | East–West | Olulumọ–Ikọm | Òkúní | 9,250 (1953) | Cross River State, Ikom LGA | |||||||
Olulumọ | East–West | Olulumọ–Ikọm | Òlúlùmọ | 1,730 (1953); 5,000 (Faraclas 1989) | ||||||||
Ikọm | East–West | Olulumọ–Ikọm | 7,520 (1953); 25,000 (Faraclas 1989) | |||||||||
Bakpinka | East–West | Iyongiyong, Iyoniyong | Uwet | Begbungba | Cross River State, Akamkpa LGA | |||||||
Doko–Uyanga | East–West | Dọsanga | Basanga | Iko | Several towns | Cross River State, Akamkpa LGA | ||||||
Ukpet–Ehom cluster | East–West | Ukpet–Ehom | Akpet–Ehom | Cross River State, Akamkpa LGA | ||||||||
Ukpet | East–West | Ukpet–Ehom | Akpet | |||||||||
Ehom | East–West | Ukpet–Ehom | Ubeteng | Ebeteng | ||||||||
Kukele | North–South | 4 dialects in north, 3 in south, Ugbala, Mtezi and Mtezi–Iteeji in Anambra State, Abakaliki LGA | Ukele, Ukelle | Kukele | Bakele | 31,700 (1953); 40,000 (1980 UBS) | Cross River State, Ogoja LGA; Anambra State, Abakaliki LGA; Benue State, Okpokwu and Oju LGAs; and in Cameroon | |||||
Ubaghara cluster | North–South | Ubaghara | 30,000 (1985 UBS) | Cross River State, Akamkpa LGA | ||||||||
Biakpan | North–South | Ubaghara | Ubaghara Development Area | |||||||||
Ikun | North–South | Ubaghara | Ubaghara Development Area | |||||||||
Etono | North–South | Ubaghara | Ubaghara Development Area | |||||||||
Ugbem | North–South | Ubaghara | Egup–Ita Development Area | |||||||||
Utuma | North–South | Ubaghara | Umon Development Area | |||||||||
Kohumono | North–South | Kohumono | KoHumono | BaHumono, sg. Òhúmónò | Ediba (under Ekurĩ (Thomas) | Ekumuru, Ìkúmúrú, Ìkúmóró (Igbo name); Àtàm (Efik name) | 11,870 (1952) | Cross River State, Abi and Obubra LGA | ||||
KOIN (Kalaḅarị–Okrika–Ịḅanị–Nkọrọ) | North–South | Kohumono | Kalaḅarị, Kịrịkẹ (Okrika), Ịḅanị dialects and the isolated lect Nkọrọ Kokura (Bura Kokura), belonging to the Tera cluster | Rivers State, Asari–Toru, Degema, Bonny, Okrika, and Port Harcourt LGAs | ||||||||
Oring cluster | North–South | Oring | Orri | Koring | at least 25,000 (1952 RGA); 75,000 (Faraclas 1989) | Benue State, Okpokwu LGA; Anambra State, Ishielu LGA | ||||||
Ufia | North–South | Oring | Utonkon | 12,300 (1952 RGA) | Benue State, Okpokwu LGA | |||||||
Ufiom | North–South | Oring | Effium | 3,000 (1952 RGA) | Benue State, Okpokwu LGA; Anambra State, Ishielu LGA | |||||||
Okpoto | North–South | Oring | 6,350 (1952 RGA) | Anambra State, Ishielu LGA | ||||||||
Umon | North–South | Amon | 25 villages | Cross River State, Akamkpa LGA | ||||||||
Uzekwe | North–South | Ezekwe | 5,000 (1973 SIL) | Cross River State, Ogoja LGA | ||||||||
Agwagwune cluster | North–South | Agwagwune | Agwa–Gwunɛ | 20,000 (SIL) | Cross River State, Akamkpa LGA | |||||||
Agwagwune | North–South | Agwagwune | Gwune | Agwagwune | Akunakuna (not recommended), Akurakura (of Koelle) | Cross River State, Akamkpa LGA, Egup–Ipa Development Area | ||||||
Erei | North–South | Agwagwune | Ezei | Enna | Cross River State, Akamkpa LGA, Erei Development Area | |||||||
Abini | North–South | Agwagwune | Bini, Abiri | Obini | Cross River State, Akamkpa LGA, Egup–Ipa Development Area | |||||||
Adim | North–South | Agwagwune | Arәm, Dim | Odim | Orum | Cross River State, Akamkpa LGA, Egup–Ipa Development Area | ||||||
Abayongo | North–South | Agwagwune | Bayono, Bayino | Cross River State, Akamkpa LGA, Egup–Ipa Development Area | ||||||||
Etono II | North–South | Agwagwune | Etuno | Cross River State, Akamkpa LGA, Ubaghara Development Area |
Reconstruction
[edit]A reconstruction of Proto-Upper Cross River has been proposed by Gerrit Dimmendaal (1978).[2]
See also
[edit]- List of Proto-Upper Cross River reconstructions (Wiktionary)
References
[edit] This article incorporates text available under the CC BY 3.0 license.
External links
[edit]- ComparaLex, database with Upper Cross River word lists