Tuoba language
Tuoba | |
---|---|
Tabγač, Taγbač | |
Native to | Tuoba |
Region | Northern China and Mongolia |
Ethnicity | Tuoba |
Era | 5th century |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | None (mis ) |
Tuoba (Tabγač or Tabghach; also Taγbač or Taghbach; Chinese: 拓跋) is an extinct language spoken by the Tuoba people in northern China around the 5th century AD during the Northern Wei dynasty.
Classification
[edit]Alexander Vovin (2007) identifies the Tuoba language as a Mongolic language.[1]
On the other hand, Juha Janhunen proposed that the Tuoba might have spoken an Oghur Turkic language.[2] According to Peter Boodberg, the Tuoba language was essentially Turkic with Mongolic admixture.[3] Chen Sanping noted that the Tuoba language "had both" Turkic and Mongolic elements.[4][5]
Liu Xueyao stated that Tuoba may have had their own language, which should not be assumed to be identical with any other known languages.[6]
Andrew Shimunek (2017) classifies Tuoba (Taghbach) as a "Serbi" (i.e., para-Mongolic) language. Shimunek's Serbi branch also consists of the Tuyuhun and Khitan languages.[7]
Morphology
[edit]Some functional suffixes are:[7]
- *-A(y) ~ *ʁa(y) ‘verbal noun suffix’
- *-Al ~ *-l ‘deverbal noun suffix’
- **čɪ ~ **či ‘suffix denoting occupations’ <cognates with Turkic suffix "-či"
- **-mɔr/-mʊr (萬) ‘deverbal noun suffix’ <cognates with Turkic suffix "-mur"[8]
- **-n ‘plural suffix’
Lexicon
[edit]Selected basic Taghbach words from Shimunek (2017) are listed below. Forms reconstructed using the comparative method are marked with one asterisk (*), while forms reconstructed according to the Chinese fanqie spellings and/or rhymes of the traditional Chinese philological tradition are marked with two asterisks (**) (originally marked as ✩ by Shimunek 2017).[7]
Taghbach (reconstructed form) | Taghbach (original Chinese transcription) | English meaning | Original Chinese gloss |
---|---|---|---|
*agyɪl ~ *agɪl | 屋引 | house | 房 |
*čʰɪrnɔ | 叱奴 | wolf | 狼 |
**dɪʁa | 地何 | writing, book, document | 書 |
**ɦatśir̃ | 阿真 | food | 飲食 |
*ɦorbǝl | 嗢盆 | warmth | 溫 |
*ɪrgɪn | 俟懃 | above, superior | 尚 |
**kʰɪl- | 乞 | to speak | - |
**kʰɪr- | 契 | to kill someone | 殺人 |
**kʰɪrʁayčɪn | 契害真 | assassins | 殺人者 |
*ñaqañ | 若干 | dog | 狗 |
*pary-al | 拔列 | bridge | 梁 |
**pʰatala | 破多羅 | rice water | 潘 |
*qɔw/*qəw | 侯 | pig, boar | 亥 |
**tʰaʁ | 托 | dirt, soil, earth | 土 |
*tʰʊʁnar | 土難 | mountain | 山 |
**tʰʊʁay | 吐奚 | ancient | 古 |
*uwl/*ʊwl | 宥連 | cloud | 雲 |
*yirtʊqañ/*yirtʊqan | 壹斗眷 | bright | 明 |
*žirpəŋ | 是賁 | raised earth, embankment | 封 |
**žiʁlʊ | 是樓 | high, tall | 高 |
References
[edit]Citations
[edit]![](http://up.wiki.x.io/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png)
- ^ Vovin, Alexander. "Once Again on the Tabghach Language".
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(help) - ^ Juha Janhunen, (1996), Manchuria: An Ethnic History, p. 190
- ^ Holcombe, Charles (2001). The Genesis of East Asia: 221 B.C. - A.D. 907. p. 132.
- ^ Chen, Sanping 2005. Turkic or Proto-Mongolian? A Note on the Tuoba Language. Central Asiatic Journal 49.2: 161-73.
- ^ Holcombe 2001, p. 248
- ^ Liu Xueyao p. 83-86
- ^ a b c Shimunek, Andrew (2017). Languages of Ancient Southern Mongolia and North China: a Historical-Comparative Study of the Serbi or Xianbei Branch of the Serbi-Mongolic Language Family, with an Analysis of Northeastern Frontier Chinese and Old Tibetan Phonology. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 978-3-447-10855-3. OCLC 993110372.
- ^ https://www.nisanyansozluk.com/ek/%2BmUr [bare URL]
Bibliography
[edit]- Liu, Xueyao (2005). 歷代胡族王朝之民族政策. 知書房出版集團. ISBN 9789867151018.
- Liu, Xueyao (2012). 鮮卑列國:大興安嶺傳奇. 三聯書店(香港)有限公司. ISBN 9789628904327.