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Suzuka International Racing Course

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Suzuka International Racing Course

LocationSuzuka, Mie Prefecture, Japan
Time zoneUTC+09:00
Coordinates34°50′30″N 136°32′20″E / 34.8417°N 136.5389°E / 34.8417; 136.5389
Capacity155,000
FIA Grade1
OwnerHonda Motor Co., Ltd.
OperatorHonda Mobilityland
OpenedSeptember 1962; 62 years ago (1962-09)
ArchitectJohn Hugenholtz[1][2][3][4]
Major eventsCurrent:
Formula One
Japanese Grand Prix (1987–2006, 2009–2019, 2022–present)
FIM EWC
Suzuka 8 Hours (1978–2019, 2022–present)
GT World Challenge Asia (2017–2019, 2022–2024)
Super GT (1993, 1995–present)
Super Formula (1973–present)
Future:
Suzuka 1000 km (1966–1973, 1980–2019, 2025)
Former:
Grand Prix motorcycle racing
Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix (1987–1998, 2000–2003)
WTCR Race of Japan
(2011–2014, 2018–2019)
FIA GT (1997–1998)
NASCAR Thunder Special Suzuka (1996–1997)
World Sportscar Championship (1989–1992)
Websitewww.suzukacircuit.jp
Grand Prix Circuit (2003–present)
Length5.807 km (3.608 miles)
Turns18
Race lap record1:30.983 (United Kingdom Lewis Hamilton, Mercedes W10, 2019, F1)
Motorcycle Grand Prix Circuit (2004–present)
Length5.821 km (3.618 miles)
Turns17
Race lap record2:04.387 (Japan Takumi Takahashi, Honda CBR1000RR, 2019, SBK)
East Circuit (1987–present)
Length2.243 km (1.394 miles)
Turns7
Race lap record0:48.245 (Japan Toshihiro Kaneishi, Dallara F399, 1999, F3)
West Circuit (1987–present)
Length3.466 km (2.154 miles)
Turns9
Race lap record0:58.396 (Japan Toranosuke Takagi, Reynard 2KL, 2000, Formula Nippon)
Motorcycle Grand Prix Circuit (2003)
Length5.824 km (3.619 miles)
Turns17
Race lap record2:04.970 (Italy Valentino Rossi, Honda RC211V, 2003, MotoGP)
Grand Prix Circuit (2002)
Length5.821 km (3.617 miles)
Turns18
Race lap record1:36.125 (Germany Michael Schumacher, Ferrari F2002, 2002, F1)
Grand Prix Circuit (1987–2001)
Length5.860 km (3.641 miles)
Turns18
Race lap record1:36.944 (Germany Ralf Schumacher, Williams FW23, 2001, F1)
Grand Prix Circuit (1983–1986)
Length5.945 km (3.694 miles)
Turns17
Race lap record1:54.400 (Sweden Stefan Johansson, March 842, 1984, F2)
Original Circuit (1962–1982)
Length6.004 km (3.728 miles)
Turns17
Race lap record1:52.990 (Japan Kazuyoshi Hoshino, March 802, 1980, F2)

The Suzuka International Racing Course[5] (鈴鹿国際レーシングコース, Suzuka Kokusai Rēsingu Kōsu), a.k.a. “Suzuka Circuit” (鈴鹿サーキット, Suzuka Sākitto), is a 5.807 km (3.608 mi) long motorsport race track located in Ino, Suzuka City, Mie Prefecture, Japan and operated by Honda Mobilityland, a subsidiary of Honda Motor Co, Ltd. It has a capacity of 155,000.

Introduction

[edit]
The circuit, as it appeared in 2018

Soichiro Honda decided to develop a new permanent circuit in Mie prefecture in the late 1950s. Designed as a Honda test track in 1962 by Dutchman John "Hans" Hugenholtz, the most iconic feature of the track is its "figure eight" layout, with the 1.2 km (0.75 mi) long back straight passing over the front section by means of an overpass. It is the only FIA Grade 1 licensed track to have a "figure eight" layout, after the Fiorano Circuit was downgraded to Grade 2 in 2024.

The circuit has been modified at least eight times:

In 1983 a chicane was inserted at the last curve to slow the cars into the pit straight; the original circuit was an incredibly fast track with only one slow corner; without the Casio chicane some cars would go through the final long right-hand corner flat out and then would go past the pits at more than 200 mph (320 km/h). In 1984 the first part of Spoon was made slightly slower and the corner was brought closer to the track to expand run-off area there, and in 1985 the first corner was made slightly slower.

In 1987 the circuit was brought up to F1 and Grand Prix motorcycle standards for both Japanese Grands Prix of their respective championships, the F1 Grand Prix being the first held at Suzuka. The Degner curve was made into two corners instead of one long curve, and more crash barriers, more run-off areas were added, exposed vegetation was barricaded off and straw bales were removed (but still used for the Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix).

In 2002, the chicane was slightly modified, 130R (marked as 15 on the diagram) was also modified and some of the snake curves were made a bit straighter and faster; additionally, the runoff area at the Dunlop Curve was doubled from 12 metres to 25 metres, and the corner itself was made slightly tighter.

In 2003, the chicane was made slightly faster and closer to the 130R.[6]

Following the death of Daijiro Kato at the 2003 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix, Suzuka reconfigured the motorcycle variant of what is now known as the Hitachi Automotive Systems Chicane before the final turn, and added a second chicane, between the hairpin and 200R.[7]

The circuit can be used in five configurations; the car full circuit, the motorcycle full circuit, the "Suzuka east," "Suzuka west car," and "Suzuka west motorcycle" configurations. The "east" portion of the course consists of the pit straight to the first half of the Dunlop curve (turn seven), before leading back to the pit straight via a tight right-hander. The "west" course is made up of the other part of the full circuit, including the crossover bridge; the straight leading to the overpass is used for the start/finish line and the grid. The chicane between the hairpin and 200R separates the west and full course sections between cars and motorcycles.

The Degner curve was named in honour of Ernst Degner after he crashed his factory Suzuki 50 there during Suzuka's inaugural All Japan Championship Road Race meeting on 3 November 1962.

The hairpin (turn 11) was coined 'Kobayashi Corner' after Japanese driver Kamui Kobayashi passed five drivers with aggressive moves at the 2010 Japanese Grand Prix.[citation needed]

At the 2014 Japanese Grand Prix, F1 driver Jules Bianchi suffered serious injuries after colliding with a recovery vehicle, and died in hospital as a result nine months later. In the wake of the accident, the Dunlop corner was slightly changed and revised in safety standards, and the organisers of the Japanese Grand Prix installed a large crane in place of the tractor that Bianchi hit.[8]

Motorsport events

[edit]
Michael Schumacher's Ferrari 248 F1 being towed away after retiring from the 2006 Japanese Grand Prix

Suzuka, openly touted by F1 drivers and fans as one of the most enjoyed, is also one of the oldest remaining tracks of the Formula One World Championship, and has a long history of races as venue of the Japanese Grand Prix since 1987.[9] Its traditional role as one of the last Grands Prix of the season means numerous world championships have been decided at the track. Four years consecutively in its early history the circuit saw the world championship decided. These include the 1988 championship, which went to Ayrton Senna, the controversial 1989 championship, which went to Alain Prost, and the 1990 and 1991 world championships, which both went to Senna.

Suzuka was dropped from the Formula One calendar for the 2007 and 2008 seasons in favour of the Toyota-owned Fuji Speedway, after the latter underwent a transformation and redesign by circuit designer Hermann Tilke. Suzuka and Fuji were to alternate hosting the Japanese Grand Prix from 2009. However, after Fuji announced in July 2009 that it would no longer be part of the F1 calendar,[10][11] Suzuka signed a deal to host the Japanese Grand Prix in 2009, 2010 and 2011.[12]

The circuit closed for a year for renovations to make it F1-compliant for 2009, with the last major event held on November 18, 2007,[13] although some annual events (for instance, the Suzuka 8 Hours and Suzuka 1000 km) were still held. The track held a re-opening day on April 12, 2009.

Yamaha YZF-R1 of Team Etching Factory at the qualifying session of the Suzuka 300 km endurance race (2010).

Suzuka also hosts other motorsport events including the Suzuka 1000 km endurance race. Previously a part of multiple GT racing series including the now defunct group C class of the All Japan Sports Prototype Championship, the Suzuka 1000 km as of 2006 is now a points round of the Super GT Series, and is the only race of such length in that series. In 2010, the GT500 pole position time was 1:55.237. In 2007, the GT300 pole position time was 2:06.838.

Lewis Hamilton won the 2014 Japanese Grand Prix, a race marred by the fatal accident of Jules Bianchi.

Another major motorsport event is the Suzuka 8 Hours for motorcycles, which has been run since 1978. This event usually attracts big name riders and with the exception of 2005, due to the importance of the major manufacturers' involvement, the FIM ensures that no motorcycle races clash on the date.

NASCAR organized the NASCAR Thunder 100, a pair of exhibition 100-lap races on the east circuit, a 1.4 mi (2.3 km) layout which utilizes the pit straight and esses, before rejoining the main circuit near the Casio triangle. The cars were Sprint Cup Series and Camping World West Series cars and the field was by invitation for the two races, run after the 1996 and 1997 seasons. The 1996 event was marred by tragedy when during practice, pace car driver Elmo Langley died of a heart attack in the Chevrolet Corvette pace car at the esses during an evaluation run. The pole position speed was 83.079 mph (133.703 km/h).[14] During qualifying for the 1997 race, rain caused Goodyear to use rain tires on Winston Cup cars for the first time in the modern era.

It was announced on June 21, 2010, that the east section of the Suzuka Circuit would host the Japan round of the 2011 WTCC season instead of the Okayama International Circuit.[15] At the 2012 event, the pole position time was 52.885 seconds, for an average speed of 94.875 mph (152.687 km/h).[16]

130R corner

[edit]
The Suzuka Circuit seen in 2006

Following two major accidents in 2002 and 2003, one of the main issues in safety has been at the corner 130R (marked 15 in the track map above). In 2002, Toyota F1 driver Allan McNish suffered a high-speed crash through the bump, which sent him through a metal fence; he was not seriously injured.[17]

Track officials revised the 130R, redesigning it as a double-apex section, one with an 85 m (93 yd) radius, and then a second featuring a 340 m (370 yd) radius, leading to a much closer Casio triangle (chicane), with the chicane becoming a "bus stop" type for motorcycles.

However, the problem continued for the new revised section. During the 2003 MotoGP Grand Prix of Japan, the track's first major event since the revisions, MotoGP rider Daijiro Kato was killed when he crashed in the new section, on his way to the braking zone for the Casio triangle. MotoGP has not returned to Suzuka since the incident.

Track configurations

[edit]
  • Original Grand Prix Circuit (1962–1982)
    Original Grand Prix Circuit (1962–1982)
  • Grand Prix Circuit (1987–2002)
    Grand Prix Circuit (1987–2002)
  • West Circuit (1987–present)
    West Circuit (1987–present)
  • East Circuit (1987–present)
    East Circuit (1987–present)
  • Grand Prix Circuit (2003–present)
    Grand Prix Circuit (2003–present)

Events

[edit]
Current
Future
Former

Lap records

[edit]

The official lap record for the current circuit layout is 1:30.983, set by Lewis Hamilton during the 2019 Japanese Grand Prix. The unofficial all-time track record is 1:27.064, set by Sebastian Vettel during the qualifying for the aforementioned 2019 race.[18]

As of July 2024, the fastest official race lap records at the Suzuka Circuit are listed as:[18][19]

Category Time Driver Vehicle Event
Grand Prix Circuit: 5.807 km (2003–present)
Formula One 1:30.983[18][19] Lewis Hamilton Mercedes AMG F1 W10 EQ Power+ 2019 Japanese Grand Prix
Super Formula 1:37.850[19][20] Naoki Yamamoto Dallara SF19 2020 1st Suzuka Super Formula Championship round
Formula Nippon 1:42.781[19][21] João Paulo de Oliveira Swift FN09 2012 1st Suzuka Formula Nippon round
Super GT (GT500) 1:48.055[19][22] Mitsunori Takaboshi Nissan Fairlady Z GT500 2022 Suzuka GT 300 km Race
Super Formula Lights 1:50.714[19][23] Ritomo Miyata Dallara 320 2020 Suzuka Super Formula Lights round
Formula 3 1:52.116[19][24] Mitsunori Takaboshi Dallara F312 2017 1st Suzuka Japanese F3 round
Formula Regional 1:58.708[25] Michael Sauter Dome F111/3 2024 Suzuka FRJC round
Super GT (GT300) 1:59.252[26] Morio Nitta Lexus RC F GT3 2018 Suzuka Suzuka GT 300 km Race
GT3 2:01.491[27] Laurin Heinrich Porsche 911 (992) GT3 R 2024 Suzuka GT World Challenge Asia round
Lamborghini Super Trofeo 2:03.171[19][28] Ben Gersekowski Lamborghini Huracán Super Trofeo 2018 Suzuka Lamborghini Super Trofeo Asia round
Porsche Carrera Cup 2:03.873[29] Ryo Ogawa Porsche 911 (992) GT3 Cup 2023 1st Suzuka Porsche Carrera Cup Japan round
GT2 2:06.738[30] Mitsuhiro Kinoshita Porsche 911 (997) GT3 RSR 2009 300 km of Suzuka
Formula Toyota 2:07.387[31] Hideto Yasuoka Tom's FT30 2004 1st Suzuka Formula Toyota round
Ferrari Challenge 2:07.694[32] Yuga Furutani Ferrari 488 Challenge Evo 2024 1st Suzuka Ferrari Challenge Japan round
Formula 4 2:08.297[19][33] Rin Arakawa Dome F110 2020 Suzuka Japanese F4 round
TC1 2:09.063[18][19][34] Gabriele Tarquini Honda Civic WTCC 2014 FIA WTCC Race of Japan
TCR Touring Car 2:11.509[19][35] Takuro Shinohara Audi RS 3 LMS TCR 2020 Suzuka TCR Japan round
GT4 2:13.700[36] Masaki Kano BMW M4 GT4 Gen II 2024 Suzuka Japan Cup round
Super 2000 2:14.392[34] Franz Engstler BMW 320 TC 2014 FIA WTCC Race of Japan
Motorcycle Grand Prix Circuit: 5.821 km (2004–present)
Superbike 2:04.387[37] Takumi Takahashi Honda CBR1000RR 2019 1st Suzuka All Japan Road Race Championship round
FIM EWC 2:06.805[18][38] Jonathan Rea Kawasaki ZX-10R 2019 Suzuka 8 Hours
Supersport 2:11.294[39] Akihiro Arakawa Honda CBR600RR 2020 Suzuka All Japan Road Race Championship round
Moto3 2:17.182[40] Daiki Uehara Honda NSF250R 2022 2nd Suzuka All Japan Road Race Championship round
Asia Production 250 2:27.872[41] Rheza Danica Ahrens Honda CBR250RR 2018 Suzuka Asia Road Racing Championship round
Asia Underbone 150 2:37.852[42] Gupita Kresna Yamaha T-150 2019 Suzuka Asia Road Racing Championship round
East Circuit: 2.243 km (1987–present)
Formula 3 0:48.245[43] Toshihiro Kaneishi Dallara F399 1999 3rd Suzuka Japanese F3 round
Formula Toyota 0:51.049[44] Hideto Yasuoka Tom's FT30 2004 2nd Suzuka Formula Toyota round
Super 2000 0:53.885 Alain Menu Chevrolet Cruze 1.6T 2012 FIA WTCC Race of Japan
TCR Touring Car 0:53.888[45] Norbert Michelisz Hyundai i30 N TCR 2019 WTCR Race of Japan
West Circuit: 3.466 km (1987–present)
Formula Nippon 0:58.396[46] Toranosuke Takagi Reynard 2KL 2000 2nd Suzuka Formula Nippon round
Formula 3 1:03.635[47] Paolo Montin Dallara F301 2001 2nd Suzuka Japanese F3 round
Motorcycle Grand Prix Circuit: 5.824 km (2003)
MotoGP 2:04.970 Valentino Rossi Honda RC211V 2003 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix
Superbike 2:08.679[48] Atsushi Watanabe Suzuki GSX-R1000 2003 2nd Suzuka All Japan Road Race Championship round
250cc 2:09.839 Hiroshi Aoyama Honda NSR250 2003 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix
125cc 2:14.282 Stefano Perugini Aprilia RS125R 2003 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix
Supersport 2:14.479[49] Takeshi Tsujimura Honda CBR600RR 2003 2nd Suzuka All Japan Road Race Championship round
Grand Prix Circuit: 5.821 km (2002)
Formula One 1:36.125 Michael Schumacher Ferrari F2002 2002 Japanese Grand Prix
LMP900 1:54.168[50] Seiji Ara Audi R8 2002 Suzuka 1000km
JGTC (GT500) 1:58.531[51] Ralph Firman Honda NSX-GT 2002 Suzuka GT 300 km
Formula 3 1:59.888[52] Shinya Sato Dallara F302 2002 1st Suzuka Japanese F3 round
JGTC (GT300) 2:09.060[51] Yasutaka Hinoi Mosler MT900R 2002 Suzuka GT 300 km
GT 2:14.517[50] Romain Dumas Porsche 911 (996) GT3-RS 2002 1000 km of Suzuka
MotoGP 2:19.105 Valentino Rossi Honda RC211V 2002 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix
250cc 2:25.896 Osamu Miyazaki Yamaha YZR250 2002 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix
125cc 2:30.798 Stefano Bianco Aprilia RS125R 2002 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix
Grand Prix Circuit: 5.860 km (1987–2001)
Formula One 1:36.944 Ralf Schumacher Williams FW23 2001 Japanese Grand Prix
F3000 1:44.258[53] Toshio Suzuki Lola T95/50 1995 Suzuka Japanese F3000 round
Formula Nippon 1:46.278[54] Michael Krumm Reynard 95D 1996 Suzuka Formula Nippon round
Group C 1:49.148[55] Derek Warwick Jaguar XJR-14 1991 430 km of Suzuka
Group C2 1:54.899[56] Mauro Martini Nissan R91CK 1992 1000 km of Suzuka
IMSA GTP 1:55.474[57] Mauro Martini Nissan R93CK 1993 1000 km of Suzuka
GT1 (Prototype) 1:56.416[58] Allan McNish Porsche 911 GT1-98 1998 Suzuka 1000km
Prototype 1:58.512[59] Geoff Lees Reynard 89DGC 1989 Suzuka 200km
GT1 2:03.684[60] Jean-Marc Gounon Ferrari F40 GTE 1996 1000 km of Suzuka
Class 1 Touring Cars 2:03.886[61] Bernd Schneider AMG Mercedes-Benz C-Klasse 1996 ITC Suzuka round
FIA Cup 2:06.641[56] Ferdinand de Lesseps Spice SE89C 1992 1000 km of Suzuka
500cc 2:06.746 Max Biaggi Honda NSR500 1998 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix
WSC 2:07.116[62] Franck Fréon Kudzu DG-3 1995 1000 km of Suzuka
JGTC 2:07.322[63] Aguri Suzuki Nissan Skyline GT-R (BCNR33) 1997 300 km Suzuka
GT1 (GTS) 2:07.876[64] Julian Bailey Lister Storm 2000 1000 km of Suzuka
250cc 2:08.581 Shinya Nakano Honda NSR250 2000 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix
Formula Toyota 2:09.200[65] Masato Shimoyama Tom's FT20 2001 Suzuka Formula Toyota round
GT2 2:13.558[66] Eiji Yamada Chrysler Viper GTS-R 2000 300 km of Suzuka
125cc 2:15.353 Masao Azuma Honda RS125R 2001 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix
IMSA GTS 2:16.068[57] Bob Sobey Ford Mustang GT 1993 1000 km of Suzuka
Group A 2:16.177[67] Masahiro Hasemi Nissan Skyline GT-R (BNR32) 1991 Suzuka JTCC round
IMSA GTU 2:20.848[57] Eduardo Dibos Mazda RX-7 GTU 1993 1000 km of Suzuka
Group B 2:22.853[57] Akihiko Nakaya Porsche 911 (964) Carrera RSR 3.8 1993 1000 km of Suzuka
Group N1 2:31.803[57] Masami Miyoshi Nissan Skyline GT-R (BNR32) 1993 1000 km of Suzuka
Grand Prix Circuit: 5.945 km (1983–1986)
Formula 2 1:54.400[68] Stefan Johansson March 842 1984 JAF Grand Prix
Group C 1:56.486[69] Kazuyoshi Hoshino Nissan R86V 1986 International Suzuka 1000 km
Original Grand Prix Circuit without Final Chicane: 6.004 km (1962–1982)
Formula 2 1:52.990[70][71] Kazuyoshi Hoshino[a]
Teo Fabi[a]		 March 802[a] 1980 JAF Grand Prix[a]
1981 1st Suzuka Japanese F2 round[a]
Group 5 (Sports Car) 2:01.160[72] Fumiyasu Sato[73] March 73S 1979 Suzuka 500 mile
Group 4 2:08.040[74] Fumiyasu Sato[73] BMW M1 1982 Suzuka 1000km
Group 6 2:31.000[75] Kuniomi Nagamatsu Porsche 908 1970 300 km of Suzuka
Group 1 2:59.400[76] Goro Urushiyama Honda S600 1965 2nd Suzuka Clubman Race Meeting

In video games

[edit]
Layout of the Fictional Sakitto Circuit, used in Project CARS to replace the Suzuka Circuit. Notice the absence of the hairpin, the Casio triangle, the modified esses section and a road pass through replacing the Ferris Wheel location.

Along with Fuji Speedway, the Suzuka Circuit was one of the four tracks featured in the video game Pole Position II. The track is referred to in the Namco Museum versions of the game as the "Wonder Circuit" ("Orange Circuit" in Namco Museum: Virtual Arcade), after Namco's "Wonder" series of amusement parks, despite its logo appearing on the starter's box since 1983.

The Suzuka Circuit is also featured in the Final Lap series of games which first appeared in 1987. Another Namco racing game, Suzuka 8 Hours, based on the motorcycle race of the same name was released for arcades in 1992, followed by a port for the Super NES in 1993. It can also be seen in arcade games and video games such as Ferrari F355 Challenge, Super Monaco GP, Forza series, Gran Turismo series, RaceRoom, iRacing, R: Racing Evolution, Shift 2 Unleashed, Le Mans 24 Hours, The Cycles, MotoGP 3 of PlayStation 2, MotoGP 4, Tourist Trophy, Auto Modellista, Racing Battle: C1 Grand Prix, Real Racing 3, and as the final race in Taito's racing game Continental Circus. The east course was featured in NASCAR 98. Suzuka's Ferris wheel was paid homage in the "Big Forest Track" in Virtua Racing. The track has been modded into Mario Kart Wii.

Project CARS and Project CARS 2 have a Japanese circuit inspired by Suzuka, called Sakitto Circuit. Sakitto has numerous visual differences from the original Suzuka, including the change of position of the Ferris wheel near to Degner curves, as well as the absence of the Casio triangle and the hairpin, a very modified esses section, and a road pass through the real life location of the Ferris wheel.

Deaths

[edit]
Main article: List of Suzuka Circuit fatal accidents

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e Both drivers took the same lap time independently in different races.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "日本GPプレビュー (2006 Japanese Grand Prix preview)". Honda. Motor Co., Ltd. (in Japanese). Retrieved 2016-04-16.
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  3. ^ "マイ・ワンダフルサーキットII 第5回 (My Wonderful Circuit II 5)". Hiroaki Iemura (in Japanese). Stinger. Archived from the original on 2016-06-02. Retrieved 2016-04-16.
  4. ^ "マイ・ワンダフルサーキットII 第6回 (My Wonderful Circuit II 6)". Hiroaki Iemura (in Japanese). Stinger. Archived from the original on 2016-06-02. Retrieved 2016-04-16.
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  15. ^ "FIA WTCC TO RACE AT SUZUKA IN 2011". fiawtcc.com. 2010-06-21. Retrieved 2010-07-20.
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  47. ^ "2001 Suzuka Japanese F3 - Round 11". Motor Sport Magazine. 1 July 2001. Retrieved 20 May 2022.
  48. ^ "Suzuka Super Bike 200km 2003 R2-1 MFJ All Japan Road Race Championship Series Round 4 Final Results JSB1000". 25 May 2003. Retrieved 20 August 2023.
  49. ^ "Suzuka Super Bike 200km 2003 R2-1 MFJ All Japan Road Race Championship Series Round 4 Final Results ST600". 25 May 2003. Retrieved 20 August 2023.
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