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Sulayman ibn Abd al-Wahhab

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Sulaymān ibn ‘Abd al-Wahhāb
سليمان بن عبد الوهاب
Personal life
Born1699
Al-‘Uyainah, Najd
Died1793-1794
Huraymila
EraEarly modern period
(Early Saudi era)
RegionArabian Peninsula
Main interest(s)
Notable work(s)The Unmistakable Judgment in the Refutation of Muhammad ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab (Arabic: فصل الخطاب في الرد على محمد بن عبد الوهاب; "Faṣl al-Khiṭāb fī Al-radd 'alā Muḥammad ibn ‘Abd al-Wahhāb")[1]
Religious life
ReligionIslām
DenominationSunni
JurisprudenceḤanbalī
CreedAtharī[2]
Senior posting
Influenced by

Imam Sulaymān ibn ‘Abd al-Wahhāb at-Tamīmī[a] (Arabic: سُليمان بن عبدالوهّاب التميمي) was an Islamic scholar, Hanbali jurist, and theologian from the Najd region in central Arabia. He was the elder brother of Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab, the founder of the Wahhabi movement, and he was one of the first critics of his brother and the Wahhabi movement.[1][3][4][5][6] He considered the Wahhabi doctrine a heresy and it is likely that he was the first to use the word "Wahhabi" to refer to his brother's doctrine in his alleged[7][8][9] treatise The Unmistakable Judgment in the Refutation of Muhammad ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab.[1]

The dispute between them reached the point of confrontation with weapons and fighting, and the Wahhabi historian Hussein ibn Ghannam documented that bloody conflict between the two brothers in his book, which was printed by Abdel Mohsen Aba Bateen in Egypt in 1368 AH. Abdullah bin Abdul Rahman bin Saleh Al Bassam mentions him in his book "Scholars of Najd during eight centuries" in which he says "Sheikh Suleiman is in breach of his brother Sheikh Muhammad and his call and is hostile to it and a response to it."[10]

Early life

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Sulayman was born in the town of 'Uyayna when his father was a judge there. He learned under the tutelage of his father and others, proceeding to complete his legal education in Huraymila at the hands of his father and other scholars of his time, especially in Fiqh. Sulayman succeeded his father in the Huraymila district, and he took his place after his death in 1153 AH.[11][12] Sulayman bin Abd al-Wahhab was older than his brother Muhammad, who studied with him as he studied with his father Abd al-Wahhab. Sulayman bin Abd al-Wahhab, was described by his contemporaries as a reliable reference for scholars, and a reliable reference for the general public, and was known for his knowledge, reason, piety and sincerity. The historian Ibn Bishr described him in his history as one of the scholars, judges, and jurists of knowledge.[10]

Major works and opposition to Wahhabism

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Eight years after the start of the Wahhabi movement, Sulayman sent a detailed letter addressed to Hassan bin Idan, which later was dubbed by publishers as "Separating the speech in response to Muhammad bin Abdul-Wahhab" This book was mentioned in the book “The Weak clouds on the Hanbali strips” by the scholar Muhammad bin Abdullah bin Hamid Al-Najdi Al-Hanbali. The book is in the Al-Azhar library where they keep a manuscript copy of it under the title: “Responding to those who disbelieve Muslims due to vowing to others but God and seeking help from others and so on.” There is another copy with the same address in the Public Endowments Library in Baghdad. It appears that Suleiman bin Abd al-Wahhab did not name his book or rather he did not intend to write a book at all, as they were lengthy letters in which he responded to his brother's excesses, and that manuscript has spread without a title, so different titles were formulated according to the place and time, according to the publisher, and according to the directions.[13]

The last of those selected titles was entitled: "Divine Thunderbolts in Response to Wahhabism." (Arabic: الصواعق الإلهية في الرد على الوهابية), This book or that message had a profound impact on informing people about the reality of the Wahhabi Movement and for this reason his opinion fell on the site of contentment and acceptance, as Sulayman bin Abdul Wahhab was a witness who testified about his brother Muhammad and had lived with him closely, as and witnessed events of the Sedition, and its actions and behaviours, and accused it of crimes and calamities this bloody vocation brought upon the nation and the people, so his testimony was paid attention to.[13]

Therefore, many of the tribal chiefs, scholars of the country and the commoners refrained from following the Wahhabi Movement, and adherence to the doctrine of the Sunnis and the community, as well as the strength of opinion and the argument of Sulayman, which he presented in his letters and the sincerity of what he conveyed from the opinions and actions had a great impact in deterring the potential followers. He made them review themselves, and all the neutral researchers and followers with the exception of the Wahhabi followers admitted that Sheikh Suleiman was - like his father - one of the fiercest opponents of the Wahhabi division, before its appearance to the public and even after its spread. But after the Wahhabi Movement progressed and his brother Muhammad insisted on proceeding with his goal, Sulayman initiated his response through these letters that were collected later in a printed book, where Suleiman set out to criticize and refute that movement to sceptical Muslims explain the flaws of the movement, and to disavow its beliefs and warn against the actions of its followers and deter their actions. Many of the Najd sheikhs and their scholars responded to Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab and refuted his movement.[10][2][14]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ Also written as Sulaiman ibn 'Abdul-Wahhab and Sulaiman bin Abdul Wahab al-Najdi al-Hanbali

References

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  1. ^ a b c Gaye, Abdoul Aziz (2021). "The Violent Wahhabism and the Use of Islamic Texts to Justify Armed Violence Against Muslims and Non-Muslims". In Donlin-Smith, Thomas; Shafiq, Muhammad (eds.). The (De)Legitimization of Violence in Sacred and Human Contexts. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 212. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-51125-8. ISBN 978-3-030-51124-1. S2CID 241136571.
  2. ^ a b Commins, David (2005). "Traditional Anti-Wahhabi Hanbalism in Nineteenth-Century Arabia". In Weismann, Itzchak; Zachs, Fruma (eds.). Ottoman Reform and Muslim Regeneration: Studies in Honour of Butrus Abu-Manneh. Library of Ottoman studies. Vol. 8. New York: I.B. Tauris. pp. 81–96. doi:10.5040/9780755612321.ch-005. ISBN 978-0-8577-1538-8. OCLC 470114904.
  3. ^ Ende, W.; Peskes, Esther (2012) [1993]. "Wahhābiyya". In Bearman, P. J.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C. E.; van Donzel, E. J.; Heinrichs, W. P. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Vol. 11. Leiden: Brill Publishers. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_1329. ISBN 978-90-04-16121-4.
  4. ^ Traboulsi, Samer (January 2002). Brunner, Rainer (ed.). "An Early Refutation of Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhāb's Reformist Views". Die Welt des Islams. 42 (3: Arabic Literature and Islamic Scholarship in the 17th/18th Century: Topics and Biographies). Leiden: Brill Publishers: 373–415. doi:10.1163/15700600260435038. eISSN 1570-0607. ISSN 0043-2539. JSTOR 1571420.
  5. ^ Brown, Daniel W. (2009). "The Wahhābī Movement". A New Introduction to Islam. Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 245–247. ISBN 978-1-4051-5807-7.
  6. ^ Khatab, Sayed (2011). "Wahhabism". Understanding Islamic Fundamentalism: The Theological and Ideological Basis. Cairo, Egypt: American University in Cairo Press. pp. 56–76. ISBN 978-977-416-499-6.
  7. ^ "[عَادَ أهلُ الباطلِ في الترويج لكذبهم بشأن الشيخ سليمان بن عبد الوهاب]". الشبكة العلمية السلفية (in Arabic). 18 January 2012. Retrieved 4 October 2023.
  8. ^ "سليمان بن عبد الوهاب.. الشيخ المفترى عليه ." www.fnoor.com. Retrieved 4 October 2023.
  9. ^ الشيخ د. عثمان الخميس " هل عارض الشيخ سليمان دعوة أخية الشيخ الإمام محمد بن عبدالوهاب رحمهما الله ", retrieved 4 October 2023
  10. ^ a b c مقدمة كتاب: "فصل الخطاب من كتاب الله وحديث الرسول وكلام العلماء في مذهب ابن عبد الوهاب"، تحقيق: لجنة من العلماء، ص: 7-8. (TRANSLATION: “Separating the Discourse from the Book of God, the Messenger’s Hadith, and the Scholars’ Words in Ibn Abd al-Wahhab’s Doctrine, ”Inquiry: A Committee of Scholars, pp. 7-8.)
  11. ^ Crawford, Michael. Ibn ‘Abd Al-Wahhab. Oneworld Publications, 2014.
  12. ^ "الشيخ سليمان بن عبد الوهاب بن سليمان التميمي النجدي الحنبلي [1210 هـ]" (in Arabic). 4 May 2016. Archived from the original on 28 September 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  13. ^ a b كتاب: "الوهابية دين سعودي جديد: كشف المستور في تاريخ نجد المبتور" للباحث والمؤرخ العربي: سعود بن عبد الرحمن السبعاني، الناشر: شمس للنشر والإعلام، الطبعة الأولى: القاهرة 2012م، ص: 336-342.
  14. ^ Zarabozo, Jamal Al-Din. The Life, Teachings, and Influence of Muhammad Ibn Abdul-Wahhab. Riyadh: The Ministry of Islamic Affairs, Endowments, Dawah and Guidance The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, 2005. Print
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