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List of national emergencies in the United States

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A national emergency is a situation in which a government is empowered to perform actions not normally permitted. The 1976 National Emergencies Act implemented various legal requirements regarding emergencies declared by the President of the United States.[1][2]

As of March 2024, 82 emergencies have been declared;[3] 40 have expired and another 42 are currently in effect, each having been renewed annually by the president.[4][5][6]

Status President Start date End date Category Source Document(s) Title Description
Ended Wilson February 5, 1917[7] March 3, 1921[8] Maritime Proclamation 1354[7] Emergency in Water Transportation of the United States Declared a national emergency arising from insufficient tonage to carry the products of the farms, forests, mines and manufacturing industries of the United States, and admonishes all citizens to abide by the regulations in the Shipping Act.
Ended Franklin Roosevelt March 6, 1933[9] September 14, 1978[10] Economic Proclamation 2039[11] Declaring Bank Holiday Declared a bank holiday from March 6 through March 9, 1933, using the Trading with the Enemy Act of 1917 as a legal basis.[9] The first of four emergencies cited by Senate Report 93-549 (1973) as never having been terminated.[9]
Ended September 8, 1939[12] April 28, 1952[12][9] Military Proclamation 2352[13] Proclaiming a National Emergency in Connection with the Observance, Safeguarding, and Enforcement of Neutrality and the Strengthening of the National Defense Within the Limits of Peace-Time Authorizations
Ended May 27, 1941 Proclamation 2487[14] Proclaiming That an Unlimited National Emergency Confronts This Country, Which Requires That Its Military, Naval, Air and Civilian Defenses Be Put on the Basis of Readiness to Repel Any and All Acts or Threats of Aggression Directed Toward Any Part of the Western Hemisphere Declaration of an unlimited national emergency under threat from Nazi Germany.[15]
Ended Truman December 16, 1950[9] September 14, 1978 Proclamation 2914[16] Proclaiming the Existence of a National Emergency Declared that the United States' "military, naval, air and civilian defenses" should be used to fight communism as part of the Korean War.[17] The second of four emergencies cited by Senate Report 93-549 as never having been terminated.[9]
Ended Nixon March 23, 1970[9] Economic Proclamation 3972[18] Declaring a National Emergency Declaration in response to the 1970 United States Postal Service strike. The third of four emergencies cited by Senate Report 93-549 as never having been terminated.[9]
Ended August 15, 1971[9][19] Trade Proclamation 4074[19] Imposition of Supplemental Duty for Balance of Payments Purposes Imposed import controls in response to the Nixon shock. The last of four emergencies cited by Senate Report 93-549 as never having been terminated.[9]
Current Carter November 14, 1979 Sanctions Executive Order 12170[20] Blocking Iranian Government Property Ordered the freezing of Iranian assets as part of the U.S. response during the Iran hostage crisis[4]
Ended April 17, 1980 April 17, 1981 Executive Order 12211,[21] Executive Order 12282[22] Further Prohibitions on Transactions with Iran Prohibitions revoked on January 19, 1981, but national emergency neither terminated nor continued[23]
Ended Reagan October 14, 1983 December 20, 1983 Trade Executive Order 12444 Continuation of Export Control Regulations Expiry of the Export Administration Act of 1979[23]
Ended March 30, 1984 July 12, 1985 Executive Order 12470 Continuation of Export Control Regulations Expiry of the Export Administration Act of 1979[23]
Ended May 1, 1985[24] March 13, 1990[25] Sanctions Executive Order 12513[24] Prohibiting Trade and Certain Other Transactions Involving Nicaragua The United States embargo against Nicaragua,[26] followed the victory by Sandinista candidate Daniel Ortega in the 1984 Nicaraguan general election over the U.S.-backed Contras
Ended September 9, 1985 July 10, 1991 Executive Order 12532 Prohibiting Trade and Certain Other Transactions Involving South Africa Response to the initial attempt by Senate Democrats to pass what would be the Comprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act of 1986[23]
Ended January 7, 1986 September 20, 2004 Executive Order 12543 Prohibiting Trade and Certain Transactions Involving Libya Followed the 1985 Rome and Vienna airport attacks[23]
Ended April 8, 1988 April 5, 1990 Executive Order 12635 Prohibiting Certain Transactions with Respect to Panama Deteriorating relationship between the U.S. and General Manuel Noriega[23]
Ended Bush (H.W.) August 2, 1990 July 29, 2004 Executive Order 12722 Blocking Iraqi Government Property and Prohibiting Transactions with Iraq In response to the invasion of Kuwait[23]
Ended September 30, 1990 September 30, 1993 Trade Executive Order 12730 Continuation of Export Control Regulations Expiry of the Export Administration Act of 1979[23]
Ended November 16, 1990 November 11, 1994 Arms Executive Order 12735 Chemical and Biological Weapons Proliferation Followed the signing with the U.S.S.R. of the 1990 Chemical Weapons Accord, and preceded the May 1991 commitment by George H.W. Bush to destroy weapon agents, systems, and production facilities of the United States chemical weapons program[23]
Ended October 4, 1991[27] October 14, 1994[28] Sanctions Executive Order 12775, Executive Order 12914[29] Prohibiting Certain Transactions with Respect to Haiti Followed the 1991 Haitian coup d'état against President Jean-Bertrand Aristide.[23] Re-declared by Clinton on May 7, 1994 in Executive Order 12914
Ended May 30, 1992 May 28, 2003 Executive Order 12808 Blocking "Yugoslav Government" Property and Property of the Governments of Serbia and Montenegro In response to the start of the Bosnian War[23]
Ended[30] Clinton September 26, 1993 May 6, 2003 Executive Order 12865[31] Prohibiting Certain Transactions Involving UNITA Imposed economic sanctions on UNITA, a political group in Angola.
Ended September 30, 1993 September 29, 1994 Arms Executive Order 12868[32] Measures To Restrict the Participation by United States Persons in Weapons Proliferation Activities Restricted US development of nuclear and chemical weapons.
Ended June 30, 1994 August 19, 1994 Trade Executive Order 12923[33] Continuation of Export Control Regulations
Ended August 19, 1994 April 4, 2001[34] Executive Order 12924[35] Continuation of Export Control Regulations Revoked and revised Executive Order 12923.
Ended September 29, 1994 November 14, 1994 Sanctions Executive Order 12930[36] Measures to Restrict the Participation by United States Persons in Weapons Proliferation Activities
Ended October 25, 1994 May 28, 2003 Executive Order 12934[37] Blocking Property and Additional Measures With Respect to the Bosnian Serb-Controlled Areas of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Current November 14, 1994[38] Arms Executive Order 12938[39][40] Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction Provides for control over the export of weapons;[38] combined two previous national emergencies regarding WMDs.[4]
Ended January 23, 1995[41] September 9, 2019[42] Sanctions Executive Order 12947[41] Prohibiting Transactions With Terrorists Who Threaten To Disrupt the Middle East Peace Process Imposed economic sanctions on Specially Designated Terrorists, including the ANO, Hezbollah, the DFLP, Hamas, and the PFLP.
Current March 15, 1995[43] Executive Order 12957[43] Prohibiting Certain Transactions with Respect to the Development of Iranian Petroleum Resources[4] Intended to prevent a business deal between Iran and Conoco.[44]
Current October 21, 1995 Executive Order 12978[45] Blocking Assets and Prohibiting Transactions with Significant Narcotics Traffickers Declared in response to Colombian drug cartels using American companies to launder money.[4]
Current March 1, 1996[4] Maritime Proclamation 6867[46] Declaration of a National Emergency and Invocation of Emergency Authority Relating to the Regulation of the Anchorage and Movement of Vessels Implemented following the destruction of two civilian aircraft by the Cuban military on February 24, 1996.[47]
Ended May 20, 1997 October 7, 2016[48] Sanctions Executive Order 13047[49] Prohibiting New Investment in Burma
Current November 3, 1997[4] Executive Order 13067[50] Blocking Sudanese Government Property and Prohibiting Transactions With Sudan Established a trade embargo against Sudan, specifically targeting the Sudanese government.[51]
Ended June 9, 1998[52] May 28, 2003[53] Executive Order 13088[52] Blocking Property of the Governments of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro), the Republic of Serbia, and the Republic of Montenegro, and Prohibiting New Investment in the Republic of Serbia in Response to the Situation in Kosovo Declaration of a national emergency during the NATO bombing of Yugoslavia.[54]
Ended July 4, 1999 July 2, 2002 Executive Order 13129[55] Blocking Property and Prohibiting Transactions With the Taliban
Ended June 21, 2000 June 25, 2012 Executive Order 13159[56] Blocking Property of the Government of the Russian Federation Relating to the Disposition of Highly Enriched Uranium Extracted From Nuclear Weapons
Ended January 18, 2001[57] January 15, 2004[58] Trade Executive Order 13194[57] Prohibiting the Importation of Rough Diamonds From Sierra Leone
Current Bush June 26, 2001[4] Sanctions Executive Order 13219,[59][60] Executive Order 13304 Blocking Property of Persons Who Threaten International Stabilization Efforts in the Western Balkans Intended to combat extremist Albanian insurgents operating in North Macedonia and limit obstruction of the Dayton Accords. Amended on May 28, 2003 by Executive Order 13304 following the Ohrid Agreement, signed in 2001.[61]
Current August 17, 2001 Trade Executive Order 13222,[62] Executive Order 13637 Continuation of Export Control Regulations Reasserted presidential control of exports of "defense articles" following the expiration of the Export Administration Act of 1979 in 1994.[4] Amended on March 8, 2013 by Executive Order 13637[63] to delegate authority provided by Section 38 of the Arms Export Control Act from the president to the Secretary of State.[64]
Current September 14, 2001[4] Military Proclamation 7463[65] Declaration of National Emergency by Reason of Certain Terrorist Attacks The first of two national emergencies declared following the September 11 attacks, allowing the president to call troops from the National Guard or from retirement, to apportion military funding, to exercise more discretion over hiring military officers, and to promote more generals than previously allowed.[66][67]
Current September 23, 2001[68] Sanctions Executive Order 13224 Blocking Property and Prohibiting Transactions With Persons Who Commit, Threaten To Commit, or Support Terrorism [67] The second of two national emergencies declared following the September 11 attacks,[69] allowing the State and Treasury departments (through the Treasury's Office of Foreign Assets Control) to designate entities as terrorists and apply economic sanctions. Due to the order's broad language, its scope has grown over the years to become one of the Treasury's "cornerstone sanctions programs" in fighting terrorism worldwide.[67] Amended on July 2, 2002 (Executive Order 13268)[70] to include the Taliban, and on January 23, 2003 (Executive Order 13284)[71] to integrate the newly-created position of Secretary of Homeland Security into the order's process.
Ended March 6, 2003[72] March 4, 2024[73] Executive Order 13288[72] Blocking Property of Persons Undermining Democratic Processes or Institutions in Zimbabwe Imposed economic sanctions on Zimbabwe president Robert Mugabe and 76 other government officials[74] following years of rigged elections and a recent food shortage,[75] echoing similar sanctions imposed the previous year by the European Union.[76] Amended on November 22, 2005 (Executive Order 13391)[77] to revise the EO's annex listing the individuals targeted with sanctions.
Current May 22, 2003 Legal Executive Order 13303[78] Protecting the Development Fund for Iraq and Certain Other Property in Which Iraq Has an Interest Granted the Development Fund for Iraq, established the same day, legal protection in the wake of the invasion of Iraq and amidst the Iraq War.
Current May 11, 2004 Sanctions Executive Order 13338[79] Blocking Property of Certain Persons and Prohibiting the Export of Certain Goods to Syria Imposed mostly symbolic economic sanctions on Syria,[80] grounding all flights between the two countries, banning all exports to Syria but food and medicine, and freezing some Syrians' assets.[81]
Ended July 22, 2004 November 12, 2015 Executive Order 13348[82] Blocking Property of Certain Persons and Prohibiting the Importation of Certain Goods from Liberia
Ended February 7, 2006[83] September 14, 2016 Executive Order 13396[83] Blocking Property of Certain Persons Contributing to the Conflict in Côte d'Ivoire
Current June 16, 2006 Executive Order 13405[84] Blocking Property of Certain Persons Undermining Democratic Processes or Institutions in Belarus Imposed sanctions, including a travel ban, on Alexander Lukashenko after Belarus's crackdown on peaceful protests against the recent presidential election and following similar sanctions by the European Union.[85]
Current October 27, 2006 Executive Order 13413[86] Blocking Property of Certain Persons Contributing to the Conflict in the Democratic Republic of the Congo Imposed economic sanctions on DRC government officials amidst widespread violence taking place during runoffs for Congo's first free election in decades.[87]
Current August 1, 2007 Executive Order 13441[88] Blocking Property of Persons Undermining the Sovereignty of Lebanon or Its Democratic Processes and Institutions Imposed sanctions intended as a warning to Syria and Hezbollah, months after a similar travel ban, during widespread unrest in the country, and out of concern over rifts between prime minister Fouad Siniora and president Émile Lahoud.[89][90]
Current June 26, 2008 Executive Order 13466[91] Continuing Certain Restrictions With Respect to North Korea and North Korean Nationals Retained "certain restrictions" on North Korea as the United States removed North Korea from its list of state sponsors of terrorism and as North Korea publicly declared its nuclear program.[92]
Ended Obama October 24, 2009[93] October 23, 2010[94] Public health Proclamation 8443[93] Declaration of a National Emergency With Respect to the 2009 H1N1 Influenza Pandemic Empowered the secretary of Health and Human Services to issue waivers allowing overcrowded hospitals to move swine flu patients to satellite facilities or other hospitals.[95]

Months before this national emergency was declared, on April 26, 2009 Obama's acting director of Health and Human Services declared H1N1 a public health emergency.[96] Later on October 24, 2009, a second declaration was made by Obama to temporarily waive or modify certain requirements of the Medicare, Medicaid, and State Children's Health Insurance programs and of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act Privacy Rule.

Current April 12, 2010[38] Sanctions Executive Order 13536[97] Blocking Property of Certain Persons Contributing to the Conflict in Somalia Intended to help combat Somali pirates.[4]
Current February 25, 2011 Executive Order 13566[98] Blocking Property and Prohibiting Certain Transactions Related to Libya Imposed sanctions on Muammar Gaddafi, his family, and Libyan officials after protestors were killed by government forces, including freezing assets and consideration of prosecution for war crimes.[99]
Current July 24, 2011[100] Executive Order 13581[100] Blocking Property of Transnational Criminal Organizations Levied sanctions against four criminal organizations—Los Zetas, the Brothers' Circle, the Yakuza, and the Camorra—including freezing assets, barring ownership of American real estate, and implementing travel bans.[101]
Current May 16, 2012 Executive Order 13611[102] Blocking Property of Persons Threatening the Peace, Security, or Stability of Yemen Intended to counter unrest in Yemen in the aftermath of the Yemeni Revolution.[4]
Ended June 25, 2012[103] May 26, 2015[104] Executive Order 13617[103] Blocking Property of the Government of the Russian Federation Relating to the Disposition of Highly Enriched Uranium Extracted From Nuclear Weapons Imposed sanctions on Russia over the disposal of highly enriched uranium.
Current March 6, 2014[105] Executive Order 13660[105] Blocking Property of Certain Persons Contributing to the Situation in Ukraine Imposed sanctions, including restricting visas, in concert with the European Union and the international community against Russia after its Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation.[106][107] Amended on March 16, 2014 (Executive Order 13661),[108] March 20, 2014 (Executive Order 13662),[109] and December 19, 2014 (Executive Order 13685)[110] to expand the scope of sanctions.
Current April 3, 2014[38] Executive Order 13664[111] Blocking Property of Certain Persons With Respect to South Sudan Enabled economic sanctions to be placed due to the civil war in South Sudan; sanctions were first imposed a month later.[112]
Current May 12, 2014 Executive Order 13667[113] Blocking Property of Certain Persons Contributing to the Conflict in the Central African Republic Imposed sanctions against former Central African Republic president François Bozizé, following similar sanctions placed on Bozizé by the United Nations Security Council the previous week;[114] also contains provisions against the use of child soldiers.[38]
Current March 8, 2015 Executive Order 13692[115] Blocking Property and Suspending Entry of Certain Persons Contributing to the Situation in Venezuela Imposed sanctions on seven high-ranking Venezuelan government officials, including SEBIN director Gustavo Enrique González López, PNB director Manuel Perez, and CVG head Justo Noguero.[116][117]
Current April 1, 2015 Executive Order 13694[118] Blocking the Property of Certain Persons Engaging in Significant Malicious Cyber-Enabled Activities Intended to allow sanctions to be levied on foreign individuals determined by the Department of the Treasury to have engaged in cyber-crime or cyber-terrorism; was in the works for two years.[119]
Ended November 22, 2015[120] November 18, 2021[121] Executive Order 13712[120] Blocking Property of Certain Persons Contributing to the Situation in Burundi Imposed sanctions on four Burundi nationals—minister of public security Alain Guillaume Bunyoni, National Police of Burundi deputy director-general Godefroid Bizimana, Godefroid Niyombare, and Cyrille Ndayirukiye—in the wake of widespread unrest.[122]
Current Trump December 20, 2017 Executive Order 13818[123] Blocking the Property of Persons Involved in Serious Human Rights Abuse or Corruption Imposed sanctions due to the Rohingya conflict in Myanmar, specifically against general Maung Maung Soe;[124] works in tandem with the Global Magnitsky Human Rights Accountability Act.[38]
Current September 12, 2018[38] Executive Order 13848[125] Imposing Certain Sanctions in the Event of Foreign Interference in a United States Election Intended to enable automatic sanctions in response to election interference;[126][127] intelligence agencies are given 45 days after an election to assess any possible interference.[38]
Current November 27, 2018 Executive Order 13851[128] Blocking Property of Certain Persons Contributing to the Situation in Nicaragua Announces certain sanctions against current and former Daniel Ortega government officials engaging in human rights abuse or corruption.[129]
Ended February 15, 2019 January 20, 2021[130] Military Proclamation 9844[131] Declaring a National Emergency Concerning the Southern Border of the United States Seeks to divert $8 billion of funds, which were previously allocated to other programs, to build a wall on the southern border of the United States, which the order calls a "major entry point for criminals, gang members, and illicit narcotics" into the United States.[132][133][134] This emergency declaration is the first since the passage of the National Emergencies Act in which the president sought to take funds for which Congress previously denied appropriation, and the first time both houses of Congress passed a resolution declaring the emergency terminated, sending it to the president for his signature. The resolution passed, but failed to acquire the two thirds support in both houses of congress needed to override a veto. It was subsequently vetoed and failed to become law.[135]
Current May 15, 2019 Sanctions Executive Order 13873[136] Securing the Information and Communications Technology and Services Supply Chain Bans American companies from using any telecommunications equipment that the secretary of Commerce declares to be a national security risk.[137]

Soon after the executive order was signed, the Bureau of Industry and Security (BIS) of the Department of Commerce announced that it will be adding Huawei Technologies Co. Ltd and 70 affiliates to its Entity List. The Department of Commerce alleged that Huawei was engaged in activities that are contrary to US national security or foreign policy interest. As a result, sale or transfer of American technology to a company or person on the Entity List requires a license issued by the BIS, and a license may be denied if the sale or transfer would harm US national security or foreign policy interests.

Current July 26, 2019 Executive Order 13882[138] Blocking Property and Suspending Entry of Certain Persons Contributing to the Situation in Mali Freezes property and suspends entry to the United States of persons who threaten the peace and security of Mali, and prohibits making donations to such persons.
Current October 14, 2019 Executive Order 13894[139] Blocking Property and Suspending Entry of Certain Persons Contributing to the Situation in Syria Imposes sanctions against individuals who threaten the peace of or commit serious human rights abuses in Syria, or any agency or official of the Turkish government, and bars them from entering the United States.
Ended March 13, 2020 April 10, 2023[140] Public health Proclamation 9994[141][142] Declaring a National Emergency Concerning the Novel Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Outbreak On March 13, 2020, President Donald Trump declared that he would give the states and territories access to up to 50 billion dollars in federal funds to fight the COVID-19 pandemic. This includes the ability to waive laws to enable tele-health. Stated by President Trump: "It gives remote doctor's visits and hospital check ins. The power to waive certain federal license requirements so the doctors from other states can provide services in states with the greatest need."[143][144]

On April 10, 2023, three years after the emergency declaration, Congress sent a Joint Resolution terminating the national emergency to the President's desk, at which point it was signed into law. This marks the first time since the passage of the National Emergencies Act that a National Emergency was terminated through Congressional action.[145]

Ended June 11, 2020 April 1, 2021[146] Sanctions Executive Order 13928[147] Blocking Property of Certain Persons Associated with the International Criminal Court Freezes property of persons directly engaged in, or materially supporting, any effort by the ICC to investigate, arrest, detain or prosecute US or US-allied personnel in connection with the War in Afghanistan; bars entry into the US by such directly engaged persons and their immediate families.
Current July 14, 2020 Executive Order 13936[148] The President’s Executive Order on Hong Kong Normalization Freezes property of persons involved in the implementation of the Hong Kong national security law by the People's Republic of China.
Current November 12, 2020 Executive Order 13959[149] Addressing the Threat From Securities Investments That Finance Communist Chinese Military Companies Prohibits transactions in securities and derivatives of military companies in the People's Republic of China.
Current Biden February 10, 2021 Executive Order 14014[150] Blocking Property with Respect to the Situation in Burma Freezes property of and denies entry to persons involved in the 2021 Myanmar coup d'état and their immediate families, and likewise for all businesses operating in Myanmar's defense sector or controlled by the Myanmar military.
Current April 15, 2021 Executive Order 14024[151] Blocking Property with Respect to Specified Harmful Foreign Activities of the Government of the Russian Federation Freezes the property of persons involved in cyber and other threats coming from Russian government.
Current September 17, 2021 Executive Order 14046[152] Imposing Sanctions on Certain Persons With Respect to the Humanitarian and Human Rights Crisis in Ethiopia Imposes sanctions on individuals threatening the stability in Ethiopia or undermining democratic processes or institutions in Ethiopia or its territorial integrity.
Current December 15, 2021 Executive Order 14059[153][154] Imposing Sanctions on Foreign Persons Involved in the Global Illicit Drug Trade Authorizes the Secretary of the Treasury to issue sanctions on persons who have engaged in activities that contributed to the international trade of illegal drugs or gained property that was from or caused those drug trading activities.[155]
Current February 11, 2022 Seizure Executive Order 14064[156][157] Protecting Certain Property of Da Afghanistan Bank for the Benefit of the People of Afghanistan Requires the transfer of all US-held assets of Da Afghanistan Bank to an account at the Federal Reserve Bank of New York.
Current April 21, 2022 Security Proclamation 10371[158] Invocation of Emergency Authority Relating to the Regulation of the Anchorage and Movement of Russian-Affiliated Vessels to United States Ports Prohibits Russian-affiliated vessels from entering into United States ports, except those ships that transport source material, special nuclear material, and nuclear byproduct material, or provide humanitarian aid.
Current July 19, 2022 Sanctions Executive Order 14078[159] Bolstering Efforts To Bring Hostages and Wrongfully Detained United States Nationals Home
Current August 9, 2023 Executive Order 14105[160] Addressing United States Investments in Certain National Security Technologies and Products in Countries of Concern Directs the Secretary of the Treasury to issue regulations that monitor or prohibit transactions that may help China develop technology to counter US national security capabilities
Current February 1, 2024 Executive Order 14115[161] Imposing Certain Sanctions on Persons Undermining Peace, Security, and Stability in the West Bank Prohibits transactions involving property of foreign persons who participate in activities that threaten the peace and security of the West Bank, including settler violence against Palestinian civilians; suspends entry of such persons into the U.S.

See also

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References

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  2. ^ Ryan Struyk (January 7, 2019). "Trump's wall would be the 32nd active national emergency". CNN.
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  51. ^ Caine, Kimberly Hope; McNabb, Stephen M. (January 2017). "US lifts trade sanctions on Sudan". Norton Rose Fulbright. Retrieved February 11, 2019.
  52. ^ a b "Blocking Property of the Governments of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro), the Republic of Serbia, and the Republic of Montenegro, and Prohibiting New Investment in the Republic of Serbia in Response to the Situation in Kosovo". Federal Register. June 9, 1998. Retrieved February 11, 2019.
  53. ^ "Termination of Emergencies With Respect to Yugoslavia and Modification of Executive Order 13219 of June 26, 2001". Federal Register. Retrieved February 11, 2019.
  54. ^ "Today in history: Clinton declares a national emergency". theweek.com. June 9, 2014.
  55. ^ "Executive Order 13129" (PDF). Federal Register.
  56. ^ "Executive Order 13159" (PDF). Federal Register.
  57. ^ a b "Prohibiting the Importation of Rough Diamonds From Sierra Leone" (PDF). Federal Register. Retrieved February 11, 2019.
  58. ^ "Termination of National Emergency With Respect to Sierra Leone and Liberia". Federal Register. August 15, 2016. Retrieved February 11, 2019.
  59. ^ "Administration of George W. Bush, 2001" (PDF). U.S. Treasury. Retrieved February 11, 2019.
  60. ^ Bush, George W. (June 26, 2001). "Blocking Property of Persons Who Threaten International Stabilization Efforts in the Western Balkans". Federal Register. p. 34777. Retrieved February 11, 2019.
  61. ^ International Trade Compliance Blog (June 26, 2018). "US – President continues national emergencies with respect to N. Korea and Western Balkans". Baker McKenzie. Retrieved February 11, 2019.
  62. ^ "Continuation of Export Control Regulations". Federal Register. August 17, 2001. pp. 44025–44026. Retrieved February 11, 2019.
  63. ^ "Arms Export Control Act (AECA)". Directorate of Defense Trade Controls. Retrieved February 11, 2019.
  64. ^ Trump, Donald (August 9, 2018). "Text of a Notice from the President to the Speaker of the House of Representatives and the President of the Senate". whitehouse.gov. Retrieved February 11, 2019 – via National Archives.
  65. ^ Bush, George W. (September 14, 2001). "Proclamation 7463 – Declaration of National Emergency by Reason of Certain Terrorist Attacks" (PDF). Government Publishing Office. Retrieved February 11, 2019.
  66. ^ Korte, Gregory (September 14, 2017). "A permanent emergency: Trump becomes third president to renew extraordinary post-9/11 powers". USA Today. Retrieved February 11, 2019.
  67. ^ a b c Copeland, Zac (November 3, 2016). "The National Emergency Under Executive Order 13224 Moves into Year 16". Lawfare. Retrieved February 11, 2019.
  68. ^ "Executive Order 13224". U.S. Department of State. Retrieved February 11, 2019.
  69. ^ George W. Bush (September 11, 2001). "9/11 Address to the Nation:"A Great People Has Been Moved to Defend a Great Nation"". AmericanRhetoric.com.
  70. ^ Bush, George W. "Executive Order 13268 of July 2, 2002". Federation of American Scientists. Retrieved February 11, 2019.
  71. ^ "Executive Order 13284 of January 23, 2003". Federation of American Scientists. Retrieved February 11, 2019.
  72. ^ a b Bush, George W. "Blocking Property of Persons Undermining Democratic Processes or Institutions in Zimbabwe". Federal Register. Retrieved February 11, 2019.
  73. ^ Biden, Joseph R. "Termination of Emergency With Respect to the Situation in Zimbabwe". Federal Register. Retrieved March 5, 2024.
  74. ^ "Zimbabwe: U.S. sanctions 'racist'". CNN. Reuters. March 9, 2003. Retrieved February 11, 2019.
  75. ^ Stout, David (March 8, 2003). "Bush Orders Sanctions Imposed Against Leaders of Zimbabwe". The New York Times. Retrieved February 11, 2019.
  76. ^ Black, Ian (February 19, 2002). "EU hits Mugabe with sanctions and pulls out monitors". The Guardian. Retrieved February 11, 2019.
  77. ^ "Blocking Property of Additional Persons Undermining Democratic Processes or Institutions in Zimbabwe". Federal Register. November 25, 2005. pp. 71199–71209. Retrieved February 11, 2019.
  78. ^ "Protecting the Development Fund for Iraq and Certain Other Property in Which Iraq Has an Interest". Federal Register. May 22, 2003. pp. 31929–31932. Retrieved February 11, 2019.
  79. ^ "Blocking Property of Certain Persons and Prohibiting the Export of Certain Goods to Syria". Federal Register. May 11, 2004. pp. 26749–26754. Retrieved February 11, 2019.
  80. ^ Marquis, Christopher (May 12, 2004). "Bush Imposes Sanctions on Syria, Citing Ties to Terrorism". The New York Times. Retrieved February 11, 2019.
  81. ^ "U.S. hits Syria with sanctions". CNN. May 12, 2004. Retrieved February 11, 2019.
  82. ^ "Blocking Property of Certain Persons and Prohibiting the Importation of Certain Goods from Liberia". Federal Register. July 27, 2004. Retrieved August 1, 2019.
  83. ^ a b "Blocking Property of Certain Persons Contributing to the Conflict in Côte d'Ivoire". Federal Register. Retrieved February 11, 2019.
  84. ^ "Blocking Property of Certain Persons Undermining Democratic Processes or Institutions in Belarus". Federal Register. June 16, 2006. pp. 35483–35487. Retrieved February 11, 2019.
  85. ^ Myers, Steven Lee (August 5, 2006). "Court in Belarus Convicts and Sentences 4 Election Observers". The New York Times. Retrieved February 11, 2019.
  86. ^ "Blocking Property of Certain Persons Contributing to the Conflict in the Democratic Republic of the Congo". Federal Register. October 27, 2006. pp. 64103–64108. Retrieved February 11, 2019.
  87. ^ Gettleman, Jeffrey (October 30, 2006). "Despite Tension, Millions Vote in Congo". The New York Times. Retrieved February 11, 2019.
  88. ^ "Blocking Property of Persons Undermining the Sovereignty of Lebanon or Its Democratic Processes and Institutions". Federal Register. August 1, 2007. Retrieved February 11, 2019.
  89. ^ Stolberg, Sheryl Gay (August 3, 2007). "Bush Sends Warning Meant for Syria: Don't Meddle in Lebanon". The New York Times. Retrieved February 11, 2019.
  90. ^ Dakroub, Hussein (September 3, 2007). "Three-month battle ends as army takes over refugee camp". The Guardian. Retrieved February 11, 2019.
  91. ^ "Continuing Certain Restrictions With Respect to North Korea and North Korean Nationals". Federal Register. June 26, 2008. pp. 36787–36788. Retrieved February 11, 2019.
  92. ^ Cooper, Helene (June 27, 2008). "Bush Rebuffs Hard-Liners to Ease North Korean Curbs". The New York Times. Retrieved February 11, 2019.
  93. ^ a b "Declaration of a National Emergency With Respect to the 2009 H1N1 Influenza Pandemic". Federal Register. October 23, 2009. Retrieved February 11, 2019.
  94. ^ Korte, Gregory (October 22, 2014). "Special report: America's perpetual state of emergency". USA Today. Retrieved February 11, 2019.
  95. ^ Calmes, Jackie; McNeil, Donald G. Jr. (October 24, 2009). "Obama Declares Swine Flu Outbreak a National Emergency". The New York Times.
  96. ^ "Declaration of a National Emergency with Respect to the 2009 H1N1 Influenza Pandemic". October 24, 2009.
  97. ^ "Blocking Property of Certain Persons Contributing to the Conflict in Somalia". Federal Register. April 12, 2010. pp. 19869–19872. Retrieved February 11, 2019.
  98. ^ "Blocking Property and Prohibiting Certain Transactions Related to Libya". Federal Register. February 25, 2011. pp. 11315–11318. Retrieved February 11, 2019.
  99. ^ Cooper, Helene; Landler, Mark (February 25, 2011). "U.S. Imposes Sanctions on Libya in Wake of Crackdown". The New York Times. Retrieved February 11, 2019.
  100. ^ a b "Blocking Property of Transnational Criminal Organizations". Federal Register. July 24, 2011. pp. 44757–44759. Retrieved February 11, 2019.
  101. ^ "U.S. Imposes Sanctions on 4 International Criminal Groups". The New York Times. Associated Press. July 25, 2011. Retrieved February 11, 2019.
  102. ^ "Blocking Property of Persons Threatening the Peace, Security, or Stability of Yemen". Federal Register. May 16, 2012. pp. 29533–29535. Retrieved February 11, 2019.
  103. ^ a b 77 FR 38459
  104. ^ 80 FR 30331
  105. ^ a b "Blocking Property of Certain Persons Contributing to the Situation in Ukraine". Federal Register. March 6, 2014. Retrieved February 11, 2019.
  106. ^ Roberts, Dan; Traynor, Ian (March 7, 2014). "US and EU impose sanctions and warn Russia to relent in Ukraine standoff". The Guardian. Retrieved February 11, 2019.
  107. ^ Landler, Mark; Lowrey, Annie; Myers, Steven Lee (March 20, 2014). "Obama Steps Up Russia Sanctions in Ukraine Crisis". The New York Times. Retrieved February 11, 2019.
  108. ^ "Blocking Property of Additional Persons Contributing to the Situation in Ukraine". Federal Register. March 16, 2014. Retrieved February 11, 2019.
  109. ^ "Blocking Property of Additional Persons Contributing to the Situation in Ukraine". Federal Register. March 20, 2014. Retrieved February 11, 2019.
  110. ^ "Blocking Property of Certain Persons and Prohibiting Certain Transactions With Respect to the Crimea Region of Ukraine". Federal Register. December 19, 2014. Retrieved February 11, 2019.
  111. ^ "Blocking Property of Certain Persons With Respect to South Sudan". Federal Register. April 3, 2014. Retrieved February 11, 2019.
  112. ^ Gordon, Michael R. (May 6, 2014). "U.S. Imposes First Sanctions in South Sudan Conflict". The New York Times. Retrieved February 11, 2019.
  113. ^ "Blocking Property of Certain Persons Contributing to the Conflict in the Central African Republic". Federal Register. May 12, 2014. Retrieved February 11, 2019.
  114. ^ "Central African Republic: U.S. Sanctions for Former Leader". The New York Times. Reuters. May 13, 2014. Retrieved February 11, 2019.
  115. ^ "Blocking Property and Suspending Entry of Certain Persons Contributing to the Situation in Venezuela". Federal Register. March 8, 2015. Retrieved February 11, 2019.
  116. ^ Mason, Jeff; Rampton, Roberta (March 9, 2015). "U.S. declares Venezuela a national security threat, sanctions top officials". Reuters. Retrieved February 11, 2019.
  117. ^ Gillespie, Patrick (March 10, 2015). "President Obama slaps sanctions on Venezuela". CNN. Retrieved February 11, 2019.
  118. ^ "Blocking the Property of Certain Persons Engaging in Significant Malicious Cyber-Enabled Activities". Federal Register. April 1, 2015. Retrieved February 11, 2019.
  119. ^ Nakashima, Ellen (April 2, 2015). "U.S. establishes sanctions program to combat cyberattacks, cyberspying". Washington Post. Retrieved February 11, 2019.
  120. ^ a b "Blocking Property of Certain Persons Contributing to the Situation in Burundi". Federal Register. November 22, 2015. Retrieved February 11, 2019.
  121. ^ Kaneza, Eloge Willy (November 19, 2021). "US ends sanctions program on Burundi, noting reforms". ABC News. Associated Press. Retrieved November 12, 2021.
  122. ^ Gettleman, Jeffrey (November 23, 2015). "U.S. Imposes Sanctions on 4 in Burundi Violence". The New York Times. Retrieved February 11, 2019.
  123. ^ "Blocking the Property of Persons Involved in Serious Human Rights Abuse or Corruption". Federal Register. December 20, 2017. Retrieved February 11, 2019.
  124. ^ "Rohingya crisis: Myanmar general hit by US sanctions". BBC News. December 21, 2017. Retrieved February 11, 2019.
  125. ^ "Imposing Certain Sanctions in the Event of Foreign Interference in a United States Election". Federal Register. September 12, 2018. Retrieved February 11, 2019.
  126. ^ Sebenius, Alyza (September 12, 2018). "Trump Promises Sanctions If Foreign Powers Meddle in Midterms". Bloomberg.com. Bloomberg. Retrieved February 11, 2019.
  127. ^ Ward, Alex (September 20, 2018). "Trump adds more Russians who interfered in the 2016 election to a sanctions list". Vox. Retrieved February 11, 2019.
  128. ^ "Blocking Property of Certain Persons Contributing to the Situation in Nicaragua". Federal Register. November 27, 2018. Retrieved February 11, 2019.
  129. ^ "New Law Puts Nicaragua in the Cross-Hairs of Potential U.S. Financial Restrictions and Possible Additional Sanctions". Lexology. December 20, 2018. Retrieved February 11, 2019.
  130. ^ "Proclamation on the Termination Of Emergency With Respect To The Southern Border Of The United States And Redirection Of Funds Diverted To Border Wall Construction". The White House. January 20, 2021. Retrieved April 11, 2023.
  131. ^ 84 FR 4949
  132. ^ "Presidential Proclamation on Declaring a National Emergency Concerning the Southern Border of the United States". whitehouse.gov. Retrieved February 15, 2019 – via National Archives.
  133. ^ Singman, Brooke; Roberts, John. "Trump declares emergency on border, eyes $8B for wall as he signs spending package". Fox News. Retrieved February 16, 2019. President Trump said Friday he is declaring a national emergency on the southern border, tapping into executive powers in a bid to divert billions toward construction of a wall...
  134. ^ Baker, Peter (February 15, 2019). "Trump Declares a National Emergency, and Provokes a Constitutional Clash". The New York Times. Retrieved February 16, 2019. The emergency declaration, according to White House officials, enables the president to divert $3.6 billion from military construction projects to the wall. Mr. Trump will also use more traditional presidential discretion to tap $2.5 billion from counternarcotics programs and $600 million from a Treasury Department asset forfeiture fund.
  135. ^ Binder, Sarah (March 15, 2019). "The Senate voted to block Trump's national emergency declaration. Now what?". The Washington Post. Retrieved March 15, 2019.
  136. ^ "Securing the Information and Communications Technology and Services Supply Chain (84 FR 22689)". Federal Register. May 17, 2019. Retrieved February 2, 2020.
  137. ^ "Executive Order on Securing the Information and Communications Technology and Services Supply Chain". whitehouse.gov. Retrieved January 2, 2020 – via National Archives.
  138. ^ Trump, Donald (July 26, 2019). "Blocking Property and Suspending Entry of Certain Persons Contributing to the Situation in Mali". Federal Register. Retrieved July 20, 2019.
  139. ^ Trump, Donald (October 17, 2019). "Blocking Property and Suspending Entry of Certain Persons Contributing to the Situation in Syria". Federal Register. Retrieved October 8, 2021.
  140. ^ "H.J.Res.7 - Relating to a national emergency declared by the President on March 13, 2020". Congress.gov. Retrieved April 11, 2023.
  141. ^ 85 FR 15337
  142. ^ "Proclamation on Declaring a National Emergency Concerning the Novel Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Outbreak". whitehouse.gov. March 13, 2020. Retrieved March 14, 2020 – via National Archives.
  143. ^ Cathey, Libby. "Government coronavirus response live updates: Trump declares national emergency". ABC News. Retrieved March 13, 2020.
  144. ^ President Trump Declares A National Emergency Due To Coronavirus By Brian Ives, March 13, 2020 WMMR, Beasley Broadcast Group
  145. ^ "H.J.Res.7 - Relating to a national emergency declared by the President on March 13, 2020". Congress.Gov. Retrieved April 14, 2023.
  146. ^ "Executive Order on the Termination of Emergency With Respect to the International Criminal Court". The White House. April 1, 2021. Retrieved April 11, 2023.
  147. ^ "Blocking Property of Certain Persons Associated With the International Criminal Court". Federal Register. June 15, 2020. Retrieved September 18, 2021.
  148. ^ "The President's Executive Order on Hong Kong Normalization". Federal Register. July 17, 2020. Retrieved September 18, 2021.
  149. ^ "Addressing the Threat From Securities Investments That Finance Communist Chinese Military Companies". Federal Register. November 17, 2020. Retrieved September 18, 2021.
  150. ^ "Blocking Property With Respect to the Situation in Burma". Federal Register. February 10, 2021.
  151. ^ "Executive Order on Blocking Property with Respect to Specified Harmful Foreign Activities of the Government of the Russian Federation". The White House. April 15, 2021. Retrieved September 18, 2021.
  152. ^ "Executive Order on Imposing Sanctions on Certain Persons With Respect to the Humanitarian and Human Rights Crisis in Ethiopia". The White House. September 17, 2021. Retrieved September 18, 2021.
  153. ^ "Executive Order on Imposing Sanctions on Foreign Persons Involved in the Global Illicit Drug Trade". The White House. December 15, 2021. Retrieved December 16, 2021.
  154. ^ "Imposing Sanctions on Foreign Persons Involved in the Global Illicit Drug Trade". Federal Register. Retrieved January 11, 2023.
  155. ^ Diamond, Scott (December 15, 2021). "President Biden Issues Executive Order Imposing Sanctions Regarding the Global Illicit Drug Trade". SmarTrade | Thompson Hine. Retrieved December 16, 2021.
  156. ^ "Executive Order on Protecting Certain Property of Da Afghanistan Bank for the Benefit of the People of Afghanistan". The White House. February 11, 2022. Retrieved February 21, 2022.
  157. ^ "Use of Project Labor Agreements for Federal Construction Projects". Federal Register. Retrieved January 11, 2023.
  158. ^ "A Proclamation on the Declaration of National Emergency and Invocation of Emergency Authority Relating to the Regulation of the Anchorage and Movement of Russian-Affiliated Vessels to United States Ports". The White House. April 21, 2022. Retrieved April 21, 2022.
  159. ^ "Bolstering Efforts To Bring Hostages and Wrongfully Detained United States Nationals Home". Federal Register. July 19, 2022. Retrieved April 11, 2023.
  160. ^ "Addressing United States Investments in Certain National Security Technologies and Products in Countries of Concern". Federal Register. August 9, 2023. Retrieved August 23, 2023.
  161. ^ "Imposing Certain Sanctions on Persons Undermining Peace, Security, and Stability in the West Bank". Federal Register. February 1, 2024. Retrieved February 3, 2024.
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