Soomra dynasty

Soomra dynasty
Persian: خانوادهٔ سومرگان‎
Soomra dynasty Persian: خانوادهٔ سومرگان‎
1026–1351 (Continued in exile until 1440 in Umerkot)
	South Asia; 1175 CE KARAKHANID; KHANATE QARA KHITAI GHURID; EMPIRE KUMAON CHAULUKYAS CHAHAMANAS LATE; GHAZNAVIDS PARAMARAS WESTERN; CHALUKYAS KAKATIYAS SHILA-; HARAS CHOLAS CHERAS PANDYAS KADAMBAS HOYSALAS GAHADAVALAS GUHILAS KACHCHAPA-; GHATAS CHANDELAS KALACHURIS; (TRIPURI) KALACHURIS; (RATNAPURA) SENAS KARNATAS NAGVANSIS KAMARUPAS EASTERN; GANGAS GUGE MARYUL LOHA-; RAS SOOMRA; EMIRATE MAKRAN; SULTANATE
Status	Vassals of the Abbasid Caliphate (1026-1351)
Capital	Thari (in present-day Badin District in Sindh)
Official languages	Persian
Common languages	Sindhi (native language); Arabic (liturgical language)
Religion	Shia Ismaili
Government	Monarchy
History
• Soomra dynasty begins	1026
• Soomra dynasty ends	1351 (Continued in exile until 1440 in Umerkot)
Preceded by	Succeeded by
	Habbari dynasty
Samma Dynasty
Today part of	Sindh

The Soomra dynasty (Persian: خانوادهٔ سومرگان‎)^[3] was a late medieval dynasty of Sindh ruled by the Soomro tribe of Sindh, and at times adjacent regions, located in what is now Pakistan.^[4]

Sources

The only extant source is the Diwan-i Farruhi, a Persian chronicle by Abul-Hasan Ali describing Mahmud of Ghazni's invasion (1025 AD) of Mansura, the erstwhile capital of Sindh.^[5] Contemporary coinage from Sindh is scarce and of poor quality with offset flans — while some of them can be read to contain the name of Al-Zahir li-i'zaz Din Allah and Al-Mustansir Billah, the Fatimid Caliphs from 1021 until 1094, then, they lack in the name of the issuer and cannot evidence the dynasty.^[6]

History

Establishment

The early history of Soomras is unclear. Ali describes the flight and eventual death by drowning of Hafif (var. Khafif), then-ruler of Sindh, during the faceoff with Mahmud but does not specify whether he was the last Habbarid or first Soomra.^[5]^[a] Later chroniclers like Ali ibn al-Athir (c. late 12th c.) and Ibn Khaldun (c. late 14th c.) attributed the fall of Habbarids to Mahmud of Ghazni, lending credence to the argument of Hafif being the last Habbarid.^[5] The Soomras appear to have established themselves as a regional power in this vacuum.^[5]^[7]

In an old Balochi ballad, Dodo Soomra IV is mentioned as a Jaghdal (Balochi term for Jat), marrying a baloch woman. From him, the Dodai clan of Balochs claim descent.^[8]^[9] Tabakat-i-Akbari (16th cen.) mentions Soomras as a Jat tribe.^[10]

The Soomras themselves also claimed an Arab origin.^[11]^[12]

They have been retrospectively claimed to be Parmar Rajputs.^[13] In Ain I Akbari (16th century) the Sumra dynesty is mentioned as of A Rajput leneage.^[14] Some of them were adherents of Isma'ilism — Arab travelers held them to be Qarmatians, and correspondence with the Fatimid caliph, Al-Mustansir Billah has been located.^[7]

Territory

The Ghurids and Ghaznavids continued to rule parts of Sindh, across the eleventh and early twelfth century, alongside Soomras.^[5] The precise delineations have yet to be discovered, but the Soomras were probably centered in lower Sindh.^[5] One of their kings Shimuddin Chamisar had submitted to Iltutmish, the Sultan of Delhi, and was allowed to continue as a vassal.^[15]

Notes

^ C. 1105, Isma'ilis of Multan had sought refuge in Masura during Ghazni's invasion of the city and reasons for his campaign(s) against Hafif are noted to be the flourishing river trade of Isma'ilis and his (Hafif's) alliance with Jats.

References

^ Stanton, Andrea (2012). Cultural Sociology of the Middle East, Asia, & Africa, Volume 4. SAGE Publications. p. 110. ISBN 978-1-4129-8176-7.
^ "Sind Quarterly". Mazhar Yusuf. 11 November 1981 – via Google Books.
^ Ahmad, Nizamuddin (1875). طبقات اکبرى Tabaqat-i-Akbari (in Persian). Nawal Kishore Press. p. 635.
^ "The Arab Conquest". International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics. 36 (1): 91. 2007. The Soomras are believed to be Parmar Rajputs found even today in Rajasthan, Saurashtra, Kutch and Sindh. The Cambridge History of India refers to the Soomras as "a Rajput dynasty the later members of which accepted Islam" (p. 54 ).
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Collinet, Annabelle (2008). "Chronology of Sehwan Sharif through Ceramics (The Islamic Period)". In Boivin, Michel (ed.). Sindh through history and representations : French contributions to Sindhi studies. Karachi: Oxford University Press. pp. 9, 11, 113 (note 43). ISBN 978-0-19-547503-6.
^ Fishman, A. M.; Todd, I. J. (2018). "Uncertain Late Habbarid and Soomra Sindh ca. 1000-50 CE". The silver damma : on the mashas, daniqs, qanhari dirhams and other diminutive coins of India, 600–1100 CE. Mumbai, India: IIRNS Publications. pp. 176–184. ISBN 978-81-938291-0-3. OCLC 1097788735.
^ ^a ^b Boivin, Michel (2008). "Shivaite Cults And Sufi Centres: A Reappraisal Of The Medieval Legacy In Sindh". In Boivin, Michel (ed.). Sindh through history and representations : French contributions to Sindhi studies. Karachi: Oxford University Press. p. 30. ISBN 978-0-19-547503-6.
^ Kothiyal, Tanuja (14 March 2016). Nomadic Narratives: A History of Mobility and Identity in the Great Indian Desert. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-08031-7.
^ Dames, Mansel Longworth (1904). The Baloch Race: A Historical and Ethnological Sketch. Royal Asiatic Society.
^ Watson, John Whaley (1886). History of Gujarat, Musalman Period, A.D. 1297-1760. Printed at the Government Central Press.
^ Wink, André (2002). Al-Hind, the Making of the Indo-Islamic World: Early Medieval India and the Expansion of Islam 7Th-11th Centuries. BRILL. p. 166. ISBN 978-0-391-04173-8. The Sumras were a dynasty of local origin, later claiming to be Rajputs as well as Arabs, and are clearly distinguishable from the pastoral-nomadic Jats or Mids.
^ Siddiqui, Habibullah. "The Soomras of Sindh: their origin, main characteristics and rule – an overview (general survey) (1025 – 1351 AD)" (PDF). University of Karachi.
^ Dani, Ahmad Hasan (2007). History of Pakistan: Pakistan through ages. Sang-e Meel Publications. p. 218. ISBN 978-969-35-2020-0. But as many kings of the dynasty bore Hindu names, it is almost certain that the Soomras were of local origin. Sometimes they are connected with Paramara Rajputs, but of this there is no definite proof.
^ Sarkar, Jadunath (1949). Ain-i-akbari Of Abul Fazl I Allami Vol. 2 Ed. 2nd. p. 343.
^ Aniruddha Ray (4 March 2019). The Sultanate of Delhi (1206-1526): Polity, Economy, Society and Culture. Taylor & Francis. pp. 43–. ISBN 978-1-00-000729-9.

[7] C. 1105, Isma'ilis of Multan had sought refuge in Masura during Ghazni's invasion of the city and reasons for his campaign(s) against Hafif are noted to be the flourishing river trade of Isma'ilis and his (Hafif's) alliance with Jats.

[1] Stanton, Andrea (2012). Cultural Sociology of the Middle East, Asia, & Africa, Volume 4. SAGE Publications. p. 110. ISBN 978-1-4129-8176-7.

[2] "Sind Quarterly". Mazhar Yusuf. 11 November 1981 – via Google Books.

[3] Ahmad, Nizamuddin (1875). طبقات اکبرى Tabaqat-i-Akbari (in Persian). Nawal Kishore Press. p. 635.

[:0-4] "The Arab Conquest". International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics. 36 (1): 91. 2007. The Soomras are believed to be Parmar Rajputs found even today in Rajasthan, Saurashtra, Kutch and Sindh. The Cambridge History of India refers to the Soomras as "a Rajput dynasty the later members of which accepted Islam" (p. 54 ).

[:1-5] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Collinet, Annabelle (2008). "Chronology of Sehwan Sharif through Ceramics (The Islamic Period)". In Boivin, Michel (ed.). Sindh through history and representations : French contributions to Sindhi studies. Karachi: Oxford University Press. pp. 9, 11, 113 (note 43). ISBN 978-0-19-547503-6.

[6] Fishman, A. M.; Todd, I. J. (2018). "Uncertain Late Habbarid and Soomra Sindh ca. 1000-50 CE". The silver damma : on the mashas, daniqs, qanhari dirhams and other diminutive coins of India, 600–1100 CE. Mumbai, India: IIRNS Publications. pp. 176–184. ISBN 978-81-938291-0-3. OCLC 1097788735.

[:2-8] Boivin, Michel (2008). "Shivaite Cults And Sufi Centres: A Reappraisal Of The Medieval Legacy In Sindh". In Boivin, Michel (ed.). Sindh through history and representations : French contributions to Sindhi studies. Karachi: Oxford University Press. p. 30. ISBN 978-0-19-547503-6.

[9] Kothiyal, Tanuja (14 March 2016). Nomadic Narratives: A History of Mobility and Identity in the Great Indian Desert. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-08031-7.

[10] Dames, Mansel Longworth (1904). The Baloch Race: A Historical and Ethnological Sketch. Royal Asiatic Society.

[11] Watson, John Whaley (1886). History of Gujarat, Musalman Period, A.D. 1297-1760. Printed at the Government Central Press.

[12] Wink, André (2002). Al-Hind, the Making of the Indo-Islamic World: Early Medieval India and the Expansion of Islam 7Th-11th Centuries. BRILL. p. 166. ISBN 978-0-391-04173-8. The Sumras were a dynasty of local origin, later claiming to be Rajputs as well as Arabs, and are clearly distinguishable from the pastoral-nomadic Jats or Mids.

[13] Siddiqui, Habibullah. "The Soomras of Sindh: their origin, main characteristics and rule – an overview (general survey) (1025 – 1351 AD)" (PDF). University of Karachi.

[:4-14] Dani, Ahmad Hasan (2007). History of Pakistan: Pakistan through ages. Sang-e Meel Publications. p. 218. ISBN 978-969-35-2020-0. But as many kings of the dynasty bore Hindu names, it is almost certain that the Soomras were of local origin. Sometimes they are connected with Paramara Rajputs, but of this there is no definite proof.

[15] Sarkar, Jadunath (1949). Ain-i-akbari Of Abul Fazl I Allami Vol. 2 Ed. 2nd. p. 343.

[Ray2019-16] Aniruddha Ray (4 March 2019). The Sultanate of Delhi (1206-1526): Polity, Economy, Society and Culture. Taylor & Francis. pp. 43–. ISBN 978-1-00-000729-9.

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v t e History of Sindh
Periods	Indus Valley Civilisation Sindhu kingdom Rai dynasty Brahmin dynasty of Sindh Caliphal province of Sind Habbari dynasty Emirate of Multan Soomra dynasty Samma dynasty Arghun dynasty Tarkhan dynasty Mughal Empire Kalhora dynasty Talpur dynasty Bombay Presidency British period
Capitals	Mohenjo-daro Debal Aror Banbhore Mansura (Brahmanabad) Umer Kot Agham Kot Thatta Khudabad Hyderabad Karachi
People	Hoshu Sheedi Dollah Darya Khan Dodo Bin Khafef Soomro III Sibghatullah Shah Rashidi
Wars & battles	Battle of Rasil Battle of Halani Battle of Miani Battle of Hyderabad Battle of Fatehpur Battle of Jalwakhir First Battle of Shikarpur Second Battle of Shikarpur Battle of Khari Khabarlo Battle of Kachhi Battle of Larkana Battle of Jhok

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Timeline
Ancient Palaeolithic Soanian culture, c. 500,000 – 250,000 BCE Neolithic Mehrgarh, c. 7000 – c. 3000 BCE Indus Valley Civilisation, c. 3300 – c. 1700 BCE Vedic Civilization, c. 1500 – c. 500 BCE Achaemenid Empire, c. 550 – c. 330 BCE Gedrosia, c. 542 – c. 330 BCE Gandhara, c. 518 – c. 330 BCE Arachosia, c. 518 – c. 330 BCE Hindush, c. 517 – c. 330 BCE Sattagydia, c. 516 – c. 330 BCE Ror dynasty, c. 489 – c. 450 BCE Macedonian Empire, c. 329 – c. 323 BCE Arachosia, c. 323 – c. 312 BCE Gedrosia, c. 323 – c. 312 BCE Paropamisadae, c. 323 – c. 312 BCE Porus, c. 323 – c. 312 BCE Taxiles, c. 323 – c. 312 BCE Mauryan Empire, c. 322 – c. 200 BCE Seleucid Empire, c. 312 – c. 63 BCE Greco-Bactrian Kingdom, c. 190 – c. 140 BCE Indo-Greek Kingdom, c. 170 – c. 50 BCE Indo-Scythian Kingdom, c. 110 BCE – c. 95 CE Apracharajas, c. 25 BCE – c. 50 CE Paratarajas, c. 120 – c. 300 CE
Classical Parthian Empire, c. 90 BCE – c. 25 CE Indo-Parthian Kingdom, c. 25 – c. 80 CE Kushan Empire, c. 60 – 345 CE Sasanian Empire, c. 250 – 655 CE Indo-Sasanians, c. 240 – 410 CE Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom, c. 240 – 410 CE Gupta Empire, c. 345 – c. 455 CE Rai dynasty, c. 415 – 644 CE Hephthalite Empire, c. 450 – 560 CE Brahman dynasty, c. 641 – 725 CE
Medieval Caliphate, c. 643 – 860 CE Rashidun Caliphate, c. 643 – 661 CE Umayyad Caliphate, c. 670 – 860 CE Pala Empire, c. 770 – 850 CE Habbari dynasty, c. 841 – 1024 CE Hindu Shahi, c. 870 – 1010 CE Samanid Empire, c. 905 – 999 CE Ghaznavids, c. 999 – 1186 CE Soomra dynasty, c. 1024 – 1351 CE Ghurid dynasty, c. 1170 – 1215 CE Delhi Sultanate, c. 1206 – c. 1526 CE Mamluk dynasty, c. 1206 – c. 1290 CE Khalji dynasty, c. 1290 – c. 1320 CE Tugluq dynasty, c. 1320 – c. 1413 CE Sayyid dynasty, c. 1414 – c. 1451 CE Lodhi dynasty, c. 1451 – c. 1526 CE Mongol Empire, c. 1221 – c. 1327 CE Chagatai Khanate, c. 1225 – c. 1485 CE Ilkhanate, c. 1256 – c. 1353 CE Raees dynasty, c. 1320 – 1620 CE Katoor dynasty, c. 1570 – c. 1947 CE Samma dynasty, c. 1351 – c. 1524 CE Arghun dynasty, c. 1520 – c. 1554 CE Mughal Empire, c. 1526 – c. 1707 CE Bombay Presidency, c. 1618 – c. 1947 CE Suri dynasty, c. 1540 – c. 1556 CE Tarkhan dynasty, c. 1554 – 1591 CE
Early modern Durrani Empire, c. 1747 – c. 1826 CE Las Bela, c. 1802 – c. 1947 CE Misl, c. 1716 – c. 1799 CE Maratha Empire, c. 1758 – c. 1760 CE Sikh Empire, c. 1799 – c. 1849 CE British Raj, c. 1858 – c. 1947 CE Independence Movement
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