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Pohang-class corvette

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ROKS Sokcho and Bucheon underway in 2007
Class overview
NamePohang class
Builders
Operators
Preceded byDonghae class
Succeeded byIncheon class
In commission17 December 1984 – present
Completed24
Active
Retired14 (-5)
Preserved3
General characteristics
TypeCorvette
Displacement
  • 950 t (empty)
  • 1,220 t (full)
Length88.3 m (289 ft 8 in)[2]
Beam10 m (32 ft 10 in)[3]
Draft2.9 m (9 ft 6 in)[2]
Propulsion
Speed
  • Maximum: 32 knots (59 km/h)
  • Cruising: 15 knots (28 km/h)[3]
Range4,000 nautical miles (7,400 km)[3]
Crew95 (10 officers)
Sensors and
processing systems
  • Combat management system:
  • Signaal SEWACO ZK (Batch II - III)
  • Samsung/Ferranti WSA-423 (Batch IV - VI)
  • Fire control system & radar:
  • Signaal WM28 (Batch II - III)
  • WSA-423 includes FCS (Batch IV - VI)
  • Fire control radar:
  • Samsung/Marconi S1810 (Batch IV - VI)[4]
  • Samsung/Marconi ST1802 (Batch V - VI)
  • Surface search radar:
  • Raytheon AN/SPS-64 (Batch II - VI)[4]
  • STX SPS-300K (Batch IV - VI, after 2014)[5]
  • Optronic director:
  • Signaal LIOD (Batch II - III)
  • Samsung/Radamec 2400 (Batch IV - VI)
  • Sonar:
  • EDO 786 (Batch II)[4]
  • Raytheon AN/SQS-58 (Batch III - VI)[4]
Electronic warfare
& decoys
  • Mk 36 SRBOC
  • GoldStar ULQ-12K ESM
  • SLQ-261K TACM (Batch IV - VI, after 2012)[4]
  • Victek SLQ-201K ESM (Batch IV - VI, after 2019)
Armament

The Pohang-class PCC (Patrol Combat Corvette) (Korean: 포항급 초계함, Hanja: 浦項級哨戒艦) is the low-end complement of the high-low mix domestic naval construction plan of the Republic of Korea Navy under the 1st Yulgok Project (1974-1986) for the Republic of Korea Armed Forces. It was originally planned as a Batch II production of Donghae-class corvette, but many changes on overall design, notably applying the hull design of Ulsan-class frigate, reclassified the ship to its own class. The ship is designed for patrolling maritime border, including the Northern Limit Line, protecting the littoral zone, and combating the North Korean vessels.[6]

Since 1984, a total of 24 Pohang-class corvettes commissioned in the Republic of Korea Navy. The decommission of the class started in 2009, and is being replaced with series of FFX program. As of January 2023, 5 remain in service in the ROKN, and 7 were transferred to other navies.

Development

[edit]
See also: Donghae-class corvette § Development

The Pohang-class corvette was originally intended to be a Batch II version of the Donghae-class corvette.[7]

During the design phase of the Donghae-class corvette, there was some debate between the designers regarding the shape of the hull. Captain Eom Do-jae, who was also supervising the construction of the Ulsan-class frigate at the time, believed that a new corvette should have a narrow V-shaped hull, similar to the Ulsan-class frigate design. However, according to other designers, based on experiences from the ships operated by the ROKN, the Noryang-class PCEC (Patrol Craft Escort & Combatant) (ex-PCE-842-class) had the best size for the mission, and the Sinseong-class PCE (Patrol Craft Escort) (ex-Auk-class MSF), which had a U-shape hull, showed great ship stability at patrol speeds (5-8 knots). A further consideration was that a V-shape hull would require fin stabilizers, which were not favored by the ROKN due to difficulties with fin stabilizers of the Baekgu-class PGM (Patrol Gunboat Motor) (modified Asheville-class). As a result, the ROKN proceeded with implementing a U-shape design to achieve stability without the use of fin stabilizers for the Donghae-class.[6]

Captain Eom subsequently persuaded ROKN naval command to change the hull design for the construction of the second batch of the Donghae-class corvette.[7] The hull became a shape similar to that of Ulsan-class, and many of the internal and external structures were redesigned. Ultimately this Batch II version was sufficiently different from the original Donghae class that it was reclassified into the Pohang class. The decision to install fin stabilizers on the Pohang-class corvette was decided by the ROKN only a month prior to the launch of the ROKS Pohang due to feedback from the ROKS Ulsan (which was constructed without fin stabilizers). To meet the new fin stabilizer requirement, internal parts were relocated under a tight schedule.[8]

The Pohang-class is about 10 m longer, 100 t heavier, and 1 knot faster (with a maximum speed of 32 knots) than the Donghae-class thanks to a better speed-length ratio. During sea trials, the ROKS Pohang achieved speed of 35 knots. Successful testing of fin stabilizers prompted their subsequent installation on all Pohang and Ulsan-class.[8]

General characteristics

[edit]

The Pohang-class is powered by one General Electric LM2500 gas turbine engine and two MTU Friedrichshafen 12V 956 TB82 diesel engines for combined diesel or gas (CODOG) propulsion system, which allows full displacement of 1,220 t ship to move at 32 kn maximum and 15 kn cruising speed. The main armament is focused on surface combat to counter numerous and small North Korean ships, which is controlled by Signaal SEWACO ZK combat management system combined with Signaal WM28 fire-control system and fire-control radar, Raytheon AN/SPS-64 surface-search radar, and Signaal LIOD optronic director. For anti-submarine mission, the ship has installed EDO 786 sonar and armed with 2 x triple Mark 32 Surface Vessel Torpedo Tubes firing Mark 46 torpedo.

However, the ship lacks air-search radar along with anti-air weapon, which was the biggest topic among the militaries of the world as a result of the Falklands War, due to low on budget. The ship has limited defense capability against air and missile attack, only assisted by GoldStar ULQ-12K ESM (electronic support measures) and Mk 36 SRBOC (Super Rapid Bloom Offboard Countermeasures).

The Pohang-class received multiple changes and upgrades during the construction, and in service with the Republic of Korea Navy. The ESM and other sensitive systems, depending on the recipient, are dismounted from the ship, while some are installed when transferred to other nations.

Batch I

[edit]
See also: Donghae-class corvette § General characteristics

Batch II

[edit]

4 ships built. The Batch II removed twin Bofors 40mm/60 cannon, and mounted two Aérospatiale MM38 Exocet surface-to-surface missile launchers.

Batch III

[edit]

4 ships built. The Batch III heavily enhanced its gun system by installing additional OTO Melara 76 mm/62 cannon, and replacing 2 x Emerson EMERLEC 30 twin Oerlikon 30 mm/75 KCB cannon with 2 x Breda DARDO CIWS twin Bofors 40 mm/70 cannon, which is capable of engaging aircraft and cruise missile. The sonar was upgraded to Raytheon AN/SQS-58 to increase anti-submarine warfare capability while MM38 Exocet was removed from the ship.

Batch IV

[edit]

10 ships built. The Batch IV was the most critical upgrade and change of the Pohang-class. The ship changed the combat management system to WSA-423 (Weapon Ship Automation-423) in collaboration of Samsung Aerospace Industries (later Hanwha Systems) and the British Ferranti, which became the backbone of the Republic of Korea Navy's Baseline 1.0 ICMS (Integrated Combat Management System) dubbed as "Naval Shield". Installation of this unproven system caused delays in delivering the ship.[9] Additional system changes include Marconi S1810 fire control radar and Radamec 2400 optronic director, both localized by Samsung.

Batch V/VI

[edit]

6 ships built. The Batch V/VI has a structure difference from previous Batch. These ships added a Samsung/Marconi ST1802 fire control radar to improve gun control.

Operational history

[edit]

In 1986, ROKS Pohang sunk an armed North Korean vessel as it ignored warnings after crossing the NLL of the Sea of Japan.[10][11]

In 1991, ROKS Gimcheon detected a submerged Soviet Union submarine at east of Pohang during patrol; the ship monitored and pursued the submarine.[12]

On 11:50 AM of 20 April 1996, two of the seven North Korean patrol crafts crossed the NLL during training exercise. The corvettes were sent to intercept, and confronted until North Korean vessels retreated back to the NLL on 1:20 PM.[13]

Main article: 1996 Gangneung submarine infiltration incident

On 1:30 AM of 18 September 1996, a local taxi driver found a grounded North Korean Sang-O-class submarine on the coast of Gangneung. ROKS Gyeongju along with other vessels were sent to block runways via sea by North Korean spy agents, and surveil enemy vessels in the area.[14]

On 2:05 PM of 29 May 1997, a North Korean patrol craft crossed the NLL. The corvette was sent with three patrol craft to intercept. North Korean vessel returned to the NLL on 3:00 PM.[15]

Main article: 1998 Sokcho submarine incident

On 4:33 PM of 22 June 1998, a South Korean fishing boat reported a North Korean Yugo-class submarine was tangled by fishing net at 20.7 km east of Sokcho. The ROKN dispatched ships including ROKS Gunsan and ROKS Mokpo and aircraft to secure the scene. On 7:25 PM, ROKS Gunsan started towing the submarine to nearby naval base. All North Korean operators were found dead inside the submarine—committing group suicide before being captured.[16][17][11]

Main article: 1998 Yeosu submersible incident

On 11:15 PM of 17 December 1988, an army private found a North Korean semi-submarine near Yeosu using TOD. ROKS Namwon and ROKS Gwangmyeong were sent to search and catch the semi-submarine. The submarine opened machinegun fire at chasing ships, then was sunk by ROKS Gwangmyeong.[11]

Main article: First Battle of Yeonpyeong

On 9:10 AM of 7 June 1999, a North Korean patrol boat crossed the NLL in an excuse for protecting fishing boat. Since then, multiple North Korean fishing boats and patrol boats crossed the line back and forth. Two navies fought by ramming each other, which caused heavy damage on two of the North Korean ships, for days. On 15 June, a North Korean torpedo boat opened fire at Chamsuri-class with grenades, rifles, and 25 mm cannons. The battle lasted for 14 minutes with South Korean victory; North Korea lost a torpedo boat and received 1 heavy damage, 2 moderate damage, and 2 minor damage on patrol boats among 10 ships. South Korea received minor damage on 4 Chamsuri-class and ROKS Cheonan.[18][11] ROKS Jinhae, ROKS Cheonan, and ROKS Yeongju were involved in the incident. ROKS Yeongju scored critical hit and sunk the torpedo boat with OTO Melara 76 mm/62 cannon.

In 1999, the Batch IV began to equip RGM-84C Harpoon surface-to-surface missile.[19] The system was taken out from decommissioning Chungbuk-class destroyers (ex-Gearing-class), and installed on the corvettes.

In 2000, MBDA Mistral MANPADS was installed on the ships as anti-air weapon.[11]

Main article: Second Battle of Yeonpyeong

On 29 June 2002, Chamsuri-class PKM-357 received surprise attack from North Korean patrol boat. ROKS Jinhae and ROKS Jecheon were dispatched to the scene to assist; the ships were under threat by Styx and Silkworm missile radars during the operation, and Mk 36 SRBOCs were used as the defensive measurement.[20][21]

At the RIMPAC 2002, ROKS Wonju became the first Pohang-class to fire RGM-84C Harpoon. The missile hit the target successfully.[11]

In 2006, K745 Blue Shark lightweight anti-submarine torpedo achieved full operating capability. The new torpedo will be added to arsenal of the corvettes.[22]

On 29 September 2006, the Defense Acquisition Program Administration (DAPA) approved the batch 2 production of SSM-700K C-Star surface-to-surface missile for the year 2007 to 2010. The part of the production will be applied for the corvettes.[23]

Main article: Battle of Daecheong

On 10 November 2009, ROKS Suncheon participated in the Battle of Daecheong to provide support to the Chamsuri-class patrol boats.[24][25]

Main article: ROKS Cheonan sinking

At 21:21:57 (12:21:57 UTC) of 26 March 2010, an explosion (or two explosions) occurred for 1~2 seconds at the stern of ROKS Cheonan, causing a power stoppage and inflow of oil and seawater, and the ship heeled 90 degrees to starboard very quickly. When the crew went out to the deck, they found the stern already submerged. At 22:40, the Navy and the Coast Guard rescued 58 sailors, including the captain, from the crew of 104; 46 were killed.[26] The ship sank around 01:00 on 27 March 2010. The bow floated 6.4 kilometres (3.5 nmi) to the southeast from the explosion site, then submerged completely at 22:30 on 27 March 2010.

On 20 May 2010, a South Korean-led investigation group announced that all evidence pointed to a North Korean torpedo being responsible for the sinking of ROKS Cheonan.

As a response to the North Korean submarine attack, Pohang-class upgraded its anti-submarine warfare capability by installing SLQ-261K TACM (Torpedo Acoustic Counter Measure) and changing older rescue boat to RIB (Rigid-hulled Inflatable Boat) on Batch IV and later variants as early as 2012.[27][4]

On 23 March 2014, the development of STX Engine SPS-300K surface search radar, which can detect small objects such as submarine periscope, was announced after being tested on ROKS Iksan. Additional 15 corvettes (Batch IV - VI) will receive the new radar by 2015.[5]

In June 2019, ROKS Andong completed the test of SLQ-201K ESM (electronic support measures). The ESM detects electromagnetic waves emitted from the hostile missile and radar, allowing to track, analyze, identify, then warn the main system to automatically activate defensive measures such as Mk 36 SRBOC. All operating corvettes will receive the upgrade by 2020.[28][29]

On 17 February 2020, BRP Conrado Yap encountered the People's Liberation Army Navy Type 056A corvette Liupanshui on its patrol mission. Crews of the Conrado Yap visually observed Liupanshui's gun control director pointing at them.[30]

On 17 July 2022, fire erupted in the engine room of BAP Guise and injured 2 Peruvian sailors during RIMPAC 2022. With help from the French Navy and the U.S. Navy, the wounded sailors quickly received treatment and were hospitalized in Honolulu in stable condition. The fire was extinguished after 5 hours and 40 minutes. The reason for the fire is currently unknown. The ship received significant maintenance programs including disassembly and regeneration of diesel and gas turbine engines before the transfer to the Peruvian Navy.[31] The repairing of BAP Guise was completed in February 2023.[32]

Ships in class by country

[edit]

Republic of Korea Navy

[edit]
See also: Donghae-class corvette § Ships in class by country
Name Hull Number Builder Launched Delivered Commissioned Decommissioned Status
Batch II
ROKS Pohang PCC-756 Korea Shipbuilding Corporation 7 February 1984[33] 31 October 1984[33] 30 June 2009[10] Used as a museum ship in Pohang since 12 June 2010.[34]
ROKS Gunsan PCC-757 Korea Tacoma Shipyard 27 May 1984[35] 30 November 1984[35] 17 December 1984 29 September 2011[36] Scrapped in 2017.[37]
ROKS Gyeongju PCC-758 Hyundai Heavy Industries 29 May 1984[35] 30 April 1985[35] 1 May 1985[38] 30 December 2014[38] Transferred to the Peruvian Coast Guard[39] but currently in service with the Peruvian Navy as BAP Ferré.
ROKS Mokpo PCC-759 Daewoo Shipbuilding 12 October 1984[35] 17 May 1985[35] 17 May 1985[38] 30 December 2014[38] Disposed as a target ship during Tiger Shark torpedo test fire in 2018.
Batch III
ROKS Gimcheon PCC-761 Korea Shipbuilding Corporation 29 November 1985[35] 31 August 1986[35] 1 September 1986[12] 31 December 2015[12] Transferred to the Vietnam People's Navy as Ship 18.[40]
ROKS Chungju PCC-762 Korea Tacoma Shipyard 24 January 1986[41] 30 September 1986[41] 30 November 1986[41] 27 December 2016[41] Transferred to the Philippine Navy as BRP Conrado Yap (PS-39).[42]
ROKS Jinju PCC-763 Hyundai Heavy Industries 12 February 1986[41] 29 October 1986[41] 1 November 1986[41] 27 December 2016[41] Transferred to the Egyptian Navy as ENS Shabab Misr.[43][44]
ROKS Yeosu PCC-765 Daewoo Shipbuilding 14 June 1986[45] 30 November 1986[45] 1 December 1986[46] 27 December 2017[46] Transferred to Vietnam People's Navy as Ship 20.
Batch IV
ROKS Jinhae PCC-766 Korea Shipbuilding Corporation 18 March 1987[45] 2 July 1988[45] 30 September 1988[46] 27 December 2017[46] Used as museum ship in Jinhae since 22 September 2023.[47]
ROKS Suncheon PCC-767 Korea Tacoma Shipyard 3 April 1987[35] 31 July 1988[35] 30 September 1988[48] 24 December 2019[48] Transferred to the Peruvian Navy as CM-28 BAP Guise.[49]
ROKS Iksan PCC-768 Hyundai Heavy Industries 24 March 1987[35] 13 September 1988 30 September 1988 27 December 2018[35] Transferred to the Colombian Navy as ARC Almirante Tono.[50][51]
ROKS Wonju PCC-769 Daewoo Shipbuilding 23 October 1987[35] 29 September 1988[35] 30 September 1988 31 December 2021[35] Used by the Naval Battle Training Group Eight as reserve & training ship.
ROKS Andong PCC-771 Korea Shipbuilding Corporation 30 April 1987[52] 7 November 1988[52] 5 January 1989[53] 31 December 2020[53] To be transferred to the Philippine Navy in 2023.[54]
ROKS Cheonan PCC-772 Korea Tacoma Shipyard 24 July 1987[55] 30 December 1988[55] 31 December 1988[55] 11 June 2010[56] Sunk on 26 March 2010 by torpedo attack from the North Korea. Raised and used as a memorial ship.
ROKS Bucheon PCC-773 Hyundai Heavy Industries 12 June 1987[35] 30 December 1988[35] 4 May 1989[57] 31 March 2021[57] Used by the Naval Battle Training Group Eight as reserve & training ship.[58]
ROKS Seongnam PCC-775 Daewoo Shipbuilding 11 December 1987[35] 3 May 1989[35] 4 May 1989 31 December 2021[35] Used by the Naval Battle Training Group Eight as reserve & training ship.
ROKS Jecheon PCC-776 Korea Tacoma Shipyard 8 December 1987[35] 3 May 1989[35] 4 May 1989 31 December 2021[35] Used by the Naval Battle Training Group Eight as reserve & training ship.
ROKS Daecheon PCC-777 Hyundai Heavy Industries 20 January 1988[35] 28 April 1989[35] 7 January 1990 28 December 2023[59] Used by the Naval Battle Training Group Eight as reserve & training ship.
Batch V
ROKS Sokcho PCC-778 Hyundai Heavy Industries 7 July 1989[35] 28 February 1990[35] 2 March 1990 30 December 2022 Used by the Naval Battle Training Group Eight as reserve & training ship.
ROKS Yeongju PCC-779 Hyundai Heavy Industries 27 July 1989[35] 31 March 1990[35] 20 April 1990 30 December 2022 Used by the Naval Battle Training Group Eight as reserve & training ship.
ROKS Namwon PCC-781 Daewoo Shipbuilding 17 October 1988[35] 30 April 1990[35] 1 May 1990 28 December 2023[59] Used by the Naval Battle Training Group Eight as reserve & training ship.
ROKS Gwangmyeong PCC-782 Korea Tacoma Shipyard 27 October 1989[60] 30 June 1990[60] 9 July 1990 Active
Batch VI
ROKS Sinseong PCC-783 Hanjin Heavy Industries 16 April 1991[35] 28 March 1992[35] Active
ROKS Gongju PCC-785 Korea Tacoma Shipyard 21 September 1992[35] 31 July 1993[35] Active

Foreign operators

[edit]
Name Hull Number Builder Batch Launched Delivered Commissioned Decommissioned Status
 Colombian National Navy
ARC Almirante Tono CM-56 Hyundai Heavy Industries IV 24 March 1987 28 September 2020[61] 6 January 2021[62] Active
 Egyptian Navy
ENS Shabab Misr 1000 Hyundai Heavy Industries III 12 February 1986 19 September 2017 Active
 Peruvian Navy
BAP Ferré CM-27 Hyundai Heavy Industries II 8 June 1984 2018 2018 Active
BAP Guise CM-28 Korea Tacoma Shipyard IV 3 April 1987 26 November 2021[63] 5 January 2022[64] Active
 Philippine Navy
BRP Conrado Yap PS-39 Korea Tacoma Shipyard III 24 January 1986 5 August 2019[42] 5 August 2019[42] Active
ex-ROKS Andong PS-40 Korea Shipbuilding Corporation IV 30 April 1987 Awaiting transfer.[54]
Vietnam People's Navy
ex-ROKS Gimcheon 18 Korea Shipbuilding Corporation III 29 November 1985 28 May 2017[65] Active
ex-ROKS Yeosu 20 Daewoo Shipbuilding III 14 June 1986 17 October 2018[65] Active

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
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  24. ^ 최, 평천 (December 24, 2019). ""전역을 명받았습니다"...국산 전투함 3척, 30여년 군생활 마감" [“I was ordered to be discharged”… Three domestically produced combat ships, 30 years of military service ended]. Yonhap News Agency (in Korean). Archived from the original on March 26, 2024. Retrieved December 6, 2021.
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  28. ^ 김, 수한 (July 18, 2019). "'위협감지 즉시 자동 유도탄 대응' 소형전자전장비, 해군 초계함에 첫 실전배치" [Small electronic warfare equipment that ‘immediately responds to automatic guided missiles when a threat is detected’ is deployed for...]. 헤럴드경제 (in Korean). Archived from the original on March 26, 2024. Retrieved November 29, 2021.
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