Jump to content

Raqqa campaign (2016–2017) order of battle

Add links
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Syrian Democratic Forces fighters in combat during the Raqqa campaign (2016–2017).

In course of the Raqqa campaign (2016–2017), an international coalition, primarily composed of the Syrian Democratic Forces and CJTF–OIR, captured the Raqqa Governorate from the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, which had declared Raqqa city the capital of its self-proclaimed caliphate.

Anti-ISIL forces

[edit]

Syrian Democratic Forces and integrated units

[edit]
Main article: Syrian Democratic Forces
SDF general headquarters - Gen. Mazlum Kobane (chief commander of the SDF),[1] Rojda Felat (leading operations commander),[2] Sipan Hemo (YPG chief commander),[3] Cihan Shekh Ahmed (spokeswoman),[2] Col. Talal Silo (spokesman),[4] Brig. Gen. Hussam Awak (high-ranking commander)[5][6]
Kurdish YPG fighters during the offensive on 24 December 2016.
Abu Yazan, commander of the Tell Abyad Revolutionaries Brigade, a SDF member group.
A Kurdish Front fighter during the Battle of Raqqa in June 2017.
Deir Ezzor Military Council fighters during the offensive.
  • Deir Ezzor Military Council (since 10 December 2016 - second phase),[6] under command of Ahmad Abu Khoula[64][65]
    • Sub-units led by Khalid Awad (killed on 22 February),[66][67] and others
  • Raqqa Regiment, led by Hassan Khalil[68]
  • Northern Brigade faction, led by Mihemed Al Musa (since 4 September 2017)[69]
  • Local pro-SDF tribes and militias[70][71][72]
Self-Defense Forces (HXP)[73] - Siyamend Welat (chief commander of HXP)[4]
  • Elements of the 3rd Brigade[73]
Police
IRPGF fighters during the campaign.
International Freedom Battalion[78]

Sinjar Resistance Units (since July 2017)[86]
Êzîdxan Women's Units (since July 2017),[86][87]

 Iraqi Kurdistan

CJTF–OIR

[edit]
Main article: Combined Joint Task Force – Operation Inherent Resolve
US Navy sailors conduct pre-flight inspections on a Boeing EA-18G Growler that participates in Operation Inherent Resolve.
CJTF–OIR general headquarters - Maj. Gen. John W. Brennan (chief commander), Brig. Gen. Karl Harris[89] (deputy commander)
A United States Marine Corps artillery battery fires at ISIL positions during the Battle of Raqqa.

Syrian government and allies (co-belligerent)

[edit]
Main article: Syria

 Russia

Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant

[edit]
Main article: Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant
The Black Standard[broken anchor] of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant.
ISIL headquarters - Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi (self-proclaimed caliph and commander-in-chief);[104][105] Abu Jandal al-Kuwaiti (leading commander for Raqqa defences 11–26 December);[106][107] Abu Khattab al-Tunisi (ISIL high command member)[108]
ISIL military forces ("Diwan al-Jund")[109]
  • Field army (organized into infantry, snipers, air defence, special forces, artillery forces, and the army of adversity)[110]
    • Defences of Al-Thawrah, under command of Abu Saraqeb al-Maghribi[111]
      • Sub-units in al-Thawrah District, led by various emirs, including Abu Umar al-Almani (killed on 25 March),[112] Abu Zubeyir (killed on 2 April),[113] and a Jordanian, who secretly worked as spy for CJTF–OIR until being extracted by US special forces in April[114]
    • Defences of Raqqa city; the eastern city was under command of Abu Khattab al-Tunisi until his death on 10 June 2017.[115] At least some of the ISIL holdouts in Raqqa by October 2017 were under the command of a man known as "Abu Osama".[85]
      • Large number of foreign mujahideen (Chechens, Sudanese, Dagestanis, Moroccans, Algerians, Tunisians, Turks, Saudi Arabians, Georgians, Australians, Azerbaijanis, British)[116][117][118][119]
      • Local pro-ISIL militias[1]
    • Defences of al-Fakhikha, under command of a lower-ranking local commander/official, who was arrested by ISIL around 8 January on charges that he might have sold information to the Kurds or CJTF–OIR[120]
    • Other sub-units, led by Abu Zur al-Tunisi and Bilal al-Shawwash (both deserted to Jabhat Fateh al-Sham around 7 December),[121] Abo Hamza Riadiat (killed on 8 January),[120] and others
  • Caliphate Army (elite forces)
  • Caliphate Cubs (child soldiers)
    • Abu Ubada al-Shami, one of the leading commanders and recruiters for the Caliphate Cubs, surrendered to the SDF on 20 Aug. 2017[125]
  • Committee for Military Manufacturing and Development
    • Aviation sector
      • Al Bara’ bin Malik Brigade[e]
A destroyed chemical weapons factory of ISIL in the Deir ez-Zor Governorate.
  • External operations networks, led by Abd al-Basit al-Iraqi (killed by an airstrike on 12 November)[128]
    • Network of Boubaker Al-Hakim ( reported killed by an airstrike on 26 November), including sub-units led by Salah Gourmet, Sammy Djedou, and Walid Hamman (all killed on 4 December)[129][130]
  • Units responsible for contacts and coordination among ISIL forces, led by Abo Sufian al-Orani until his death on 8 January.[120]
Administration
  • Wilayat Raqqa, under ISIL Governor Abu Luqman.[131]
    • Majority of al-Breij tribe[132]
    • Elements of al-Ajeel tribe[131]
    • Elements of al-Na'im tribe[133]
  • Islamic police (Hibsa), led by Abu Muhammad al-Jazrawi since his appointment around 31 December[111]
  • Intelligence and propaganda networks, overseen by Mahmoud al-Isawi until his death on 31 December by an airstrike[135]
    • Ahmad Abousamra, a leading ISIL propagandist, was killed by an airstrike north of al-Thawrah city in January 2017[136]
  • Ministry of Information, led by Abu Ahmed al-Souri until he was replaced by Abu Jandal al-Masri around 31 December[111]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ These are volunteers who have fully joined the YPG but aren't a part of the YPG International Battalion, and are not members of any other units such as the "International Freedom Battalion" or the "YPG International Battalion".
  2. ^ The Ghanim group was forcibly disbanded by the SDF after accusations that they worked with the government. Several members of the group, including Fayad Ghanim, then fled into areas held by the Syrian Army.[33][34]
  3. ^ After the Northern Union declared its loyalty to the Assad government on 20 February, it was destroyed by Jabhat Thuwar al-Raqqa two days later during SDF infighting.[36]
  4. ^ Abu al-Qasim al-Shammari was reportedly captured by the Raqqa Hawks Brigade during alleged SDF infighting.[44]
  5. ^ It is known that ISIL has used drones during this campaign.[126] ISIL drones are generally operated by the Al Bara’ bin Malik Brigade.[127]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c Amberin Zaman (26 September 2017). "Syrian Kurdish commander: We're 'ready to engage' with Damascus". al-Monitor. Retrieved 28 September 2017.
  2. ^ a b "Third phase of Raqqa campaign announced". Rudaw. 5 February 2017.
  3. ^ a b Wladimir van Wilgenburg (18 March 2017). "Kurdish YPG leader says attack on Raqqa city to start in April". ARA News. Archived from the original on 19 October 2017. Retrieved 18 March 2017.
  4. ^ a b c "Wrath of Euphrates: campaign successfully advances, 98 villages, hamlets liberated". Hawar News Agency. 12 February 2017. Archived from the original on 13 February 2017. Retrieved 12 February 2017.
  5. ^ a b "Thuwar Raqqa imposes a condition to return to the "Euphrates Wrath"". El-Dorar Al-Shamia. 20 May 2017. Archived from the original on 2 June 2017. Retrieved 22 May 2017.
  6. ^ a b c "Syrian Democratic Forces launch second phase of Raqqa Operation". ARA News. 10 December 2016. Archived from the original on 13 December 2016. Retrieved 18 February 2017.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h "Who is taking part in Ghadab al-Firat campaign?". Hawar News Agency. Archived from the original on 9 November 2016. Retrieved 8 November 2016.
  8. ^ Harp (2017), p. 49.
  9. ^ Tonacci, Fabio (29 December 2016). "La brigata degli italiani con i curdi verso Raqqa: "Ma a casa non sanno che qui combattiamo"". la Repubblica (in Italian). Rome. p. 8.
  10. ^ a b Quentin Sommerville; Riam Dalati (27 September 2017). "The city fit for no-one. Inside the ruined 'capital' of the Islamic State group". BBC. Retrieved 28 September 2017.
  11. ^ a b "They returned to Afrin after their participation in al-Raqqa liberation". Hawar News Agency. 7 November 2017. Archived from the original on 22 December 2017. Retrieved 20 December 2017.
  12. ^ a b Joey L. (3 August 2017). "Welcome to Raqqa, a photo-essay from the frontlines". SOFREP.
  13. ^ "YPG: Çiya Rûs yoldaşımız şehit düşmüştür". ANF News (in Turkish). 24 April 2017.
  14. ^ "7 commanders of the Syria Democratic Forces were killed in the continued operation of "Euphrates Wrath" in the countryside of Al-Raqqah". SOHR. 15 March 2017.
  15. ^ Harp (2017), p. 44.
  16. ^ Wladimir van Wilgenburg (23 April 2017). "Japanese YPG fighter: Kurds, Arabs and foreign volunteers work together against ISIS in Syria". ARA News. Archived from the original on 26 April 2017.
  17. ^ "Kurds confirm death of third US volunteer as part of Raqqa campaign". ARA News. 27 January 2017. Archived from the original on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 27 January 2017.
  18. ^ "SDF commander: The Ayn Issa front advanced to Raqqa by 10km". Hawar News Agency. 6 November 2016. Archived from the original on 16 November 2016. Retrieved 18 February 2017.
  19. ^ Enwer Omar (26 December 2016). "Kurdish female fighters playing key role in battle for Raqqa". ARA News. Archived from the original on 12 December 2017. Retrieved 1 January 2017.
  20. ^ "Wrath of Euphrates Operations Room, commandant Rojda Felat, Northern Raqqa". YPG. 10 December 2016. Archived from the original on 2 January 2017. Retrieved 1 January 2017.
  21. ^ "Morale is high among anti-Islamic State fighters marching on Raqqa". Middle East Eye. 6 November 2016.
  22. ^ Mahmoud Bali (12 June 1017). "Female Commander Leads Anti-IS Fighters in Hometown Raqqa". Voice of America.
  23. ^ "US-backed Syrian Forces Push Deeper into Raqqa". Voice of America. 8 June 1017.
  24. ^ John Sjoholm (23 March 2017). "VICTORY – Mission Tabqa Dam Complete, joint US SpecOps retake vital dam from ISIS". Lima Charlie. Retrieved 15 April 2017.
  25. ^ a b "550 km2 liberated, Wrath of Euphrates reveals outcomes". Hawar News Agency. 14 November 2016. Archived from the original on 16 November 2016. Retrieved 18 February 2017.
  26. ^ a b "SDF marching on Raqqa is mix of ethnicities, religions, genders". Rudaw. 7 November 2016.
  27. ^ Agence France-Presse (29 June 2017). "Rosaries and rifles: Syria Christians take on IS in Raqa". al-Monitor. Retrieved 2 July 2017.
  28. ^ @ver_scholl_en (29 July 2017). "Joel Hanna fell martyr in summer 2015, most recent graduating class of trainees named for him" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  29. ^ https://www.facebook.com/permalink.php?story_fbid=1164645640307515&id=690780204360730 [user-generated source]
  30. ^ Agiri Ibrahim (5 October 2017). "NATURO participate in al-Jazeera Tempest". Hawar News Agency. Archived from the original on 19 October 2017. Retrieved 5 October 2017.
  31. ^ Raqqa Post (7 September 2016). "#Syria - Raqqa suspicious factions with the PYD". Yallasouriya. Retrieved 13 March 2017.
  32. ^ "A military commander" we will besiege gangs on all sides"". Hawar News Agency. 7 November 2016. Archived from the original on 12 May 2017. Retrieved 18 February 2017.
  33. ^ "YPG Participates a US-Led Crackdown to arrest leaders of Soqour al-Raqqa Brigade". Al-Dorar al-Shamia. 27 August 2017. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 28 August 2017.
  34. ^ Andrew Illingworth (28 August 2017). "BREAKING: Two top US-backed SDF commanders defect to Syrian Army (Photos)". Al-Masdar News. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 28 August 2017.
  35. ^ "Would Assad regime Go into on the battle of #Raqqa ?". El-Dorar Al-Shamia. 20 February 2017. Retrieved 13 March 2017.[permanent dead link‍]
  36. ^ ""Thwar al-Raqqa" Brigade Attacks the pro-Assad regime "Tajamou' al-Shamal" north of #Raqqa". El-Dorar Al-Shamia. 23 February 2017. Retrieved 13 March 2017.[permanent dead link‍]
  37. ^ "Fighters from all al-Raqqa clans participate in the liberation camiagn". Hawar News Agency. 2 April 2017. Archived from the original on 2 April 2017. Retrieved 2 April 2017.
  38. ^ a b "Wrath of Euphrates fighters head for al-Sokeri". Hawar News Agency. 20 November 2016. Archived from the original on 12 May 2017. Retrieved 18 February 2017.
  39. ^ "Every fighter in al-Raqqa has a story to tell". Hawar News Agency. 4 January 2017. Archived from the original on 9 October 2017. Retrieved 23 January 2017.
  40. ^ Zlatica Hoke (7 November 2016). "US, Iraq Back Syrian Kurdish-led March on Raqqa, Turkey Objects". Voice of America. Retrieved 20 February 2017.
  41. ^ @arabthomness (11 December 2016). "#Syria: the #SDF coalition (#YPG, local #FSA, allied arab tribes) have launched the second stage of the offensive to liberate #Raqqa" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  42. ^ "Fursan al-Jazîra Brigades join SDF ranks". Hawar News Agency. 8 April 2017. Archived from the original on 16 August 2017. Retrieved 8 April 2017.
  43. ^ "SDF: Phase 2 of Raqqa campaign begins, sights set on al-Tabqa dam". 11 December 2016.
  44. ^ ""Intentionally" fights Arab allies .. and "revolutionaries tenderness" reveal planned". Baladi News. 27 December 2016. Archived from the original on 21 April 2019. Retrieved 18 February 2017.
  45. ^ "Raqqa offensive: Flood fears as SDF forces near Islamic State-held dam". Middle East Eye. 12 January 2017. Retrieved 4 February 2017.
  46. ^ "Casualties in Damascus and Al-Raqqah". SOHR. 14 February 2017.
  47. ^ a b c d e f g "Great War for the liberation of Raqqa begins". Hawar News Agency. 6 June 2017. Archived from the original on 9 June 2017. Retrieved 6 June 2017.
  48. ^ "Video: SDF Official Stating to Qasioun the Latest Military Updates in Raqqa". Qasioun News Agency. 12 August 2017. Archived from the original on 19 October 2017. Retrieved 13 August 2017.
  49. ^ "ISIS will have no power left after Raqqa: Commander". Firat News Agency. 27 September 2017.
  50. ^ "Tribal forces: Our goal is liberation tenderness and all Syrian territory from terrorism". Hawar News Agency. 19 June 2017. Archived from the original on 24 June 2017. Retrieved 19 June 2017.
  51. ^ Wladimir van Wilgenburg (18 April 2017). "200 fighters from Manbij to join Raqqa operation, SDF gets closer to Tabqa centre". ARA News. Archived from the original on 19 April 2017. Retrieved 18 April 2017.
  52. ^ "Muhammad Abu Adel, MMC new commander". Hawar News Agency. 18 September 2017. Archived from the original on 23 January 2018. Retrieved 18 September 2017.
  53. ^ "Mohammed Abu Adel as General Commander of the Manbaj Military Council". Furat FM Radio. 17 September 2017. Archived from the original on 18 September 2017. Retrieved 18 September 2017.
  54. ^ "SDF: Manbij commander Adnan killed in Raqqa offensive". Rudaw Media Network. 30 August 2017.
  55. ^ a b Aris Roussinos (19 September 2017). "Inside The Fight To Retake Raqqa From ISIS".
  56. ^ a b "Shams al-Shamal fighters participating in Wrath of Euphrates". Hawar News Agency. 2 January 2017. Archived from the original on 23 August 2017. Retrieved 2 January 2017.
  57. ^ a b "MMC and SDF liberated 2 km2 of al-Tabqa". Hawar News Agency. 22 April 2017. Archived from the original on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 22 April 2017.
  58. ^ "3,000 Arab fighters to be deployed under SDF banner for Raqqa battle". Rudaw. 2 February 2017.
  59. ^ "Elite Forces led by former Syrian opposition chief join SDF in fight against ISIS". ARA News. 11 December 2016. Archived from the original on 26 August 2017. Retrieved 18 February 2017.
  60. ^ Heysem Haci (5 February 2017). "More Arab fighters join Kurdish-led SDF in fight for Raqqa". ARA News. Archived from the original on 12 December 2017. Retrieved 18 February 2017.
  61. ^ Bahia Mardini (26 March 2017). "Syrian elite forces enter dignity stronghold city Daesh". Elaph.
  62. ^ Saeed Jawdat (16 March 2017). "Forces (elite Syrian) mourns the death of one of its fighters". All4Syria.
  63. ^ @Syria_Rebel_Obs (6 November 2016). "EXCLUSIVE SRO - Former leader of the main #Tabqa #FSA factions, Liwa Owais al-Qarni, entered Northern Federation days ago" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  64. ^ J.O. (26 February 2017). "Al-Raqqa isolation from Deir ez-Zor is imminent". Hawar News Agency. Archived from the original on 14 June 2017. Retrieved 26 February 2017.
  65. ^ "قيادي في قسد لـ"قاسيون": عقب السيطرة على الرقة سنتجه نحو ديرالزور (فيديو) - وكالة قاسيون للأنباء". Archived from the original on 9 October 2017. Retrieved 18 February 2017.
  66. ^ "Wrath of Euphrates announces death of commander in DeirEzzor Military Council Khalid Awad". Syria Live Map. 22 February 2017.
  67. ^ "More than 40 barrels target the west of Rif Dimashq and more fighters of Syria Democratic Forces killed in clashes at the eastern countryside of Al-Raqqah". SOHR. 22 February 2017.
  68. ^ John Davison (16 August 2017). "Arab fighters struggle to assert role in Raqqa assault". Reuters.
  69. ^ "Former Euphrates Shield group joined SDF". YPG. 4 September 2017. Retrieved 9 September 2017.
  70. ^ "SDF: 2480 square kilometers liberated during Phase II of Raqqa Campaign". YPG Rojava. Retrieved 18 January 2017.
  71. ^ "عشيرة العجيل بشيوخها وشبانها تساند قوات سوريا الديمقراطية - ANHA". www.hawarnews.com. Archived from the original on 26 April 2017. Retrieved 2 May 2017.
  72. ^ "200 more youths from Raqqa join the Operation Wrath of Euphrates". ANF News. Archived from the original on 2 April 2017. Retrieved 2 May 2017.
  73. ^ a b J.O (5 February 2017). "Self-defense fighters join Wrath of Euphrates". Hawar News Agency. Archived from the original on 6 February 2017. Retrieved 18 February 2017.
  74. ^ Wladimir van Wilgenburg (20 May 2017). "Kurdish police backs SDF forces in Raqqa operation". ARA News. Archived from the original on 23 May 2017. Retrieved 22 May 2017.
  75. ^ "Raqqa: Qasioun Lens Inside Tabaqa City And Euphrates Dam 13-5-2017". Qasioun News Agency. 14 May 2017. Retrieved 16 May 2017.
  76. ^ Wladimir van Wilgenburg (21 May 2017). "US-led coalition trains Raqqa Internal Forces to run post-ISIS city". ARA News. Archived from the original on 23 May 2017. Retrieved 22 May 2017.
  77. ^ Hisham Arafat (27 May 2017). "Raqqa Internal Security established by Kurdish-led SDF". Kurdistan 24.
  78. ^ a b c d Sinan Deniz (13 November 2016). "'Raqqa's fall will bring the end of Erdoğan'". ANF News. Retrieved 26 January 2017.
  79. ^ a b "Four martyrs of Raqqa operation laid to rest". ANF News. 1 June 2017. Retrieved 7 June 2017.
  80. ^ Sinan Deniz (10 May 2017). "BÖG Chief Commander martyred in Raqqa operation". ANF News. Retrieved 10 May 2017.
  81. ^ "TKP/ML-TİKKO Commander in Rojava falls a martyr". ANF News. 16 August 2017. Retrieved 17 August 2017.
  82. ^ Alex MacDonald (30 August 2016). "Bob Crow brigade '30 miles' from IS-stronghold of Raqqa in Syria". Middle East Eye. Retrieved 1 April 2017.
  83. ^ a b Moore, Jack (25 July 2017). "FIRST LGBT UNIT CREATED TO FIGHT ISIS IN SYRIA. ITS NAME? THE QUEER INSURRECTION". Newsweek. Retrieved 25 July 2017.
  84. ^ Wladimir van Wilgenburg (27 July 2017). "SDF official denies existence of LGBT military unit in Raqqa". ARA News. Archived from the original on 27 July 2017.
  85. ^ a b Martin Chulov (6 October 2017). "The fall of Raqqa: hunting the last jihadists in Isis's capital of cruelty". The Guardian. Retrieved 10 October 2017.
  86. ^ a b "Şengal's YJŞ: heading for al-Raqqa to liberate Yazidi women". Hawar News Agency. 3 July 2017. Archived from the original on 6 August 2017. Retrieved 3 July 2017.
  87. ^ Bethan McKernan (8 October 2017). "'We want revenge': Meet the Yazidi women freeing their sisters from Isis in the battle for Raqqa". The Independent. Archived from the original on 24 May 2022. Retrieved 10 October 2017.
  88. ^ Jack Murphy (23 March 2017). "Did Kurdistan's Counter-Terrorist Group assault the Tabqa Dam in Syria?". SOFREP.
  89. ^ Wladimir van Wilgenburg (17 February 2017). "Coalition general says SDF forces to take Raqqa from ISIS, not Turkey". ARA News. Archived from the original on 16 February 2017. Retrieved 18 February 2017.
  90. ^ Wladimir van Wilgenburg (25 February 2017). "Top US general visits Kurdish-led SDF troops amidst ongoing Raqqa operation". ARA News. Archived from the original on 26 February 2017. Retrieved 25 February 2017.
  91. ^ a b John Sjoholm (8 February 2017). "Trump's Middle Eastern War, A Bay of Pigs in the making". Lima Charlie. Retrieved 8 March 2017.
  92. ^ Oriana Pawlyk (18 May 2017). "US F/A-18E Shoots Down Syrian Su-22 in Air-to-Air Kill". Military.com. Retrieved 19 June 2017.
  93. ^ Dan Lamothe; Thomas Gibbons-Neff (8 March 2017). "Marines have arrived in Syria to fire artillery in the fight for Raqqa". The Washington Post. Retrieved 8 March 2017.
  94. ^ "More US special forces for Raqqa than Manbij: monitor". NOW. Archived from the original on 9 November 2016. Retrieved 8 November 2016.
  95. ^ "The 75th Ranger Regiment hits the ground in Syria for Raqqa offensive". SOFREP. 6 March 2017.
  96. ^ Steven Swinford (25 December 2016). "Operation Raqqa: British RAF pilots to switch bombing raids to 'the heart' of Isil". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 16 January 2017.
  97. ^ "Kurdish-led forces take strategic village from ISIS west of Raqqa". Zaman Alwsl. 1 January 2017.
  98. ^ Paul Antonopoulos (4 April 2017). "Britain admits elite troops involved in capture of Tabqa dam, airbase from ISIS". al-Masdar News. Archived from the original on 28 September 2018. Retrieved 4 April 2017.
  99. ^ Sirwan Kajjo (21 December 2016). "Kurdish-Arab Forces in Syria Make Gains in Raqqa Province". Voice of America.
  100. ^ Volkmar Kabisch; Reiko Pinkert (29 March 2017). "Zivile Opfer in Syrien. Bundeswehr in verheerenden Luftschlag involviert". Tagesschau (Germany) (in German). Retrieved 29 March 2017.
  101. ^ "Syrian army advances west of Raqqa: Hezbollah military media unit". Reuters. 13 June 2017. Retrieved 13 June 2017.
  102. ^ a b Fadel, Leith (13 June 2017). "Syrian Army kicks off Raqqa offensive in a big way, key oil field liberated". Al-Masdar News. Archived from the original on 27 November 2020. Retrieved 13 June 2017.
  103. ^ Hozan Mamo (18 February 2017). "Russia bombs ISIS positions in Raqqa". ARA News. Archived from the original on 19 February 2017. Retrieved 18 February 2017.
  104. ^ "Isis leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi is still alive, says Pentagon". Independent.co.uk. 30 December 2016. Archived from the original on 24 May 2022.
  105. ^ Correspondent, Barbara Starr, CNN Pentagon (29 December 2016). "US aware of recent Baghdadi movements". CNN. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  106. ^ "U.S.-backed force in Syria advances towards IS-held dam". Reuters. 27 December 2016. Retrieved 27 December 2016.
  107. ^ "ISIS 'war committee' member killed in airstrike near Raqqa". Rudaw. 29 December 2016. Retrieved 29 December 2016.
  108. ^ Mohammad Abdulssattar Ibrahim; Mohammed Al-Haj Ali; Justin Schuster (12 June 2017). "In battle for Raqqa, Syrian Democratic Forces make steady advances". SYRIA:Direct. Retrieved 16 June 2017.
  109. ^ Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi (24 June 2015). "Islamic State Training Camps and Military Divisions". Retrieved 20 February 2017.
  110. ^ Alessandria Masi (3 March 2015). "Inside 'The Caliphate Army': ISIS's Special Forces Military Unit Of Foreign Fighters". International Business Times. Retrieved 31 December 2016.
  111. ^ a b c Haytham Mustafa (31 December 2016). "Islamic State replaces Syrian officials by foreign jihadists in Raqqa". ARA News. Archived from the original on 1 January 2017. Retrieved 31 December 2016.
  112. ^ "Abu Omar al-Almany was killed". Hawar News Agency. 26 March 2017. Archived from the original on 26 March 2017. Retrieved 26 March 2017.
  113. ^ "SDF kills ISIS commander near al-Tabqa town in northern Syria". Ahlul Bayt News Agency. 2 April 2017.
  114. ^ "The coalition withdrew a Jordanian spy, who had served as a Daesh emir, in the recent landing operation in Deir Ezzor". Deirezzor24. 8 April 2017. Archived from the original on 25 January 2018. Retrieved 10 April 2017.
  115. ^ Dilber Issa (12 June 2017). "Top ISIS military official killed by SDF fire in Raqqa city". ARA News. Archived from the original on 17 June 2017. Retrieved 16 June 2017.
  116. ^ "Dissident assured on IS' collapse, mass fleeing situations". Hawar News Agency. 17 June 1017.
  117. ^ Chris Tomson (1 July 2017). "Kurdish troops withdraw from east Raqqa suburb as ISIS launches fresh counter-offensive". al-Masdar News. Archived from the original on 9 July 2017. Retrieved 2 July 2017.
  118. ^ Thomas Joscelyn (4 July 2017). "US-backed forces enter Islamic State stronghold within Raqqa". The Long War Journal. Retrieved 13 July 2017.
  119. ^ "Only grains and legumes in Al-Raqqah kitchens and ISIS opens the way for about 3000 people to flee the escalated clash areas". SOHR. 5 August 2017. Retrieved 7 August 2017.
  120. ^ a b c "After the assassination of al-Omrani, IS starts another execution campaign". SOHR. 8 January 2017. Retrieved 8 January 2017.
  121. ^ Sirwan Kajjo (20 November 2016). "2 Top IS Commanders Reportedly Flee Raqqa". VOA News.
  122. ^ Amy Chew (15 January 2017). "Three Malaysian ISIS jihadists killed in Raqqa airstrike". Channel NewsAsia. Archived from the original on 17 January 2017. Retrieved 18 February 2017.
  123. ^ Laila Majdalawi (16 January 2017). "Three Malaysian ISIS jihadists killed in Raqqa airstrike". ARA News. Archived from the original on 12 October 2017. Retrieved 18 February 2017.
  124. ^ @DanieleRaineri (1 January 2017). "Abu Muhammad al Adnani named the..." (Tweet). Retrieved 9 February 2017 – via Twitter.
  125. ^ "IS Group's Children recruiting officer surrenders to SDF militias". Al-Dorar Al-Shamia. 20 August 2017. Archived from the original on 24 August 2017. Retrieved 28 August 2017.
  126. ^ "Strong clashes in Makmen and Khanez fronts". Hawar News Agency. 7 February 2017. Archived from the original on 11 August 2017. Retrieved 18 February 2017.
  127. ^ Eric Schmitt (31 January 2017). "Papers Offer a Peek at ISIS' Drones, Lethal and Largely Off-the-Shelf". The New York Times.
  128. ^ Thomas Joscelyn (17 November 2016). "US-led coalition killed emir of Islamic State's 'Middle East external networks'". The Long War Journal. Retrieved 17 November 2016.
  129. ^ Thomas Joscelyn (13 December 2016). "Pentagon: 2 Paris attack facilitators killed in US airstrike in Raqqa, Syria". Long War Journal.
  130. ^ "Islamic State militant linked to Charlie Hebdo attack could still be alive: Iraq". Reuters. 15 April 2017.
  131. ^ a b Tabler (2017), pp. 2, 3.
  132. ^ Tabler (2017), pp. 2–4, 8.
  133. ^ Tabler (2017), p. 4, 7, 8.
  134. ^ MAHİR YILMAZKAYA (27 March 2017). "Strategic significance of Tabqa". ANF News. Retrieved 7 June 2017.
  135. ^ Sedredin Kino (7 January 2017). "US airstrike kills ISIS propaganda chief in Raqqa". ARA News. Archived from the original on 11 November 2017. Retrieved 7 January 2017.
  136. ^ "US-educated ISIS propagandist killed in Syria". The Daily Star (Lebanon). 6 April 2017. Archived from the original on 7 April 2017. Retrieved 7 January 2017.

Bibliography

[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Raqqa campaign (2016–2017).
Retrieved from "http://en.wiki.x.io/w/index.php?title=Raqqa_campaign_(2016–2017)_order_of_battle&oldid=1252724396"