Jump to content

British Forces Cyprus

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Operation Tosca)
British Forces Cyprus
British Forces Tri-Service badge
Allegiance United Kingdom
Branch British Army Flag British Army
Royal Air Force Ensign Royal Air Force
Naval Ensign of the United Kingdom Royal Navy
Size3,500 military personnel[1]
7,000 civilians[1]
Part ofUK Ministry of Defence
Garrison/HQAkrotiri and Dhekelia, Cyprus
Commanders
CBF (Commander British Forces Cyprus)Air Vice-Marshal Peter Squires OBE
Notable
commanders		Air Chief Marshal Sir Michael Wigston KCB CBE ADC

British Forces Cyprus (BFC) is the name given to the British Armed Forces stationed in the UK Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia on the island of Cyprus and at a number of related 'retained sites' in the Republic of Cyprus. The United Kingdom retains a military presence on the island in order to keep a strategic location at the eastern end of the Mediterranean, for use as a staging point for forces sent to locations in the Middle East and Asia. BFC is a tri-service command, with all three services based on the island reporting to it.

History

[edit]
Dhekelia Garrison

Following the establishment of the Republic of Cyprus in 1960, the UK retained two Sovereign Base Areas in Akrotiri and Dhekelia and an RAF air marshal was appointed as the Administrator of the Sovereign Base Areas.[2] The Treaty of Establishment also provided British access to 40 'retained sites' in the republic of Cyprus; these included numerous radar stations, several ports, a range of accommodation and support facilities and a firing range.[3] In March of the following year British Forces Near East was created, the command of which was then held concurrently with that of the post of Administrator.[4]

On 1 March 1961, the Southern Group of Middle East Air Force became Near East Air Force and was based in Cyprus. By 1962, the title British Forces in Cyprus was in official use.[5] In 1976, as part of a Foreign and Commonwealth Office brief in preparation for the visit of the CENTO Secretary-General to the UK, it was recorded that:

..two Vulcan medium bomber squadrons, one Lightning all-weather fighter squadron, one Hercules transport squadron and one Whirlwind helicopter squadron were stationed on the island. It would be very difficult to relocate these forces and their training facilities to a base in a CENTO member state since an agreement would have to be negotiated. Besides, the United Kingdom would also have to pay the host nation for facilities granted. The sites in Cyprus were guarded by one infantry battalion, defended by a Bloodhound anti-aircraft missile squadron and one armoured car squadron. In fact, the Vulcans based at Akrotiri were 'the only declared nuclear force in CENTO' and the island played a unique part in the capacity of the air route of CENTO for the transfer of forces east of Suez in times of war. The radar sites and the fighter squadron were considered an extension of the NATO air defence system."[6]

British Forces Cyprus retains the right to use 13 retained sites with the remaining 27 having been returned to Cyprus after the Ministry of Defence no longer required them. The most recent sites to be returned were the Berengaria Married Quarters in 2011, because they had become obsolete and the firing range on the Akamas peninsula in 1999-2001. Its training value was deemed less important than the environmental damage inflicted on an ecologically important area and the consequent political liability to British Forces Cyprus.[7][8][9][10]

Force structure

[edit]
UK Sovereign Base Areas (pink)

Episkopi is the current location of Headquarters British Forces Cyprus. Commander British Forces Cyprus (CBF) and Administrator of the Sovereign Base Areas is a two-star appointment, alternating every three years between a British Army major-general and a Royal Air Force air vice-marshal. Consequently, the Chief of Staff British Forces Cyprus (COS) is a one-star appointment from the opposite service of the commander.

Episkopi Cantonment is home to the Sovereign Base Areas Administration, the civilian authority in the territory.[3]

July 2020 organisation of British Forces Cyprus.
Atlas pallet loader of Joint Movement Squadron at Akrotiri

Within British Forces Cyprus are a number of permanently based units; however, the large proportion of British forces in Cyprus are rotated between Cyprus and the UK:

  • Permanent Units
    • HQ, British Forces Cyprus
    • Joint Service Signal Unit (Cyprus)[11] (Ayios Nikolaos Station)
      • Regimental Headquarters
      • 234 Signal Squadron
      • 840 Signal Squadron RAF
      • Engineering Squadron
      • Support Squadron
    • Cyprus Communications Unit (an amalgamation of 12 Signals Unit RAF at Episkopi (1 June 1969 - 1 Sept 2002[12]) & 259 Signal Squadron, Royal Signals)
    • Cyprus Operations Support Unit
      • Military Transport Squadron
      • Joint Movement Squadron
      • Joint Engineer Squadron
      • Air Operations Squadron
    • No. 84 Squadron RAF
    • Resident infantry battalions — usually two light role infantry battalions, one at Dhekelia and one at Episkopi, are permanently based on the island; the battalions are usually rotated every 1–2 years.
    • Cyprus Military Working Dog Troop, Episkopi
    • Cyprus Joint Police Unit (CJPU), HQ Episkopi, a Tri-Service Military Police Unit consisting of Royal Navy Police, Royal Military Police and RAF Police.
      • 1 Platoon CJPU — Dhekelia
      • 2 Platoon CJPU — Episkopi
  • Civilian Components
  • Public Health and Environmental Health Services
    • Joint Services Health Unit (Formed in 1958)
      • HQ Akrotiri
      • No. 1 detachment RAF Akrotiri
      • No. 2 detachment Episkopi
      • No. 4 detachment Dhekelia

The Queen's and King's Divisions continue to rotate battalions through Cyprus every three years.[14]

Commanders

[edit]

The following officers have been in command of British Forces Cyprus:[15]

General Officer Commanding Cyprus District

Commander, British Forces in Cyprus

Commander, British Forces Cyprus

Operation TOSCA

[edit]

Operation TOSCA is the name given to the British contribution to the United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP). The British Contingent (BRITCON) numbers between 200 and 300, and consists of three distinct parts:

  • HQ BRITCON — responsible for the administration and support of the British Contingent.
  • Force Military Police Unit — the FMPU is commanded by a major of the Royal Military Police, with seven other members of the RMP as part of the multi-national unit.
  • UN Roulement Regiment — the URR has responsibility for patrolling Sector 2 of the Green Line in Nicosia.

The URR is drawn from across the Field Army, and will not necessarily be a specialist combat unit (infantry or cavalry), or even part of the Regular Army, as, since 2008, units of the Territorial Army / Army Reserve have undertaken deployments to the Green Line.[40][41][42]

One of the roles of the support units of BFC is to assist as needed the British units deployed with UNFICYP, which are not part of BFC, but are instead under the direct command of the United Nations.

Units

[edit]

Listed is the unit that provided the Regimental Headquarters and the bulk of the troops. Often soldiers from a number of Territorial Army units would also deploy as part of the force.

British Forces Cyprus Installations

[edit]

The Republic of Cyprus

[edit]

In addition to the Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia, 1960 Treaty of Establishment between the United Kingdom and the Republic of Cyprus granted the UK the right to permanently make use of 40 further sites on the island for military purposes.[108][109]

Name Part of Country County Opened Units
Berengaria Village Married Quarters British Forces Cyprus Cyprus Limassol The Harakis Borehole and the Berengaria village pipeline are also retained to supply water.[108]
British East Mediterranean Relay Station British Forces Cyprus Cyprus Zygi Used the Foreign and Commonwealth Office to broadcast BBC World Service programming to Israel and the Arab world.[110]
Troodos Leave Camp British Forces Cyprus Cyprus Troodos 1878 The accommodation is used by BFC, visiting troops and youth services in support of adventurous training. Site also contains married-quarters, NAAFI and Works Unit.[108] Contiguous with RAF Troodos.
RAF Nicosia and Camps British Forces Cyprus Cyprus Nicosia Not currently in use because it lies in the UN Buffer Zone between Turkish-occupied Northern Cyprus and the Republic of Cyprus.
RAF Mt Olympus Radar Station British Forces Cyprus Cyprus Troodos A British Longrange Radar Station operating on Mt Olympus' Peak.
RAF Troodos British Forces Cyprus Cyprus Troodos 1878 A remote Signals Station.
Kissousa Headwaters, Reservoir and Pumping Station British Forces Cyprus Cyprus Limassol A secure water supply for the Akrioti Sovereign Base Area[111][112]

Occupied Northern Cyprus

[edit]

Three retained Military facilities are located within the territory of Northern Cyprus. They are not currently in use by British Forces Cyprus because the UK does not acknowledge the Government of Northern Cyprus.[108]

Name Part of Country County Opened Units
Famagusta Joint Services Port Utility British Forces Cyprus Northern Cyprus Famagusta Lies in Northern Cyprus and therefore not currently in use.
Famagusta Family Shop and NAAFI HQ British Forces Cyprus Northern Cyprus Famagusta Lies in Northern Cyprus and therefore not currently in use.
Famagusta NAAFI Transport Yard British Forces Cyprus Northern Cyprus Famagusta Lies in Northern Cyprus and therefore not currently in use.

Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia

[edit]

The two British enclaves in the Republic of Cyprus, act as platforms for the projection of British military assets in the Eastern Mediterranean and the Middle East.[113] The enclaves serve as centres for regional communications monitoring from the eastern Mediterranean through the Middle East to Iran.[114][115] Facilities within the retained areas also support British military activities on retained sites in the Republic of Cyprus and provide unique training opportunities.[116]

Western Sovereign Base Area

Name Part of Country Region Opened Units
Episkopi Cantonment British Forces Cyprus Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia Western Sovereign Base Area 1960 Home to HQ British Forces Cyprus[117]
Paramali North and South Quarters British Forces Cyprus Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia Western Sovereign Base Area 1960
RAF Akrotiri British Forces Cyprus Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia Western Sovereign Base Area 1960 The Largest Royal Air Force Station outside the UK.

Eastern Sovereign Base Area

Name Part of Country Region Opened Units
Alexander Barracks British Forces Cyprus Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia Eastern Sovereign Base Area 1960
Ayios Nikolaos Station British Forces Cyprus Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia Eastern Sovereign Base Area 1960 The Joint Service Signal Unit (JSSU). JSSU is a static communications organisation maintaining secure links from Cyprus to the rest of the world.[118] The station is a significant centre for GCHQ collection of signals data and intelligence from the Eastern Mediterranean Region and Middle East.[119][120]
Dhekelia Airfield British Forces Cyprus Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia Eastern Sovereign Base Area

A small airfield whose primary employment is as a British Army Helicopter Base.[121]

Dhekelia Cantonment British Forces Cyprus Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia Eastern Sovereign Base Area 1960

Headquarters of the Eastern Sovereign Base Area, a resident infantry battalion, an engineer squadron, and various logistic units, as well as UK-based civilians and dependents.[122]

Nightingale Barracks British Forces Cyprus Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia Eastern Sovereign Base Area

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b "Cyprus Critical Issues III: The British Sovereign Base Areas". Retrieved 18 June 2021.
  2. ^ Efthymiou, Stratis Andreas (2016). "The development of the ideology of Defence: militarism in Post-war Cyprus" (PDF). Defence Studies. 16 (4): 408–426. doi:10.1080/14702436.2016.1229126. S2CID 157301069.
  3. ^ a b "Treaty No. 5476. United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Greece, Turkey and Cyprus" (PDF). Retrieved 27 March 2016.
  4. ^ "W M L Macdonald_P". Retrieved 27 March 2016.
  5. ^ "Service Aviation". Flight Global. 10 May 1962. Retrieved 20 June 2015.
  6. ^ FCO brief for visit of CENTO Secretary-General to the UK, 6–13 March 1976, FCO 8/2652 TNA/Panagiotis Dimitrakis, "The Value to CENTO of UK Bases on Cyprus," Middle Eastern Studies journal, 45:4, 611-624, 2009, DOI: 10.1080/00263200903009676, accessed via [1], June 2021.
  7. ^ Dubin, Marc; Morris, Damien (2002). Cyprus. ISBN 9781858288635. Retrieved 27 March 2016.
  8. ^ "Akamas Control Measures" (PDF). Retrieved 27 March 2016.
  9. ^ "Cyprus". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). 16 January 1995. Retrieved 27 March 2016.
  10. ^ Berengaria Village 2011. 25 February 2012. Archived from the original on 2021-12-21. Retrieved 27 March 2016 – via YouTube.
  11. ^ This unit is a British Armed Forces run Government Communications Headquarters electronic intelligence gathering station. Jeffrey T. Richelson; Desmond Ball (1990). The Ties the Bind: Intelligence Cooperation between the UKUSA Countries. Boston/London: Unwin Hyman. (p.194 note 145).
  12. ^ Royal Air Force Heritage Trust, 12 Signals Unit RAF
  13. ^ Cacoyannis, Sofie (2024-08-09). "End of an era: Duke of Lancaster's Regiment flag lowered in Episkopi after two years". www.forcesnews.com. Retrieved 2024-10-13.
  14. ^ Army basing plan
  15. ^ V: Ministry of Defence and Tri-service senior appointments: Cyprus, Commander, British Forces Archived 2012-03-15 at the Wayback Machine. page 31. gulabin.com. Retrieved 2011-12-28.
  16. ^ "Abdy Ricketts". Unit Histories. Retrieved 21 June 2015.
  17. ^ "No. 40935". The London Gazette (Supplement). 23 November 1956. p. 6716.
  18. ^ "No. 41561". The London Gazette (Supplement). 28 November 1958. p. 7349.
  19. ^ "No. 42117". The London Gazette (Supplement). 12 August 1960. p. 5605.
  20. ^ "No. 42732". The London Gazette (Supplement). 13 July 1962. p. 5727.
  21. ^ "No. 43447". The London Gazette (Supplement). 25 September 1964. p. 8212.
  22. ^ "No. 44177". The London Gazette (Supplement). 18 November 1966. p. 12577.
  23. ^ "No. 44841". The London Gazette (Supplement). 6 May 1969. p. 4723.
  24. ^ "No. 45143". The London Gazette (Supplement). 3 July 1970. p. 7479. and "Air of Authority."
  25. ^ "No. 46029". The London Gazette (Supplement). 17 July 1973. p. 8291.
  26. ^ Henn, Francis. A Business of Some Heat: The United Nations Force in Cyprus Before and During the 1974 Turkish Invasion, Casemate Publishers, 2004, 244.
  27. ^ "No. 46868". The London Gazette (Supplement). 5 September 1976. p. 5059.
  28. ^ "No. 47533". The London Gazette (Supplement). 15 May 1978. p. 5895.
  29. ^ "No. 49314". The London Gazette (Supplement). 11 April 1983. p. 4951.
  30. ^ "No. 50301". The London Gazette (Supplement). 28 October 1985. p. 15019.
  31. ^ "No. 51316". The London Gazette (Supplement). 25 April 1988. p. 4947.
  32. ^ {07} New commander for British Bases. Cyprus Mail. 15 January 1998. Hellenic Resources Network. Retrieved 2011-12-28.
  33. ^ "No. 58857". The London Gazette (Supplement). 21 October 2008. p. 16154.
  34. ^ Commands - Med/Mid East_P Archived September 10, 2014, at the Wayback Machine
  35. ^ "Forces TV Meets Outgoing Head of BFC". Forces TV. Archived from the original on 18 January 2015. Retrieved 14 June 2014.
  36. ^ "Senior appointments". RAF. Retrieved 7 June 2015.
  37. ^ "Ministry of Defence and Senior Tri-Service Appointments" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 November 2015. Retrieved 1 April 2017.
  38. ^ "No. 62784". The London Gazette (Supplement). 1 October 2019. p. 17508.
  39. ^ "RAF Senior Appointments". Retrieved 28 August 2022.
  40. ^ a b "It's 'Gunner' rain on their parade". British Army. 12 November 2019. Retrieved 18 June 2021.
  41. ^ a b "Service Medals for Peacekeeping in Cyprus". Royal Logistic Corps. 17 February 2020. Retrieved 18 June 2021.
  42. ^ Cyprus operation is TA's first ever UN mission - MOD News, 23/01/09 Archived January 31, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
  43. ^ "1st Bn Parachute Regiment - British Army units from 1945 on". Retrieved 19 June 2021.
  44. ^ "Coldstream Guards - British Army units from 1945 on". Retrieved 19 June 2021.
  45. ^ a b "Queen's Royal Irish Hussars - British Army units from 1945 on". Retrieved 19 June 2021.
  46. ^ a b "1st Royal Tank Regiment - British Army units from 1945 on". Retrieved 19 June 2021.
  47. ^ a b "Royal Irish Rangers - British Army units from 1945 on". Retrieved 19 June 2021.
  48. ^ a b c "Royal Regiment of Fusiliers - British Army units from 1945 on". Retrieved 19 June 2021.
  49. ^ a b "Light Infantry - British Army units from 1945 on". Retrieved 19 June 2021.
  50. ^ "41 Commando". British Army units 1945 on. Retrieved 4 October 2023.
  51. ^ "Royal Green Jackets - British Army units from 1945 on". Retrieved 19 June 2021.
  52. ^ a b "Royal Anglian Regiment - British Army units from 1945 on". Retrieved 19 June 2021.
  53. ^ "Green Howards - British Army units from 1945 on". Retrieved 19 June 2021.
  54. ^ "Queen's Regiment - British Army units from 1945 on". Retrieved 19 June 2021.
  55. ^ "Gloucestershire Regiment - British Army units from 1945 on". Retrieved 19 June 2021.
  56. ^ "2nd Battalion Grenadier Guards - British Army units from 1945 on". Retrieved 19 June 2021.
  57. ^ "Queen's Lancashire Regiment - British Army units from 1945 on". Retrieved 19 June 2021.
  58. ^ "Duke of Edinburgh's Royal Regiment - British Army units from 1945 on". Retrieved 19 June 2021.
  59. ^ "3rd Bn Parachute Regiment - British Army units from 1945 on". Retrieved 19 June 2021.
  60. ^ "Worcestershire and Sherwood Foresters Regiment - British Army units from 1945 on". Retrieved 19 June 2021.
  61. ^ "King's Own Royal Border Regiment - British Army units from 1945 on". Retrieved 19 June 2021.
  62. ^ "4th/7th Royal Dragoon Guards - British Army units from 1945 on". Retrieved 19 June 2021.
  63. ^ a b c "12th Regiment RA - British Army units from 1945 on". Retrieved 19 June 2021.
  64. ^ "2nd Regiment RA - British Army units from 1945 on". Retrieved 19 June 2021.
  65. ^ a b c "22nd Regiment RA - British Army units from 1945 on". Retrieved 19 June 2021.
  66. ^ "Queen's Own Hussars - British Army units from 1945 on". Retrieved 19 June 2021.
  67. ^ "15th/19th The King's Royal ... - British Army units from 1945 on". Retrieved 19 June 2021.
  68. ^ "5th Regiment RA - British Army units from 1945 on". Retrieved 19 June 2021.
  69. ^ a b "The Blue Beret – June 1997" (PDF). p. 4. Retrieved 19 June 2021.
  70. ^ a b "39th Regiment RA - British Army units from 1945 on". Retrieved 19 June 2021.
  71. ^ "2nd Royal Tank Regiment - British Army units from 1945 on". Retrieved 19 June 2021.
  72. ^ "7th Regiment RHA - British Army units from 1945 on". Retrieved 19 June 2021.
  73. ^ "29th Regiment RA - British Army units from 1945 on". Retrieved 19 June 2021.
  74. ^ a b "Queen's Royal Lancers - British Army units from 1945 on". Retrieved 19 June 2021.
  75. ^ a b "32nd Regiment RA - British Army units from 1945 on". Retrieved 19 June 2021.
  76. ^ "19th Regiment RA - British Army units from 1945 on". Retrieved 19 June 2021.
  77. ^ "47th Regiment RA - British Army units from 1945 on". Retrieved 19 June 2021.
  78. ^ "Staffordshire Regiment - British Army units from 1945 on". Retrieved 19 June 2021.
  79. ^ "16th Regiment RA - British Army units from 1945 on". Retrieved 19 June 2021.
  80. ^ "40th Regiment RA - British Army units from 1945 on". Retrieved 19 June 2021.
  81. ^ "26th Regiment RA - British Army units from 1945 on". Retrieved 19 June 2021.
  82. ^ "1st Regiment RHA - British Army units from 1945 on". Retrieved 19 June 2021.
  83. ^ "The Kukri – The Journal of the Brigade of Gurkhas – 2008" (PDF). p. 68. Retrieved 18 June 2021.
  84. ^ "British soldiers using mountain bikes for patrols in Cyprus". bikeradar. 14 December 2008. Retrieved 18 June 2021.
  85. ^ "The Blue Beret – October/November 2008" (PDF). p. 8. Retrieved 18 June 2021.
  86. ^ "Cyprus - Monday 19 October 2009 - Hansard - UK Parliament". Retrieved 18 June 2021.
  87. ^ "EK father and son on army duty". Daily Record. 22 September 2010. Retrieved 18 June 2021.
  88. ^ "Welsh soldiers reveal the Cyprus town frozen in time since 1974". Wales Online. 16 July 2011. Retrieved 18 June 2021.
  89. ^ "Soldiers parade in Grantham". ITV News. 23 June 2012. Retrieved 18 June 2021.
  90. ^ "Royal Logistic Corp 81 Squadron returned to South Cerney barracks after a six-month tour in Cyprus". Wiltshire and Gloucestershire Standard. 13 October 2012. Retrieved 19 June 2021.
  91. ^ "Troops in Shropshire prepare for UN operation". BBC News. 16 September 2012. Retrieved 18 June 2021.
  92. ^ "Life on Op TOSCA in Cyprus". 29 April 2013. Retrieved 18 June 2021.
  93. ^ "MINUTES OF THE 120th MEETING OF THE MANAGEMENT COMMITTEE OF THE ROYAL ENGINEERS ASSOCIATION" (PDF). p. 13. Retrieved 18 June 2021.
  94. ^ "Reserves prepare for deployment with regulars". Ministry of Defence. 7 March 2014. Retrieved 18 June 2021.
  95. ^ "Nantwich soldier from 2 Mercian sends back Christmas message". Nantwich News. 23 December 2014. Retrieved 18 June 2021.
  96. ^ "Scottish Soldiers Prepare for UN Peacekeeping Mission in Cyprus". 12 March 2015. Retrieved 18 June 2021.
  97. ^ "Belfast Telegraph". 15 September 2015. Retrieved 18 June 2021.
  98. ^ "Show for UN peacekeepers". British Forces Foundation. 28 April 2016. Retrieved 18 June 2021.
  99. ^ "The Duke of Lancaster's Regiment return from successful six-month peacekeeping Cyprus tour". Lancashire Telegraph. 3 May 2017. Retrieved 18 June 2021.
  100. ^ "Colonel-in-Chief Princess Anne visits barracks to award medals". Rutland & Stamford Mercury. 24 November 2017. Retrieved 18 June 2021.
  101. ^ "Capital's Royal Scots on peacekeeping mission in Cyprus". Edinburgh News. 19 March 2018. Retrieved 18 June 2021.
  102. ^ "Catterick's Royal Lancers prepare for Cyprus deployment". Richmondshire Today. 7 March 2018. Retrieved 18 June 2021.
  103. ^ "Information regarding recent roulement tours" (PDF). 22 February 2019. p. 2. Retrieved 18 June 2021.
  104. ^ "Op Tosca: Reservists Awarded Medals For UN Mission In Cyprus". Forces News. 22 September 2020. Retrieved 18 June 2021.
  105. ^ "6 Rifles Reservists Train Ahead Of Peacekeeping Deployment". Forces News. 10 September 2020. Retrieved 18 June 2021.
  106. ^ "Op Tosca: Soldiers Receive Blue Berets Ahead Of UN Peacekeeping Duties". Forces News. 5 March 2021. Retrieved 18 June 2021.
  107. ^ "FROM GLASGOW TO NICOSIA: LOWLAND COMMS VISIT 71 ENGINEER REGIMENT IN CYPRUS". THE RESERVE FORCES' AND CADETS' ASSOCIATION FOR THE LOWLANDS OF SCOTLAND. 20 February 2024. Retrieved 26 June 2024.
  108. ^ a b c d "House of Commons Hansard Written Answers". Hansard. 19 January 2005. Retrieved 30 November 2015.
  109. ^ "Cyprus". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). 16 January 1995. Retrieved 13 March 2016.
  110. ^ "BBC Cyprus Cuts - The SWLing Post". Retrieved 13 March 2016.
  111. ^ "The headwaters in Kissousa". IX-ANDROMEDA / Explore Cyprus through photography. Retrieved 13 March 2016.
  112. ^ "House of Commons Hansard Written Answers for 19 Jan 2005 (pt 6)". Retrieved 13 March 2016.
  113. ^ "Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia in Cyprus". Retrieved 7 June 2015.
  114. ^ John Pike. "Akrotiri Sovereign Base Area". Retrieved 13 March 2016.
  115. ^ O'Malley, Brendan (2001-06-25). The Cyprus Conspiracy: America, Espionage and the Turkish Invasion. p. 82. ISBN 9780857730169. Retrieved 13 March 2016.
  116. ^ "SBA". Archived from the original on 14 March 2016. Retrieved 13 March 2016.
  117. ^ "British forces overseas posting: Episkopi, Cyprus". Ministry of Defence. Retrieved 7 June 2015.
  118. ^ "JSSU (Cyprus)". Ministry of Defence. Retrieved 30 November 2015.
  119. ^ Squires, Nick (5 November 2013). "British military base in Cyprus 'used to spy on Middle East'". Telegraph.co.uk. Retrieved 13 March 2016.
  120. ^ Richard Norton-Taylor (2013-11-29). "Secret memos show efforts of MI5, MI6 and GCHQ to maintain Cyprus base". The Guardian. Retrieved 13 March 2016.
  121. ^ "Abandoned & Little-Known Airfields: Cyprus, District Dhekelia". Archived from the original on 2016-03-07. Retrieved 30 November 2015.
  122. ^ "British forces overseas posting: Dhekelia, Cyprus". Ministry of Defence. Retrieved 26 September 2015.
[edit]
Retrieved from "http://en.wiki.x.io/w/index.php?title=British_Forces_Cyprus&oldid=1250875552#Operation_TOSCA"