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Lu (state)

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Not to be confused with Lü (state).

State of Lu
魯國
c. 1042 BC–249 BC
Lu was a state in the northeast, south of Qi
Lu was a state in the northeast, south of Qi
CapitalQufu
Religion
Chinese folk religion, ancestor worship, Taoism
GovernmentMonarchy
Duke 
History 
• Established
c. 1042 BC
• Annexed by Chu
249 BC
Lu
"Lu" in seal script (top), traditional (middle), and simplified (bottom) characters
Traditional Chinese魯
Simplified Chinese鲁
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinLǔ
Wade–GilesLu3
IPA[lù]
Wu
SuzhouneseLou
Yue: Cantonese
Yale RomanizationLóuh
JyutpingLou5
IPA[lɔw˩˧]
Southern Min
Tâi-lôLóo
Middle Chinese
Middle Chinese/luoX/
Old Chinese
Baxter–Sagart (2014)*r.ŋˤaʔ
Zhengzhang*raːʔ

Lu (Chinese: 魯, c. 1042 – 249 BC) was a vassal state during the Zhou dynasty of ancient China located around modern Shandong. Founded in the 11th century BC, its rulers were from a cadet branch of the House of Ji (姬) that ruled the Zhou dynasty. The first duke was Boqin, a son of the Duke of Zhou, who was brother of King Wu of Zhou and regent to King Cheng of Zhou.[1]

Lu was the home state of Confucius as well as Mozi, and, as such, has an outsized cultural influence among the states of the Eastern Zhou and in history. The Annals of Spring and Autumn, for instance, was written with the Lu rulers' years as their basis. Another great work of Chinese history, the Zuo Zhuan or Commentary of Zuo, was traditionally considered to have been written in Lu by Zuo Qiuming.

Geography

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The state's capital was in Qufu and its territory mainly covered the central and southwest regions of what is now Shandong Province. It was bordered to the north by the powerful state of Qi and to the south by the powerful state of Chu. The position of Lu on the eastern frontiers of the Western Zhou state, facing the non-Zhou peoples in states such as Lai and Xu, was an important consideration in its foundation.

Etymology

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William H. Baxter (apud Matisoff, 1995) suggests a semantic connection between the toponym 魯 Lǔ and its homophone 鹵 lǔ "salty, rock salt" (< OC *C-rāʔ) since that region was a salt marsh in ancient times.[2]

History

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Lu was one of several states founded in eastern China at the very beginning of the Zhou dynasty, in order to extend Zhou rule far from its capital at Zongzhou and power base in the Guanzhong region. Throughout Western Zhou times, it played an important role in stabilising Zhou control in modern-day Shandong.

During the early Spring and Autumn period, Lu was one of the strongest states and a rival of Qi to its north. Under Duke Yin and Duke Huan of Lu, Lu defeated both Qi and Song on several occasions. At the same time, it undertook expeditions against other minor states.

This changed by the middle of the period, as Lu's main rival, Qi, grew increasingly dominant. Although a Qi invasion was defeated in the Battle of Changshao in 684 BC, Lu would never regain the upper hand against its neighbour. Meanwhile, the power of the dukes of Lu was eventually undermined by the powerful feudal clans of Jisun 季孫, Mengsun 孟孫, and Shusun 叔孫 (called the Three Huan because they were descendants of Duke Huan of Lu). The domination of the Three Huan was such that Duke Zhao of Lu, in attempting to regain power, was exiled by them and never returned. It would not be until Duke Mu of Lu's reign, in the early Warring States period, that power eventually returned to the dukes again.

In 249 BC King Kaolie of the state of Chu invaded and annexed Lu. Duke Qing, the last ruler of Lu, became a commoner.[1][3]

The main line of the Duke of Zhou's descendants came from his firstborn son, the State of Lu ruler Bo Qin's third son Yu (魚) whose descendants adopted the surname Dongye (東野). The Duke of Zhou's offspring held the title of Wujing Boshi (五经博士; 五經博士; Wǔjīng Bóshì).[4][5]

東野家族大宗世系 Family Tree of the descendants of the Duke of Zhou in Chinese

Mencius was a descendent of Qingfu (慶父), one of Duke Huan of Lu's sons. The genealogy is found in the Mencius family tree (孟子世家大宗世系).[6][7][8]

Rulers

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The Chinese Plain, 5th century BC
A remnant of the city wall of Lu's capital city, surviving on the outskirts of Qufu

List of Lu rulers based on the Records of the Grand Historian by Sima Qian:[1][3]

Title Given name Reign Relationship
Duke Tai Boqin c. 1042–997 BC son of Duke of Zhou
Duke Kao You 998–995 BC son of Boqin
Duke Yang Xi or Yi 994–989 BC brother of Duke Kao
Duke You Zai or Yu 988–975 BC son of Duke Yang
Duke Wei Fei 974–925 BC brother of Duke You
Duke Li Zhuo or Di 924–888 BC son of Duke Wei
Duke Xian Ju 887–856 BC brother of Duke Li
Duke Shen Bi or Zhi 855–826 BC son of Duke Xian
Duke Wu Ao 825–816 BC brother of Duke Shen
Duke Yi Xi 815–807 BC son of Duke Wu
none Boyu 806–796 BC nephew of Duke Yi
Duke Xiao Cheng 795–769 BC brother of Duke Yi
Duke Hui Fuhuang or Fusheng 768–723 BC son of Duke Xiao
Duke Yin Xigu 722–712 BC son of Duke Hui
Duke Huan Yun or Gui 711–694 BC brother of Duke Yin
Duke Zhuang Tong 693–662 BC son of Duke Huan
Ziban Ban 662 BC son of Duke Zhuang
Duke Min Qi 661–660 BC son of Duke Zhuang
Duke Xi Shen 659–627 BC son of Duke Zhuang
Duke Wen I Xing 626–609 BC son of Duke Xi
Duke Xuan Tui or Wo 608–591 BC son of Duke Wen I
Duke Cheng Heigong 590–573 BC son of Duke Xuan
Duke Xiang Wu 572–542 BC son of Duke Cheng
Ziye Ye 542 BC son of Duke Xiang
Duke Zhao Chou 541–510 BC son of Duke Xiang
Duke Ding Song 509–495 BC brother of Duke Zhao
Duke Ai Jiang 494–467 BC son of Duke Ding
Duke Dao Ning 466–429 BC son of Duke Ai
Duke Yuan Jia 428–408 BC son of Duke Dao
Duke Mu Xian 407–377 BC son of Duke Yuan
Duke Gong Fen 376–353 BC son of Duke Mu
Duke Kang Tun 352–344 BC son of Duke Gong
Duke Jing Yan 343–323 BC son of Duke Kang
Duke Ping Shu 322–303 BC son of Duke Jing
Duke Wen II Jia 302–278 BC son of Duke Ping
Duke Qing Chou 277–249 BC son of Duke Wen II

Rulers family tree

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Lu state
Three Huan
Duke of Zhou
周公旦
Bo Qin
伯禽
Duke Kao
鲁考公		Duke Yang
鲁炀公
Duke You
鲁幽公		Duke Wei
鲁魏公
Duke Li
鲁厉公		Duke Xian
鲁献公
Duke Zhen
鲁真公
?-855-825BC		Duke Wu
鲁武公
?-825-816BC
括Duke Yi
鲁懿公
?-816-807BC		Duke Xiao
鲁孝公
?-796-769BC
Bo Yu
伯御
?-807-796BC		Duke Hui
鲁惠公
?-769-723BC		公子益师
衆氏
?-722BC		公子展
展氏		郈惠伯
郈氏		公子彄
臧孙氏
?-718BC
Duke Yin
鲁隐公
?-723-712BC		Duke Huan
鲁桓公
?-712-694BC		施父
施氏
Qingfu
庆父
孟孙氏
?-660BC		Duke Zhuang
鲁莊公
706-694-662BC		Shuya
叔牙
叔孙氏
?-662BC		Jiyou
季友
季孙氏
?-644BC
Zi Ban
子般
?-662BC		Duke Xi
鲁僖公
?-660-627BC		Duke Min
鲁闵公
670-662-660BC		公子遂
东门氏
?-601BC
Duke Wen
鲁文公
?-627-609BC
恶
?-609BC		视
?-609BC		Duke Xuan
鲁宣公
?-609-591BC		叔肹
子叔氏
?-592BC
Duke Cheng
鲁成公
?-591-573BC		公子偃
?-575BC		公子鉏
Duke Xiang
鲁襄公
575-573-542BC		公衡
Zi Ye
子野
?-542BC		Duke Zhao
鲁昭公
560-542-510BC		Duke Ding
鲁定公
?-510-495BC
公衍公为
?-484		公果公贲Duke Ai
鲁哀公
?-495-468BC
Duke Dao
鲁悼公
?-468-437BC		公子荆孺子𪏆
Duke Yuan
鲁元公
?-437-416BC
Duke Mu
鲁穆公
?-416-383BC
Duke Gong
鲁共公
?-383-353BC
Duke Kang
鲁康公
?-353-344BC
Duke Jing
鲁景公
?-344-323BC
Duke Ping
鲁平公
?-323-303BC
Duke Wen
鲁文公
?-303-280BC
Duke Qing
鲁顷公
?-280-256-249BC


See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c Sima Qian. 鲁周公世家 [House of Duke of Zhou of Lu]. Records of the Grand Historian (in Chinese). Retrieved 15 April 2012.
  2. ^ Matisoff, James A. (1995). “Sino-Tibetan Palatal Suffixes Revisited”. In: Nishi, Y., Matisoff, J. A. and Nagano, Y. (editors), Senri Ethnological Studies. 41: p. 52, n. 40 of 35–91.
  3. ^ a b Han, Zhaoqi (2010). "House of Duke of Zhou of Lu". Annotated Shiji (in Chinese). Zhonghua Book Company. p. 2691. ISBN 978-7-101-07272-3.
  4. ^ H.S. Brunnert; V.V. Hagelstrom (2013). Present Day Political Organization of China. Routledge. pp. 493–494. ISBN 978-1-135-79795-9.
  5. ^ 王士禎 (3 September 2014). 池北偶談. 朔雪寒. GGKEY:ESB6TEXXDCT.
  6. ^ 《三遷志》，（清）孟衍泰續修
  7. ^ 《孟子世家譜》，（清）孟廣均主編，1824年
  8. ^ 《孟子與孟氏家族》，孟祥居編，2005年
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