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Philippine presidential inauguration

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Bongbong Marcos taking the oath of office at National Museum of Fine Arts on June 30, 2022

The inauguration of the president of the Republic of the Philippines is a ceremony marking the commencement of the six-year term of a president of the Philippines, who is both head of state and head of government. The inauguration is performed on June 30, as mandated by the 1987 Constitution. Under the older 1935 Constitution, the date was December 30, which is also Rizal Day; the last inauguration held on the older date was Ferdinand Marcos' second one on December 30, 1969. The most recent public presidential inauguration ceremony was that of President Bongbong Marcos, who began his six-year term in office on Thursday, June 30, 2022.

The only inauguration element mandated by the Constitution is that the president-elect takes the oath, or makes an affirmation, before that person can "enter on the execution" of the office of the presidency. Over the years, various unofficial traditions have arisen that have expanded the inauguration from a simple oath-taking ceremony to a day-long event, including parades, speeches, and balls.

When a new president takes over mid-term due to the death, resignation, or deposition of another president, the oath of office is administered as soon as possible, and due to the sudden nature of such an event, formal public celebrations are not held.

Inauguration rites

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Manuel L. Quezon climbs up the Malacañang Palace stairs for the first time as President of the Philippines in 1935.

The ceremony since 1992 traditionally begins with the president-elect fetching the incumbent in Malacañang Palace on the morning of June 30. At the Palace's State Entrance, the president-elect will wait for the incumbent to descend the Grand Staircase. Upon meeting at the foot of the staircase, the president-elect would greet the incumbent.

Both travel to the Quirino Grandstand aboard any of the presidential cars. Following protocol, the outgoing president takes the back right-hand seat of the vehicle, while the president-elect is seated behind the chauffeur. At the Grandstand's parade grounds, the outgoing president will be welcomed with arrival honors, and then shake hands with the president-elect. The outgoing president conducts a final troop review and is presented to the public before departing the Grandstand aboard their own private vehicle. Corazon Aquino broke the custom of leaving the Grandstand immediately, choosing instead to stay until the end of Fidel Ramos's inaugural speech. Ramos also attended the oath-taking of Joseph Estrada and the inaugural ceremonies.

The inauguration proper then begins with the singing of the national anthem. An ecumenical invocation follows, led by leaders of the different major religions of the Philippines, followed by a patriotic musical piece by a musical ensemble. Afterward, the president of the Senate of the Philippines reads the Joint Resolution of the Joint Congressional Board of Canvassers proclaiming the newly elected president and vice president. Since the Third Republic, the vice-president-elect is sworn in before the president-elect to immediately secure the line of succession. During his inauguration, President Manuel L. Quezon took the oath of office first to mark a "new start".[1]

As mandated by the Constitution, the president-elect then takes the oath of office at exactly 12:00 PST (GMT+8); in 2010, President-elect Aquino did not await noon, he instead took his oath moments after Vice-President-elect Binay finished doing so. The oath is customarily administered by the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines, but that is not required.[2] Due to political differences, Benigno Aquino III instead had then-Associate Justice Conchita Carpio-Morales administer the oath instead of then-Chief Justice Renato Corona. A 21-gun salute is then immediately fired, followed by four ruffles and flourishes and the Presidential Anthem, We Say Mabuhay, is played in honor of the new president, followed by the presidential honors music Marangal na Parangal (Glorious Honors).

The new president then delivers an inaugural address. Previous inaugurations also saw a full military and civil parade in the same manner as the Independence Day celebrations on 12 June (similar to the US Inaugural Parades) right after the address. From the late 1940s to the late 1960s, similar parades were also held on Rizal Day on 30 December as well and to ring in the New Year's celebrations that would start the day after.

The Blood Compact by Juan Luna is displayed at the top of the Malacañang Palace's grand staircase and welcomes the incoming president every inauguration.

The new president then returns to Malacañang Palace to formally take possession of the residence.[3] This formal entry is symbolized by the president ascending the Grand Staircase and proceeding to the Ceremonial Hall. Juan Luna's painting, The Blood Compact, is currently displayed at the top of the Staircase. The president then inducts the new Cabinet on the same day and holds its first meeting immediately after.

In the evening, an inaugural reception is held for other officials and foreign dignitaries who wish to call on the new president. The customary banquets of either a vin d'honneur or an inaugural ball were abolished in an effort to revert to the pre-martial law practice of simpler official receptions. The last inaugural ball was held in 1981 for Ferdinand Marcos' third inauguration, which was also the last time the Rigodon de Honor (a Hispanic dance analogous to a court dance) was performed; it was again danced on the Independence Day celebrations of 2009. The president concludes the ceremonies with a toast, as a gesture of amity towards states that maintain diplomatic ties with the Philippines.[4]

Date

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The new president is to be inaugurated at noon of June 30 as currently mandated by the 1987 Constitution, but past ceremonies were held on different dates.[5] The first president, Emilio Aguinaldo, was inaugurated on January 23, 1899, while presidents under the 1935 Constitution were inaugurated at noon of Rizal Day (December 30). Only two presidents under the 1935 Constitution were not inaugurated on December 30, namely Sergio Osmeña and Manuel Roxas. Ferdinand Marcos changed the inauguration date to the present June 30, while his successors Corazon Aquino and Gloria Macapagal Arroyo were inaugurated on February 25, 1986, and January 20, 2001, respectively, Aquino after the People Power Revolution and Arroyo after the Second EDSA Revolution.

Location

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Quirino Grandstand is where most inaugurations have taken place.

Nine inaugurations have been held at the Quirino Grandstand in the Luneta, namely Quirino (1949), Magsaysay (1953), Garcia (December 1957), Macapagal (1961), Marcos (1965, 1969, 1981), Ramos (1992) and Aquino III (2010).[6] Presidents Estrada and Arroyo only delivered their inaugural addresses there. To date, Estrada and Arroyo were the only presidents to take the oath of office and inaugural addresses in two different locations.

Other presidents, namely Aguinaldo and Estrada, were inaugurated at the Barasoain Church in Malolos, Bulacan; Quezon, Laurel, Roxas and Marcos Jr. were inaugurated in front of the Legislative Building (renamed as the National Museum of Fine Arts when Marcos Jr. was inaugurated); and Aquino in Club Filipino, Greenhills, San Juan, Metro Manila.[7] Marcos was inaugurated in Maharlika Hall, Malacañang Palace in 1986, and Duterte was inaugurated in the Rizal Hall, Malacañang Palace in 2016. Arroyo took her first oath as president at the EDSA Shrine in Quezon City. Osmeña, who assumed the presidency upon the death of his predecessor Manuel L. Quezon, took his oath of office in Washington D.C. Quirino and Garcia took their first oath of office in the Quirino Council of State Room of the Malacañang Palace following the death of their predecessors.

List of venues that hosted inaugurations
Times hosted Venue Location Ceremonies
10 Independence Grandstand / Quirino Grandstand Manila, Metro Manila 1946, 1949, 1953, 1957, 1961, 1965, 1969, 1981, 1992, 2010
4 Malacañang Palace 1948, 1957, 1986, 2016
Legislative Building / National Museum of Fine Arts 1935, 1943, 1946, 2022
2 Barasoain Church Malolos, Bulacan 1899, 1998
Washington, D.C. United States 1943, 1944
1 Holy Cross Parish Church Santa Cruz de Malabon, Cavite 1897
Malinta Tunnel Corregidor, Cavite 1941
Club Filipino San Juan, Metro Manila 1986
EDSA Shrine Quezon City, Metro Manila 2001
Cebu Provincial Capitol Cebu City, Cebu 2004

Attendees

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In addition to the general public, the following are the attendants of the inauguration:

If a civil-military parade follows the speech the format is the same as in the Independence Day parades, with the AFP first, with the units of the Philippine National Police, Bureau of Fire Protection and the Philippine Coast Guard following them and later by civilian marchers representing the government, private sector, youth and youth uniformed organizations, national athletes and the representatives of the nation's religious sector and its various ethnic nationalities.

Ceremonial

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Oath of office

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Video of Rodrigo Duterte taking his oath of office as the 16th president of the Philippines on June 30, 2016.

Under Article VII, Section 5 of the 1987 Constitution, before the president and vice-president can

SECTION 5. ...enter on the execution of their office, the President, the Vice-President, or the Acting President shall take the following oath or affirmation: “I, _________ do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully and conscientiously fulfill my duties as President (or Vice-President or Acting President) of the Philippines, preserve and defend its Constitution, execute its laws, do justice to every man, and consecrate myself to the service of the Nation. So help me God.” (In case of affirmation, last sentence will be omitted.)

The oath from the Filipino version of the Constitution was used for the inaugurations of Presidents Fidel V. Ramos, Joseph Estrada, Benigno Aquino III, and Bongbong Marcos:

Ako, si _______________, ay taimtim kong pinanunumpaan [o pinatotohanan] na tutuparin ko nang buong katapatan at sigasig ang aking mga tungkulin bilang Pangulo [o Pangalawang Pangulo o Nanunungkulang Pangulo] ng Pilipinas, pangangalagaan at ipagtatanggol ang kanyang Konstitusyon, ipatutupad ang mga batas nito, magiging makatarungan sa bawat tao, at itatalaga ang aking sarili sa paglilingkod sa Bansa. Kasihan nawa ako ng Diyos. [Kapag pagpapatotoo, ang huling pangungusap ay kakaltasin.][8]

Inaugural address

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Every president since Emilio Aguinaldo delivered an inaugural address. Presidents, who became president upon the death of their predecessor, also delivered an address. It is usually delivered after the new president took the oath of office. However, President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo delivered the inaugural address first at the Quirino Grandstand and then took the oath of office in Cebu.[9]

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List of inaugural ceremonies

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Note: Vice presidents-elect usually take the oath of office with the president-elect, but Rodrigo Duterte broke tradition by requesting then Vice President-elect Leni Robredo to hold inauguration rites separately.[10] The only other instance that the vice president was inaugurated separately was when Gloria Macapagal Arroyo succeeded to the presidency and nominated Teofisto Guingona as vice president. Guingona was confirmed by Congress on February 9, 2001, and took the oath of office the same day.

Date President Event Location Oath administered by[a] Document sworn on Address Notes
March 22, 1897 Emilio Aguinaldo First inauguration of Emilio Aguinaldo Holy Cross Parish Church, Santa Cruz de Malabon, Cavite Fr. Cenon Villafranca[11] none[6] none
January 23, 1899 Second inauguration of Emilio Aguinaldo Barasoain Church, Malolos, Bulacan Prime Minister Apolinario Mabini Full text Wikisource has information on "Emilio Aguinaldo's Inaugural Address"
November 15, 1935 Manuel L. Quezon First inauguration of Manuel L. Quezon Legislative Building, Manila Ramon Avanceña Full text Wikisource has information on "Manuel Quezon's First Inaugural Address"
December 30, 1941 Second inauguration of Manuel L. Quezon Malinta Tunnel, Corregidor, Cavite City José Abad Santos Full text Wikisource has information on "Manuel Quezon's Second Inaugural Address"
November 15, 1943 Third inauguration of Manuel L. Quezon Washington, D.C., United States US Assoc. Justice Felix Frankfurter none
August 1, 1944 Sergio Osmeña Inauguration of Sergio Osmeña
(Extraordinary inauguration)
US Assoc. Justice Robert H. Jackson Full text Wikisource has information on "Sergio Osmeña's Inaugural Remarks" First of three vice presidents to assume the presidency upon the death of the president
October 14, 1943 Jose P. Laurel Inauguration of José P. Laurel Legislative Building, Manila José Yulo Full text Wikisource has information on "Jose P. Laurel's Inaugural Address"
May 28, 1946[b] Manuel Roxas First inauguration of Manuel Roxas Manuel Moran Full text Wikisource has information on "Manuel Roxas' Inaugural Address"
July 4, 1946[c] Second inauguration of Manuel Roxas Independence Grandstand, Manila none
April 17, 1948[d] Elpidio Quirino First inauguration of Elpidio Quirino
(Extraordinary inauguration)
Council of State Room, Executive Building, Malacañang Palace Assoc. Justice Ricardo Paras Full text Wikisource has information on "Elpidio Quirino's Inaugural Remarks" Second of three vice presidents to assume the presidency upon the death of the president
December 30, 1949[e] Second inauguration of Elpidio Quirino Independence Grandstand, Manila Manuel Moran Full text Wikisource has information on "Elpidio Quirino's Inaugural Address"
December 30, 1953 Ramon Magsaysay Inauguration of Ramon Magsaysay Ricardo Paras Two family bibles; one each from his mother and father's side[6] Full text Wikisource has information on "Ramon Magsaysay's Inaugural Address"
March 18, 1957[f] Carlos P. Garcia First inauguration of Carlos P. Garcia
(Extraordinary inauguration)
Council of State Room, Executive Building, Malacañang Palace none Full text Wikisource has information on "Carlos P. Garcia's Inaugural Remarks" Third of three vice presidents to assume the presidency upon the death of the president
December 30, 1957[g] Second inauguration of Carlos P. Garcia Independence Grandstand, Manila Closed family bible Full text Wikisource has information on "Carlos P. Garcia's Inaugural Address"
December 30, 1961 Diosdado Macapagal Inauguration of Diosdado Macapagal Quirino Grandstand, Manila César Bengzon Full text Wikisource has information on "Diosdado Macapagal's Inaugural Address"
December 30, 1965 Ferdinand Marcos First inauguration of Ferdinand Marcos Two closed family bibles; one owned by his father Mariano and one owned by his wife Imelda. Full text Wikisource has information on "Ferdinand Marcos' First Inaugural Address"
December 30, 1969 Second inauguration of Ferdinand Marcos Roberto Concepcion none Full text Wikisource has information on "Ferdinand Marcos' Second Inaugural Address"
June 12, 1978[h] Prime Ministerial confirmation of Ferdinand Marcos Batasang Pambansa Complex, Quezon City Fred Ruiz Castro none
June 30, 1981 Third inauguration of Ferdinand Marcos Quirino Grandstand, Manila Enrique Fernando Two closed family bibles Full text Wikisource has information on "Ferdinand Marcos' Third Inaugural Address"
February 25, 1986[i] Fourth inauguration of Ferdinand Marcos
(Extraordinary inauguration)
Maharlika Hall, Malacañang Palace Ramon Aquino none none
February 25, 1986[j] Corazon Aquino Inauguration of Corazon Aquino
(Extraordinary inauguration)
Club Filipino, Greenhills, San Juan, Metro Manila Assoc. Justice Claudio Teehankee, Sr. Closed family bible; owned by Aurora Aquino, mother of Ninoy Aquino[6] Full text Wikisource has information on "Corazon Aquino's Inaugural Address"
June 30, 1992 Fidel V. Ramos Inauguration of Fidel V. Ramos Quirino Grandstand, Manila Andres Narvasa Closed family bible Full text Wikisource has information on "Fidel Ramos' Inaugural Address"
June 30, 1998 Joseph Ejercito Estrada Inauguration of Joseph Estrada Barasoain Church, Malolos, Bulacan Full text Wikisource has information on "Joseph Estrada's Inaugural Address"
January 20, 2001[k] Gloria Macapagal Arroyo First inauguration of Gloria Macapagal Arroyo
(Extraordinary inauguration)
EDSA Shrine, Quezon City Hilario Davide, Jr. Full text Wikisource has information on "Gloria Macapagal Arroyo's First Inaugural Address"
June 30, 2004[l] Second inauguration of Gloria Macapagal Arroyo Cebu Provincial Capitol, Cebu City Closed family bible; same one used by Diosdado Macapagal in 1961 Full text Wikisource has information on "Gloria Macapagal Arroyo's Second Inaugural Address"
June 30, 2010 Benigno S. Aquino III Inauguration of Benigno Aquino III Quirino Grandstand, Manila Assoc. Justice Conchita Carpio-Morales Closed family bible; same one used by Corazon Aquino in 1986 Full text Wikisource has information on "Benigno Aquino III's Inaugural Address"
June 30, 2016 Rodrigo Roa Duterte Inauguration of Rodrigo Duterte Rizal Hall, Malacañang Palace, Manila Assoc. Justice Bienvenido L. Reyes Family bible; owned by Rodrigo's mother, Soledad[12] Full text Wikisource has information on "Rodrigo Duterte's Inaugural Address" Vice President Leni Robredo held a separate inauguration at Quezon City Reception House
June 30, 2022 Bongbong Marcos Inauguration of Bongbong Marcos National Museum of Fine Arts, Manila Alexander Gesmundo Closed family bible used by his father Ferdinand Marcos during 1965 Presidential Inauguration[13] Full text Wikisource has information on "Bongbong Marcos' Inaugural Address" Vice President Sara Duterte held a separate inauguration at San Pedro Square in Davao City on June 19, 2022

Notes

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  1. ^ Individual named is the chief justice, unless otherwise indicated
  2. ^ The Commonwealth oath of office included a pledge of allegiance to the sovereignty of the United States
  3. ^ When the independence of the Philippines was recognized on July 4, 1946, Roxas retook his oath of office again, without the pledge of allegiance, as befits the president of a sovereign nation
  4. ^ Upon the death of Manuel Roxas
  5. ^ Upon his election in 1949
  6. ^ Upon the death of Ramon Magsaysay
  7. ^ Upon his election in 1957
  8. ^ Confirmed as Prime Minister
  9. ^ Upon certification of COMELEC
  10. ^ Upon certification of NAMFREL
  11. ^ Upon the culmination of EDSA II
  12. ^ Upon her election in 2004

References

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  1. ^ Quezon, Manuel L. III (ed.). "Presidents of the Philippines". The Philippine Presidency Project. Archived from the original on July 6, 2008. Retrieved 4 September 2023.
  2. ^ Quezon III, Manuel L. "Notes for the coming inaugural". The Long View. Retrieved 28 June 2010.
  3. ^ The Possession of Malacañang Palace, Presidential Museum and Library, June 30, 2012
  4. ^ "Briefer on the Vin d'honneur | GOVPH".
  5. ^ "1987 CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES - CHAN ROBLES VIRTUAL LAW LIBRARY". www.chanrobles.com.
  6. ^ a b c d The Protocol, Ceremony, History and Symbolism of the Presidential Inauguration on the Presidential Museum and Library
  7. ^ Quezon III, Manuel L. "Notes for the coming inaugural".
  8. ^ ANG 1987 KONSTITUSYON NG REPUBLIKA NG PILIPINAS, Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Northern Illinois University
  9. ^ "Photo5". Archived from the original on 2009-02-24. Retrieved 2009-04-02.
  10. ^ "Separate inauguration a first in recent history". philstar.com.
  11. ^ Alvarez, S.V., 1992, Recalling the Revolution, Madison: Center for Southeast Asia Studies, University of Wisconsin-Madison, ISBN 1-881261-05-0
  12. ^ Kitty Duterte to hold Bible of Duterte's mother for oath-taking, Pia Ranada, Rappler, June 27, 2016
  13. ^ "WATCH: Marcos Jr. uses Bible from dad's 1965 inauguration for his own oath-taking". ABS-CBN News. June 30, 2022. Retrieved July 1, 2022.
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