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Ivan Gašparovič

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Ivan Gašparovič
GCollSE R.E.
Gašparovič in 2008
3rd President of Slovakia
In office
15 June 2004 – 15 June 2014
Prime MinisterMikuláš Dzurinda
Robert Fico
Iveta Radičová
Preceded byRudolf Schuster
Succeeded byAndrej Kiska
In office
14 July 1998 – 30 October 1998
acting
Served with Vladimír Mečiar
Prime MinisterVladimír Mečiar
Preceded byMichal Kováč
Succeeded byMikuláš Dzurinda (acting)
Jozef Migaš (acting)
Speaker of the National Council
In office
23 June 1992 – 30 October 1998
Preceded byFrantišek Mikloško
Succeeded byJozef Migaš
Member of the National Council
In office
23 June 1992 – 15 October 2002
Personal details
Born (1941-03-27) 27 March 1941 (age 83)
Poltár, Slovak Republic
Political partyCommunist Party (1968)
People's Party – Movement for a Democratic Slovakia (1992–2002)
Movement for Democracy (2002–2004)
Spouse
​
(m. 1964)​
Children2
Alma materComenius University
Signature

Ivan Gašparovič (Slovak pronunciation: [ˈiʋaŋ ˈɡaʂparɔʋitʂ]; Croatian: Ivan Gašparović; born 27 March 1941) is a Slovak politician and lawyer who was the third president of Slovakia from 2004 to 2014. He was also the first and currently the only Slovak president to be re-elected.

Biography

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Ivan Gašparovič was born in Poltár, near Lučenec and Banská Bystrica in present-day south-central Slovakia, which was at that time the first Slovak Republic.[1] His father, Vladimir Gašparović, emigrated to Czechoslovakia from Rijeka in modern-day Croatia at the end of World War I and was a teacher at a secondary school in Bratislava, and at one point its Headmaster.[2][3] Gašparovič studied at the law faculty of the Comenius University in Bratislava, which is the main university in Slovakia, from 1959 to 1964. He worked in the District Prosecutor's Office of the district of Martin (1965–66), then became a Prosecutor at the Municipal Prosecutor's Office of Bratislava (1966–68).[1] In 1968, he joined the Communist Party of Slovakia, supposedly to support Alexander Dubček's reforms, but he was expelled from the party after the Warsaw Pact invasion in Czechoslovakia in August 1968.[4]

Early career

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However, in spite of his expulsion, Gašparovič was able to continue his legal career and from 1968 to July 1990, he was a teacher at the Department of Criminal Law, Criminology and Criminological Practice at the law faculty of the Comenius University in Bratislava. In February 1990, he became the prorector (deputy vice-chancellor) of Comenius University.

After the Velvet Revolution and the subsequent fall of the Communist regime, Gašparovič was chosen by the newly elected democratic president Václav Havel to become the country's federal Prosecutor-General. After March 1992, he was briefly the Vice-President of the Legislative Council of Czechoslovakia, before the federal Czechoslovakia split into two independent states in January 1993. Gašparovič temporarily returned to the Comenius University law faculty. He was a member of the Scientific Council of the Comenius University and of the Scientific Council of the law faculty of the same university. In late 1992, he was one of the authors of the Constitution of Slovakia.

In 1992 Gašparovič joined the Movement for a Democratic Slovakia (HZDS, Hnutie za demokratické Slovensko), led by Vladimír Mečiar. Gašparovič was one of the central figures of Prime Minister Mečiar's administration. He became Speaker of the National Council of the Slovak Republic (NRSR) after the victory of the HZDS in the June 1992 elections. When a scandal erupted over the discovery of microphones in the U.S. Consulate in November 1992, Gašparovič was asked by Mečiar to head a commission to investigate the background of the affair, but the results were inconclusive. Later that year, when Mečiar's government attempted to close down the opposition-led Trnava University, Gašparovič sided with the Prime Minister, echoing his argument that its opening was "illegal." The West viewed Mečiar's government as untrustworthy, and the country was excluded from the EU and NATO expansion talks that went on at the time at the neighbouring central European countries.

The period of the HZDS rule was among other things marked by persistent animosity between the HZDS-led government and the country's President Michal Kováč, a vocal opponent of Mečiar. The conflict had gotten to the point where the Slovak Secret Service SIS was alleged to have kidnapped the president's son, Michal Jr., plying him with alcohol, and dropping him in front of a police station in Hainburg in Austria, a country where he was wanted on suspicion of financial fraud.

A part of this continuous feud was Gašparovič's widely publicized derogatory comment made in reference to President Kováč not being aware that the parliamentary microphone was on, calling Kováč "an old dick" {starý chuj}.

From October 1998 to 15 July 2002, when his HZDS was an opposition party, Gašparovič was a member of the parliamentary Committee for the Supervision of the SIS (the Slovak equivalent of CIA). He was also a member of the delegation of the Slovak parliament in the Interparliamentary Union.

In July 2002 after four years in opposition Gašparovič left the HZDS after Mečiar decided not to include him and some other HZDS members on the ballot for the upcoming elections. Gašparovič along with the other members immediately (on 12 July) founded a new party, the Hnutie za demokraciu (HZD) Movement for Democracy, a name bearing a close resemblance to his former HZDS. The cited reasons for the departure were internal disputes within the party, or as Gašparovič put it in an interview with The Slovak Spectator, "differences of opinion with HZDS leader [Vladimír] Mečiar, mostly about the leadership of the party."[5] In the September 2002 elections his party polled 3.3 percent, not enough to win seats in the parliament. After the elections, Gašparovič returned to the law faculty of the Comenius University, and wrote several university textbooks as well as working papers and studies on criminal law.

In April 2004 Gašparovič decided to run for the presidency against Vladimír Mečiar and the then governing coalition's candidate Eduard Kukan. In an unexpected turn of events, the perceived underdog Gašparovič received the second highest number of votes and moved on to the second round, once again facing Mečiar. The main factor for Gašparovič's first round success was the low turnout of the front-runner Kukan's electorate, as Kukan was generally considered to be a sure bet for the second round. In other words, the majority of the population viewed the first round as a formality, and was saving their effort for the second round to keep Mečiar at bay. Hence in the second round the (potential) Eduard Kukan voters faced an uneasy choice between two representatives of the past regime. Ultimately, Gašparovič, regarded by Mečiar opponents as the "lesser evil", was elected as the president (see 2004 Slovakia presidential election).

President of Slovakia

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President George W. Bush and Slovak President Ivan Gašparovič in Grassalkovich Palace in Bratislava
Gašparovič meets with President of Ukraine Viktor Yanukovych in 17 June 2011

Gašparovič's toned down and non-confrontational approach to presidency has increased his popularity with many voters, and he is a generally popular president now.[citation needed] However, to date he has remained unapologetic about his role in the Mečiar's regime, which is generally perceived to have set back Slovakia's post-communist political and economic progress and development. Gašparovič was supported by the Direction – Social Democracy of Prime Minister Robert Fico and the Slovak National Party[6] a nationalist and populist party[7] led by Jan Slota.

Controversies

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In a 23 August 2011 statement, Gašparovič opposed erecting a sculpture in memory of controversial Hungarian minority politician János Esterházy in Kosice, saying that the one-time deputy had been a follower of Hitler and fascism. He also opposed Ferdinand Ďurčanský's sculpture for similar reasons. According to Hungarian President Pál Schmitt, Esterházy rejected both fascism and communism, suffered in the Gulag and died in a Moravian prison in 1957.[8]

Marek Trubac, the Slovak president's spokesman, told MTI that Esterházy is considered a war criminal in Slovakia, "for supporting fascist ideology". Though Esterházy did vote against the law about deportations of Jews, he also welcomed (former Hungarian regent) Horthy's "fascist troops" that occupied Kosice, the spokesman added.[9][10]

He has also become well known for his misspeaks that are often topics of conversations and jokes among Slovak public (e.g. referring to a letter by "white on black" instead of "black on white" or referring to United Nations (Slovak translation is "Organization of connected nations" Slovak: Organizácia spojených národov) as "Organization of connected tumors" Slovak: Organizácia spojených nádorov).[11]

Political controversy followed him by his non-decision on naming new attorney general that had been elected by Slovak parliament as the president did not respect the vote and declined to name the attorney general into the function and caused on-going (July 2013) political crisis in Slovakia.[citation needed]

Private life

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In 1964, Gašparovič married Silvia Beníková, with whom he has two children. His favorite sport is ice hockey.[12]

Honours and awards

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Foreign honours

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See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b "Životopis" (in Slovak). Prezident.sk. 12 January 2014. Archived from the original on 12 January 2014. Retrieved 16 March 2014.
  2. ^ Plamenko Cvitić (17 August 2008). "Ivan Gašparović - slovački predsjednik u zemlji predaka" [Ivan Gašparovič - Slovakian president in the land of his ancestors] (in Croatian). Nacional. Archived from the original on 27 September 2013. Retrieved 17 July 2012.
  3. ^ Lazarević, Milan (1 February 2009). "Gašparovič pred drugim mandatom" (in Croatian). Slobodna Dalmacija. Retrieved 17 July 2012.
  4. ^ Ivan Gašparovič interview Archived 28 July 2011 at archive.today
  5. ^ "Gašparovič: "No way" to coalition with HZDS". 2 September 2002.
  6. ^ Presidential campaign concludes in Slovakia Archived 10 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine
  7. ^ The Steven Roth Institute: Country reports. Antisemitism and racism in Slovakia Archived 31 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine
  8. ^ "President Schmitt calls Esterhazy's war criminal status unacceptable". Archived from the original on 20 September 2012. Retrieved 4 August 2012.
  9. ^ Report from MTI, 23 August 2011, retrieved 13 September 2012
  10. ^ Maďarom sa nepáči prezidentov názor na Esterházyho Retrieved 9 June 2014.
  11. ^ "Gašparovič opäť perlil: Organizácia spojených nádorov, názorov". 12 April 2012.
  12. ^ "Chicago News Report". Archived from the original on 25 August 2010.
  13. ^ a b c d "Pellegrini už má vyznamenania. Stratil by ich len v prípade odsúdenia". Sme. Petit Press. 15 June 2024. Retrieved 15 June 2024.
  14. ^ a b c d e f g h "Prezident SR - Ocenenia udelené prezidentovi SR". archiv.prezident.sk. Office of the President of the Slovak Republic. Retrieved 27 October 2024.
  15. ^ Lithuanian Presidency website, search form Archived 19 April 2014 at the Wayback Machine
  16. ^ Quirinale website
  17. ^ Boletín Oficial del Estado
  18. ^ "Odluka o odlikovanju Njegove Ekscelencije Ivana Gašparoviča predsjednika Republike Slovačke Veleredom kralja Tomislava s lentom i Velikom Danicom". Narodne novine. 5 November 2008. Retrieved 27 October 2024.
  19. ^ "M.P. 2009 nr 32 poz. 455". isap.sejm.gov.pl. Retrieved 27 October 2024.
  20. ^ "Postanowienie Prezydenta Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej z dnia 20 maja 2014 r. O nadaniu orderu".
  21. ^ "Apbalvotie un statistika | Valsts prezidenta kanceleja".
  22. ^ "ENTIDADES ESTRANGEIRAS AGRACIADAS COM ORDENS PORTUGUESAS - Página Oficial das Ordens Honoríficas Portuguesas".
  23. ^ "President of the Slovak Republic Ivan Gašparovič welcomes Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II to her first visit to Slovakia in its history". archiv.prezident.sk. Archive of the Office of the President of the Slovak Republic. Retrieved 27 October 2024.
  24. ^ "Президент Казахстана награжден словацким Орденом двойного белого креста". Trend.Az (in Russian). 21 November 2007. Retrieved 27 October 2024.
  25. ^ "Modtagere af danske dekorationer". kongehuset.dk (in Danish). 12 December 2017. Archived from the original on 12 May 2019. Retrieved 29 January 2019.
  26. ^ Photo Archived 4 June 2014 at the Wayback Machine of Presidential couple with Danish Royal couple
  27. ^ "RTS :: Politika :: Slovačka podržava evrointegracije Srbije". www.rts.rs. Retrieved 1 October 2024.
  28. ^ Klaus si přijel do Brna pro vyznamenání, lidé se otočili zády at Novinky.cz
  29. ^ "Francúzsky prezident udelil Gašparovičovi Veľký kríž Čestnej légie". domov.sme.sk (in Slovak). Petit Press. 29 October 2013. Retrieved 27 October 2024.
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Political offices
Preceded by President of Slovakia
Acting
1998
Served alongside: Vladimír Mečiar 		Succeeded by
Succeeded by
Preceded by President of Slovakia
2004–2014 		Succeeded by
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